1、A A组组 自主命题自主命题北京卷题组北京卷题组五年高考Group 1Group 1Passage 1(2019北京)Much of the work in todays world is accomplished(完成)in teams.Most people believe the best way to build a great team is to gather a group of the most talented individuals.1 Companies spend millions hiring top business people.Is their money we
2、ll spent?2 They focused on football,basketball and baseball.The results are mixed.For football and basketball,adding talented players to a team proves a good method,but only up to the point where 70%of the players are top talent;above that level,the teams performance begins to decline.In-terestingly
3、,this trend isnt evident in baseball,where additional individual talent keeps improving the teams performance.To explain this phenomenon,the researchers explored the degree to which a good performance by a team requires its members to coordinate(协调)their actions.3 In baseball,the performance of indi
4、vidual players is less dependent on teammates.They conclude that when task interdependence is high,team performance will suffer when there is too much talent,while individual talent will have positive effects on team performance when task interdependence is lower.If a basketball star is,for example,
5、trying to gain a high personal point total,he may take a shot himself when it would be better to pass the ball to a teammate,affecting the teams performance.Young children learn-ing to play team sports are often told,“There is no I in TEAM.”4 Another possibility is that when there is a lot of talent
6、 on a team,some players may make less ef-fort.Just as in a game of tug-of-war(拔河比赛),whenever a person is added,everyone else pulls the rope with less force.5 An A-team may require a balancenot just A players,but a few generous B players as well.A.Its not a simple matter to determine the nature of ta
7、lent.B.Sports team owners spend millions of dollars attracting top talent.C.The group interaction and its effect drew the researchers attention.D.Stars apparently do not follow this basic principle of sportsmanship.E.Several recent studies examined the role of talent in the sports world.F.Building u
8、p a dream team is more complex than simply hiring the best talent.G.This task interdependence distinguishes baseball from football and basketball.答案答案 语篇解读本文为议论文,主题语境为人与社会,主题语境内容为体育精神。本文主要讨论了一个团队是否需要很多有天赋的个人加入。文章有助于培养学生的思维品质。1.B细节句。设空处后的“Companies spend millions hiring top business people.”与本空为并列关系,
9、故答案为B项(体育团队的老板们花数百万美元吸引顶尖人才)。2.E主旨句。根据下文尤其是“They focused on football,basketball and baseball.”以及“The results”可知,答案为E项。句意:最近的几项研究调查了人才在体育世界中的作用。3.G过渡句。本段主要说明了任务互依性在不同的运动项目中的作用以及对团队表现产生的影响,与G项中的task interdependence相对应,故答案为G项。4.D细节句。根据设空处前的If a basketball star is,for example,.Young children learning to
10、 play team sports are often told,“There is no I in TEAM.”可知答案为D项(明星们显然不愿遵循体育精神的这个基本的原则)。5.F主旨句。根据设空处后的“An A-team may require a balancenot just A players.”可知答案为F项(建立一个理想的团队比仅仅雇用最好的人才更复杂)。长难句长难句Interestingly,this trend isnt evident in baseball,where additional individual talent keeps improving the tea
11、ms performance.有趣的是,这一趋势在棒球运动中并不明显,在棒球运动中,增加的个体天才持续不断地提高球队的表现。本句为主从复合句。where引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为baseball。Passage 2(2018北京)Why Do We Get Angry?Anger seems simple when we are feeling it,but the causes of anger are various.Knowing these causes can make us examine our behavior,and correct bad habits.The main
12、 reasons we get angry are triggering(触发)events,personality traits(特征),and our assessment of situations.1 Triggering events for anger are so many that to describe them all would take hundreds of pages.However,here are some examples:being cut off in traffic,a deadline approaching,experiencing physical
13、 pain,and much more.2 The reason why someone is triggered by something and others are not is often due to ones personal history and psychological traits.Each person,no matter who they are,has psychological imbalances.People who have personality traits that connect with competitiveness and low upset
