1、Teaching Vocabulary“If there is no grammar,people can only express something;but if there is no vocabulary,people can express nothing.”Wilkins In this session,we are going to explore:1.What is vocabulary?2.Factors affecting vocabulary acquisition;3.What needs to be taught?4.Methods for presenting ne
2、w vocabulary items;5.Ways to consolidate vocabulary;6.Ways to help students develop vocabulary building strategiesMajor Topics Discussion:What does knowing a word involve?If we say that we know a word,we must be able to:-recognize it in written and spoken forms;-recall it at once;-relate it to appro
3、priate object or concept;-use it in appropriate grammatical forms;-use it in correct collocation;-use it at appropriate level of formality;-pronounce it in a recognizable way;-spell it correctly;-be aware of its connotation.wordsformsmeaningsuseo Word grammar:the underlying form of a word and the de
4、rivatives that can be made from it -regular and irregular forms -the knowledge of word buildingo Pronunciation -the relationship of sound and spelling -sound-spelling patterns -stress patternsWords and their formso Denotative meaning(Conceptual meaning):-polysemy:head of a person,head of a pin,head
5、of an organization -homonymy:file(a device used for keeping papers;a tool for cutting or smoothing hard substances)o Connotative meaning(Affective meaning):-dog friendship,loyalty -spinster vs.single womanWords and their meaningso Style:level of formality,as well as styles such as humorous,ironic,li
6、terary,etc.e.g.similar in conceptual meaning but differ in style -children:neutral -offspring:formal,sometimes humorous -nippers:colloquial,often humorous -kids:colloquialWords and their UseWhats the problem with the following sentence:There isnt sufficient milk for breakfast.Correct in form,not so
7、in styleo Register:varieties of language defined by their topic and context of use,for example,the language of medicine,education,law,computer,etc.-minor:the legal term for“child”-cardiac arrest:the medical term for“heart attack”o Dialect:difference in geographical variation -sidewalk(US)=pavement(U
8、K)o Collocation:what words are most likely to occur together problemamountshamemanlargegreatbigmajoro Sense relations:-synonymy -antonymy -(non-gradable)complementary opposites:male-female -gradable opposites:large-small -different opposites in different context:light bag-heavy bag;light wind-strong
9、 wind;light color-dark color -hyponymy -incompatibles:spring,summer,autumn,winter -part-whole relation:face:forehead.eyebrow,eyelash,nose,mouth,etc.Form:-pronunciation and spelling-grammar-Word formationAspects of meaning-denotation,connotation,-meaning relationshipsUse:-Collocation-appropriateness
10、What needs to be taught?Factors affecting vocabulary acquisitionfrequencypronunciationcontextualization inputstoragedepth of processingbuilding networksfree自由自由free自由自由free自由自由L2L1Separate L1 and L2 storesL2L2L2L1L1L1+L2 store dependent on L1 storeOverlapping L1 and L2 storesSingle L1 and L2 store自由
11、自由How do we store L1&L2 in the brain?freeTeacher A:a)wrote“grumble”on the blackboard b)said“complain about someone or something in an annoyed way”c)translated the word into the students native language.d)gave more example sentences for the students to translate into their native language.How do your
12、 teachers usually teach vocabulary in the class?Teacher B:said“some people grumble about everything.For example,they grumble about the weather.If it is sunny,they say it is too hot.If it is cool,they say it is too cold.They are never happy with the weather”.Then the teacher set out to check the stud
13、ents understanding by asking“so what does grumble mean?”-concise definition-detailed description-examples(hyponyms)-illustration(picture,object)-demonstration(acting,mime)-context(story or sentence)-synonyms-antonyms-translation-associated ideas,collocationsPresenting new wordsWhat kind of technique
