1、定语从句讲解定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。关系副词有：when, where, why等。一、定语从句的构成先行词+引导词+从句如何选择引导词：根据先行词在从句中所担任的成分来选择引导词。二、定语从句的基本句式whothatwhichas （一）先行词+ +谓语+其他whothatwhichwhomX as （二）先行词+ + +主语+谓语+（宾语）+其他whenwhere why （介词+which） （三）
2、先行词+ + +主语+谓语+其他+（状语）（四）先行词+ whose +名词+从句（五）先行词+ of which/whom + the名词+从句先行词+ the名词+ of which/whom +从句thatin which x （六）the way+ +主语+谓语+宾语+其他三、关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。（一）who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：1.Is he the man who/th
3、at wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）2.He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）（二）Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which/whom互换）, 例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book of which the cover is green.
4、请递给我那本绿皮的书。（三）which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可做主语、宾语等，例如：The place I visited 3 years ago is very interesting.（which / that在句中作宾语）四、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用，例如： 1. There are occasions when (on which) one must give in.任何人
5、都有不得不屈服的时候。2. Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。 3. Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？五、判断关系代词与关系副词方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill never for
6、get the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。） （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （对） Ill never forget the days (wh
7、ich) I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD.
8、the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中
9、，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。六、限制性和非限制性定语从句（一）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。区别：限定性定语从句非限制性定语从句1.先行词主句中的某个名词/代词主句中的某个名词/代词/整个主句2.用不用逗号不用逗号用逗号分开3.用不用that可用that不用that限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性
10、定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，不能用that引导。例如：This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）（二）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
11、 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。4.3 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他
12、似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。七、介词+关系词“介词 + 关系代词” 引导定语从句，这类定语从句的关系代词主要有which, whom, whose, 它们既可以引导限定性定语从句,也可以引导非限定性定语从句。（一） “介词 关系代词”引导定语从句时介词或关系代词的选择：（1）介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性搭配。例如： 1. The farm on which I once w
13、orked has taken on a new look(on the farm) 2. In his room, we saw a big table on which there were all kinds of books. （on the table） 3. Yesterday we had a meeting at which we discussed many problems. (at the meeting) （2）介词与从句中动词是一种习惯性搭配。例如： 1. Who is the man with whom our teacher is shaking hands？(s
14、hake hands with sb.) 2. Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from whose effects the people are still suffering. (suffer from sth.) （3）介词与定语从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性的搭配。例如：1. Ours is a beautiful country, of which we are greatly proud (be proud of) 2. The woman to whom Spielberg is married
15、is an actress. （be married to） 3. The West Lake, for which Hang Zhou is famous, is a beautiful place. （be famous for）4. This is the story in which children have been interested. (be interested in) （4）有时关系代词前用什么介词，要根据句子的意思来决定, 此时不但要注意其前的搭配，也要注意其后的搭配。 1. I saw a woman running toward me in the dark. Be
16、fore I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction from which she had come. (如果仅注意先行词，很易受习惯心理的影响而使用in this direction的搭配，但考虑到语境后的come，则应该使用from。) 2. Water is very important for us without which we cant live. 3. He was educated at the local high school, after which he went on to Bei
17、jing University. 4. Mark was a student at his university from 1999 to 2003, during which time he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students Union.（单独看2003让人觉得关系代词前可使用可以使用介词in，因为一般情况下“在年”要用介词in，但注意到前面所述的实际上是一段时间，此时要选用表段时间的介词during。） 5. In the office I never seem to have time until after
18、5:30 pm, by which time many people have got home. （此句不能受at 5:30 pm的通常表达的影响而选用介词at，而应该依据整个句子的语意来确定介词。） （5）表示“所有格”或“整体与部分关系”时，用介词of。例如：1. There are over 3,000 workers，eighty percent of whom are women2. I was given three books on cooking, the first of which I really enjoyed.3. The journey around the wo
19、rld took the old sailor nine months, of which the sailing time was 226 days 4. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year，80% of which are sold abroad5. I was told that there were about 50 foreign students studying Chinese in the school, most of whom were from Germany. 6. I have m
20、any friends, of whom some are businessmen.（6）关系副词why,when,where在句中作状语时,可用“介词+which”替换: why = for+which；when = on / at / in / . + which；where = at / on / in / . + which1. This is the house in which I lived two years ago.2. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?（二）当引导词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词可以