14、tolerance are much more likely to get angry.3 Also,sometimes pre-anger does not have to do with a lasting condition,but rather a tempo-rary state before a triggering event has occurred.4 Sometimes even routine occurrences become sources of pre-anger,or anger itself.Some-times ignorance and negative(
15、消极的)outlooks on situations can create anger.5 However,anger can easily turn violent,and it is best to know the reasons for anger to appear in order to prevent its presence.With these main reasons in mind,we can evaluate our level of anger throughout the day and prevent cases of outbursts by comprehe
16、nding the reasons for our feel-ings.A.Our attitude and viewpoint on situations can create anger within us as well.B.But some types of situations can help us to get rid of the occurrence of anger.C.Anger is rarely looked upon as a beneficial character trait,and is usually advised to reduce it.D.Anger
17、 is a particularly strong feeling and maybe people think that they have reasons to feel an-gry.E.Having these personality traits implies the pre-anger state,where anger is in the background of your mind.F.Understanding these reasons will control our own anger if we are willing to evaluate ourselves
18、with a critical eye.G.Not everyone acts the same in response to events,and that is why what triggers one person may or may not trigger another.答案答案 语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。文章从三个方面向读者介绍了引起愤怒的原因,以帮助减少愤怒的出现。1.F本句是总结句。空格位于段尾,作者在该空之前先给出引起人们发怒的三个主要原因:triggering events(触发事件)、personality traits(个人性格特征)、assessment of s
19、ituations(对形势的评估),然后就自然地引出总结句:了解这些原因有什么用,故选择F项。2.G本句为细节句。第二段主要针对“triggering events(触发事件)”来展开。空格前作者先列举出几个生活中的事件,通常人们在遇到这些事之后的反应都是发怒;空格后作者介绍说“因为个人经历和心理特点的不同,所以面对某些事时,有人发怒但也有人不生气”。因此该空应该承上启下,应该说的是“人们对这些事件的反应是不尽相同的”,与G项一致。3.E本句为细节句。第三段主要的关键词是“personality traits(个人性格特征)”。空格前一句话提到争强好胜的人及忍耐度低的人更容易发怒;空格后介绍p
20、re-anger(生气前兆)的特点,与E项的these personality traits和pre-anger形成原词复现,故选E项。4.A本句为主题句。通读本段内容可知该段主要围绕“our assessment of situations”展开。空后第二句话中的outlooks on situations的意思是“对局势的判断”,与A项“Our attitude and viewpoint on situations”意思相近,故选A项。5.D本句为过渡句。由衔接词“However”可知,设空处内容与后文内容相反,故D项“发怒是一种特别强烈的情感,或许人们认为愤怒是情有可原的”放在此处最合
21、适,因此选D项。高考热词高考热词 1.imbalance n.不平衡;失调2.tolerance n.忍耐力3.temporary adj.暂时的4.occurrence n.发生的事情prehend v.理解高级语块高级语块be likely to 可能长难句长难句With these main reasons in mind,we can evaluate our level of anger throughout the day and prevent cases of outbursts by comprehending the reasons for our feelings.考虑到
22、这些主要因素,我们可以评估我们一整天的愤怒程度,并通过理解我们情绪爆发的因素避免这些情况的发生。with复合结构作伴随状语;and连接两个并列的谓语动词。Passage 3(2017北京)Every animal sleeps,but the reason for this has remained foggy.When lab rats are not allowed to sleep,they die within a month.1 One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories.2 We know that,while a
23、wake,fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing(加强)connections between brain cells,but the memory pro-cesses that take place while we sleep have been unclear.Support is growing for a theory that sleep evolved so that connections between neurons(神经元)in the brain can be weakened overnight,making room
24、for fresh memories to form the next day.3 Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right.4 The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a period of sleep were 18 per cent smaller than those taken before sleep,showing that the connections between neurons weaken while sleeping.If Tononis th
25、eory is right,it would explain why,when we miss a nights sleep,we find it harder the next day to concentrate and learn new informationour brains may have smaller room for new experiences.Their research also suggests how we may build lasting memories over time even though the synapses become thinner.