21、提前放在which 或whom之前，也可放于原来的位置，但在含有介词的动词固定短语中，由于动词和介词的关系比较紧密，一般不能将介词与动词拆开而将介词提到关系代词之前。这类短语动词有 listen to / look at / depend on / take care of / look into / break into / get rid of / look forward to等。例如： 1. This is the room which / that Lu Xun used to live in ( This is the room in which Lu Xun used to li
22、ve) 2. The patient whom the nurse is taking care of is our teacher.但不说The patient of whom the nurse is taking care is our teacher.（三） from which与from where 引导的定语从句的区别介词from后除了接代词或名词作宾语外,还可接介词短语或副词短语作宾语, 当先行词为地点名词时, 应该选用from which；当先行词为表示地点的介词短语或副词短语时,应该选用from where.如：1. His head soon appeared out of
23、 the window, from where he saw nothing but trees. 他的头很快从窗口探出来,从那里除了树木他什么也看不见。(from where相当于from out of the window，而不是from the window). 2. They stood on the top of the building, from where they could see the whole city. 他们站在楼顶上,从那里能看到整个城市。(from where相当于from the top of the building，而不是from the buildin
24、g（四）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句常可省略为“介词+关系代词+不定式”的形式 当“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句的主语与主句的主语相同时,可以把定语从句省略为不定式, 即“介词+关系代词+不定式”的形式?例如: Franks dream was to havehis own shop in which to produce the workings of his own hands. 6.as, which 非限定性定语从句as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：（一）as可以代替整个句子
25、或一件事，引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，意为“正如，就像，据”；as的这种用法常见于以下这些结构:as we can see, as can be seen, as we know, as is（well） known,as may be imagined,as often happens,as has been said before,as was mentioned above,as is often the case,as/indeed it is,etc; 而which不可。1. As we know, smoking is harmful to ones heal
26、th.2. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.3. Alice received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. （二）as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。（三）As 引导限定性从句的用法the same/such/so+先行词+as+从句，如：1. I have got into the same trouble as he (has).2. I neve
27、r heard such stories as he tells.先行词前有the same 修饰，表示和先行词是同一物时;如果表示的是与先行词同一类或相似的某物，则用the sameas.如：1. This is the same purse that I lost yesterday.这就是我昨天丢的那个钱夹。2. This is the same purse as I lost yesterday.这个钱夹和我昨天丢的那个一样。7.关系代词that 的用法（一）只用that的情况（1）先行词为all, few, little, much, the one, something, anyt
28、hing, everything, nothing等时。如：1. Well do all that we can to protect the endangered plants and animals.我们将尽我们的最大努力来保护那些濒危的动植物。2. There is much that I wan to tell you.我有很多想要告诉你的话。3. Is there anything that I can do for you?有什么我可以帮你的吗？（2）先行词被all, every, no, some, any, (a)few, (a)little, much等限定词修饰时。如：Yo
29、u can borrow any book that you want to read in our school library.在我们图书馆，你可以借任何你想读的书。（3）先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the most beautiful city that Ive ever seen.这是我见过的最漂亮的城市。（4）先行词被the only, the very, the right, the last 等修饰时。如：1. This is the very factory that they visited last summer holiday.这恰好是他们去年
30、参观的那个工厂。2. This is the only painting in this style that we have.这种风格的画我们仅有一幅。（5）先行词是并列结构，既有人又有物时。如：He talked happily of the writer and his books that interested him.（6）先行词为数词时。Look at the books on the bookshelf. You can see the two that you bought me for my birthday.瞧书架上那些书。你可以看到我过生日时你买的那两本。（7）如果whi
31、ch引导的定语从句中又含有一个定语从句，为避免重复，第二个定语从句用that。如：They built a factory which produced things that had never been seen.他们建了一工厂，生产以前从未见过的东西。（8）以which作主语开头的特殊问句，为了避免重复，定语从句用that。如。Which is the bus that you will take?你要乘的是哪一班车？（9）关系代词在定语从句中作表语时，而且通常省略。如：My hometown is no longer the place that it used to be.我的家乡再
32、也不是以前那个样子了。（10）关系代词在there be 句型中作主语时,而且常可以省略。如：This is the fastest train (that) there has ever been.这是有史以来最快的列车。（二）不用that的情况（1）在引导非限定性定语从句时。(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.（2）介词后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which w
33、e get our food from.八、定语从句的主谓一致 （一）一般来讲，定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致。例如： 1I am not one who is afraid of difficulty我是个不怕困难的人。 2Dont choose me，who am not qualified for this job不要选我，我不适合做这项工作。 3Anyone who has questions to ask， please come to my office this afternoon有问题要问的人，今天下午到我办公室来。 whothatwhich （二） o
34、ne of+复数名词+ +谓语（复数）whothatwhich the only one of+复数名词+ +谓语（复数） 如：1. That is one of the most valuable dictionaries that has appeared in recent years那本词典是近几年来所见到的最有价值的词典之一。 2. He is the only one of those workers who is able to do this job他是那些工人中唯一能做此工作的人。九、定语从句中，situation,point,position,state,stage,cas
35、e等有地点含义的抽象名词担任从句的地点状语时用where引导从句1. We will discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language preperly.2. He was driving so fast as to get himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose the control over his car.3. Were just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.4. After graduation she reached a point in her career where she needed to decide what to do- 11 -