26、The team discovered that some synapses seem to be protected and stayed the same size.5 “You keep what matters,”Tononi says.A.We should also try to sleep well the night before.B.Its as if the brain is preserving its most important memories.C.Similarly,when people go for a few days without sleeping,th
27、ey get sick.D.The processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories.E.Thats why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.F.“Sleep is the price we pay for learning,”says Giulio Tononi,who developed the idea.G.Tononis team measured the size of these
28、connections,or synapses,in the brains of 12 mice.答案答案 语篇解读本文为说明文。研究表明,睡眠期间脑细胞之间的关联会减弱,从而使大脑为新的记忆腾出空间,但是对于重要的记忆,大脑则会对其加以保护。1.C细节句。上句指出,当不允许实验室的老鼠睡觉时,它们在一个月之内就死去了。本句是上句的延伸,由动物转移到了人类。C项符合语境,意为“同样,人几天不睡觉的话也会生病”。2.E细节句。上句指出睡眠有助于加强新的记忆,下文对此进行了解释。本句应该是对这个观点的回应,E项“那也就是为什么学生在学习之后如果有机会睡觉的话,他们就会考得更好”符合语境。3.F过渡
29、句。下段首句指出“现在我们有最直接的证据证明他是正确的”,由此可知本句应指出某人的观点。结合本段提出的“睡觉期间神经元之间的关联减弱,从而为第二天要形成的新记忆腾出空间”,可以判断F项符合语境。4.G过渡句。下句的synapses以及the mice为关键线索。下文指出了老鼠在睡完一觉后和睡觉前“synapses”的不同,所以本句应该指出本次试验的内容,故G项符合语境。5.B细节句。上句指出,研究团队发现某些神经突触似乎得到了保护,并未发生变化,这正是对某些重要记忆的保护,故B项正确。高考热词高考热词 1.strengthen v.增强2.evolve v.进化形成3.synapse n.(神
30、经元的)突触4.matter v.重要;要紧;有关系高级语块高级语块make room for为腾出空间长难句长难句We know that,while awake,fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing connections be-tween brain cells,but the memory processes that take place while we sleep have been unclear.我们知道,在醒着的时候,通过加强脑细胞之间的关联,新的记忆被记住,但在我们睡觉时发生的记忆过程还不清楚。连词but连接了两个并列分句,
31、在前一分句中,谓语动词know后为that引导的宾语从句,while awake作状语;在后一分句中,that为关系代词,代指先行词the memory processes,while we sleep为时间状语从句。Group 2Group 2Passage 1(2016北京)The Science of Risk-SeekingSometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward,the risk seems worth t
32、aking.1 Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us.Why?Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.The reason why any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early humans.Risk-takers were better at hunting,fighting,or exploring.2 As the quality of r
33、isk-taking was passed from one generation to the next,humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk.So why arent we all jumping out of airplanes then?Well,even 200,000 years ago,too much risk-taking could get one killed.A few daring survived,though,along with a few stay-in-the-c
34、ave types.As a result,humans developed a range of character types that still exists today.So maybe you love car racing,or maybe you hate it.3 No matter where you are on the risk-seeking range,scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years.4 To help you do that
35、,your brain increases your hunger for new experiences.New experiences often mean taking some risks,so your brain raises your tol-erance for risk as well.5 For the risk-seekers,a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active,while for the rest of us,a part of the brain related to fear becomes
36、active.As experts continue to study the science of risk-seeking,well continue to hit the mountains,the waves or the shallow end of the pool.A.It all depends on your character.B.Those are the risks you should jump to take.C.Being better at those things meant a greater chance of survival.D.Thus,these
37、well-equipped people survived because they were the fittest.E.This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world.F.However,we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.G.New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a
38、nervous situation.答案答案 语篇解读本文为说明文。人类是否喜欢冒险可能与大脑的工作方式有关。1.F上句提到值得冒险,而下句说有一些活动让一些人感到享受,却让另一些人害怕,故此处是说衡量风险和回报的标准不同,所以选F项。2.C上句提到冒险者更擅长捕猎等。C项中的Being better at是上句中的 were better at的复现,故选C项。3.A由本段可知人类形成了各种各样的性格类型。你或者喜欢某项冒险活动或者不喜欢。这都是取决于你的性格特点的。最后一句总结本段得出主旨。4.E上句提到:对冒险活动的热爱在青少年时期有所增长。设空处应该是对青少年时期的说明,故选E项。5.
39、G由下句中的a part of the brain可知选G。高考热词高考热词 1.daring adj.大胆的;勇敢的2.character n.性格;特点3.willingness n.乐意高级语块高级语块relate to 和相关长难句长难句For the risk-seekers,a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active,while for the rest of us,a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.对于寻求刺激的人来说,大脑中与快乐相关的部分变得活
40、跃起来,而对于我们剩下的人来说,大脑中与恐惧相关的部分变得活跃起来。while连接两个并列分句,两个分句中的related to pleasure和related to fear都是过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰a part of the brain。Passage 2(2015北京)This Way to DreamlandDaydreaming means people think about something pleasant,especially when this makes them for-get what they should be doing.Daydreamers hav
41、e a bad reputation for being unaware of whats happening around them.They can seem forgetful and clumsy.1 They annoy us because they seem to be ignoring us and missing the important things.But daydreamers are also responsible for some of the greatest ideas and achievements in human history.2 Can you
42、imagine what kind of world we would have without such ideas and inven-tions?So how can you come up with brilliant daydreams and avoid falling over tree roots or otherwise looking like a fool?First,understand that some opportunities(机会)for daydreaming are better than others.Feeling safe and relaxed w
43、ill help you to slip into daydreams.3 And if you want to improve your chances of having a creative idea while youre daydreaming,try to do it while you are involved in another taskpreferably something simple,like taking a shower or walking,or even making meaningless drawings.Its also important to kno
44、w how to avoid daydreams for those times when you really need to con-centrate.“Mindfulness”,being focused,is a tool that some people use to avoid falling asleep.4 Finally,you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away.5 Always remember that your best ideas migh
45、t come when your head is actually in the clouds.A.Having interesting things to think about also helps.B.They stare off into space and wander by themselves.C.Without wandering minds,we wouldnt have relativity,Coke or Post-it notes.D.At one time,daydreaming was thought to be a cause of some mental ill
46、nesses.E.It involves slow,steady breathing for self-control that helps people stay calm and attentive.F.Daydreams are often very simple and direct,quite unlike sleep dreams,which may be hard to un-derstand.G.Therefore,its a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when youre in the day-
47、dream zone.答案答案 语篇解读文章介绍了做白日梦的人有时健忘、笨拙,但是伟大的思想和成就是和白日梦分不开的。1.B由前句和后句可知该句在描述做白日梦的人的情况。故选B项。2.C由前句的表述可知在人类历史上一些伟大的想法和辉煌的成就是由那些爱做白日梦的人带来的。C项中的relativity(相对论),Coke和Post-it notes是列举的一些伟大想法和成就,故C项符合此处语境。3.A由前文可知本段在讲述如何做巧妙的白日梦,故选A项。4.E第五段叙述了在人们需要集中注意力时,如何避免做白日梦。由E项中的关键词attentive(专注的)可知选E项。5.G文章第六段第一句与G项为因果
48、关系。高考热词高考热词 1.reputation n.名声2.ignore v.忽视3.achievement n.成绩;成就4.mindfulness n.留意,关注5.strike v.突然出现(在脑子里)高级语块高级语块slip into滑进,进入长难句长难句Daydreaming means people think about something pleasant,especially when this makes them forget what they should be doing.做白日梦是指人们想一些愉快的事情,尤其指那些能让他们忘记他们应该做什么的事情。本句话主句的主
49、语是Daydreaming;means是谓语动词;means后是宾语从句,省略了that。when引导时间状语从句,从句中forget后接what引导的宾语从句。Passage 3(2014北京)Evaluating Sources(来源来源)of Health InformationMaking good choices about your own health requires reasonable evaluation.A key first step in bet-tering your evaluation ability is to look carefully at your
50、sources of health information.Reasonable evaluation includes knowing where and how to find relevant information,how to separate fact from opinion,how to recognize poor reasoning,and how to analyze information and the reliability of sources.1 Go to the original source.Media reports often simplify the