14、s does the teacher use in presenting new words?Practice:Try to present the following wordsmushroom,shove,earrings,newspaper,dependent,dance,expensive,congratulations,picture,scream,president,teenager Ways to present vocabularyo 1.Presenting vocabularies by stick drawings,models,slides,films,videotap
15、es,radios and TVs.2.Creating a Monster If teaching body languages,you can use-Basic building blockso Red hair and green fur.A monstrous wardrobe.Do you know where your monster is?Five eyes and two fangs.Two claws.o What you choose will depend on the item you are presenting.Some are more suitable for
16、 particular words.Often a combination of techniques can be both helpful and memorable.Consolidating vocabularyLabelingSpotting the differenceDescribing and drawingPlaying a gameUsing word seriesWord bingoWord associationOdd one outSynonyms and antonymsUsing word categoriesUsing word net-workComplete
17、 the questionnaire below by choosing the correct preposition.Then use the questionnaire to interview your partner.1.In your family,who is usually the first person to turn to/on the TV when you get home?2What programmes make you want to turn off/over to another channel?3.Do you ever turn the volume o
18、f the TV up/off or down?Why?4.If somebody turns up/on at your house,do you turn the TV over/off or do you leave it on?Example 1:Using questionnaireExample 2:using word networkPoliticsPoliticsParliament1)Choose a topic,for example politics.Write it in the middle of a blank sheet of paper.2)What is th
19、e first word that comes into your mind which is connected with it?Write the word and join it to the first word.3)Continue in this way,adding new words as you think of them.PoliticsPoliticianHouse of commonslobbyPolicyLeft wingPolling stationTo voteBallot boxelectionParliamentscandalPrime ministerHou
20、se of lordsconstituencyMember of parliamentPolitical partiesRight wing 打电话打电话call/phone sb.give sb.a ringring sb.up make a call拨电话拨电话dial a number电话占线电话占线busy/engaged重拨电话重拨电话redial接通电话接通电话get through接电话接电话answer the phone别挂电话别挂电话hang on挂断电话挂断电话hang up/ring off回电话回电话call/ring backExample 3:Word games
21、 or puzzlesEach student chooses a letter of the alphabet and fills in the following text with words beginning with the letter.I know a(n)(adj.)man whose name is(mans name).Helives in(country).He is a(n)(job).He likes(v.)ing.He eats(food)and he drinks(drink).He has a(n)(animal).Here is a complete exa
22、mple with the letter“B”.I know a(n)bad man whose name is Brian.He lives in Britain.He is a(n)butcher.He likes bowling.He eats beef and he drinks beer.He has a(n)bear.Example 4:Word distinctionList all the places you can think of in which people live,and then fill in the following table:Places in whi
23、ch people liveNumber of floorsNumber of roomsBig/smallTown/countryOld/new1.palace1+20+Big Either Either 2.hutOne One Small Country Usu.old3.flat4.villa5.cottageFor more ideas of teaching vocabulary,visit the following website:http:/www.teachingenglish.org.uk/try/vocabtry/vocab_activities.shtmlDevelo
24、ping vocabulary building strategies Review regularly Guess meaning from the context Use learned vocabulary Organize vocabulary1.逻辑记忆：逻辑记忆：通过词本身内部逻辑关系，词与词之间的外部逻辑关系记忆单词。1)把几个字母看作一个来记，如：ight light,right,fight,night,sight,tight 2)外旧内新，如：bridge“桥”看成 b+ridge ridge,“山脊”sharp 看成 s+harp“竖琴。3)外新内旧，如：cleave“劈开
25、”看成 c+leave,tact 机智：看成 t+act 2 联想记忆：联想记忆：1)音与形的联想，即根据读音规则记忆单词。2)形与义的联想。如：eye 把两个e看成两个眼；banana 把a看成一个个的香蕉；bird 把b和d看成两个翅膀。3)象声词，联想实际的声音。如：gong 锣 coo 咕咕声。3.构词记忆：构词记忆：利用构词法，通过分析词根、前缀、后缀、派生和合成等记忆单词。4.分类记忆：分类记忆：把单词进行分门类 如：动物，植物等，进行分类记忆。你可以找一本分类字典作为参考。5.卡片记忆：卡片记忆：自制单词卡片随时随地记单词，卡片写上单词的词形、词性、词义、音标、搭配、例句等。6.
26、词典记忆：词典记忆：这是一种强行记忆的方法。它的缺点是容易忘记，只是孤立记住单词的意义。可以作为一种短时间的强化手段。7.比较记忆：比较记忆：1)英汉比较 如：mama,cigar,beer,bar,fee等。2)单复数的比较 如：good-goods,spirit-spirits wood-woods 3)同音词的比较 如：right-write,eye-I 4)词的阴阳性的比较 如：actor-actress host-hostess 8.理解记忆：理解记忆：通过正确理解单词的本义、引申义和比喻义等,如：second 是“秒”，它来源于古代的六分法，分，秒，它是二次划分，因此second
27、也是“第二”，进一步引申，还可理解为“辅助”用这种方法特别适合那些一词多义的词。9.联系记忆：联系记忆：记忆单词最好不要孤立地记，尽可能地和有关的东西联系来记。1)联系所学的文章大概意义，联系上下文。2)联系短语和搭配10.感官记忆：感官记忆：记单词时，不要只用一种感官，尽可能地用多个感官，耳听、嘴读、手写、眼看、心记等。11.软件记忆：软件记忆：利用电脑软件记单词。如：开心背单词、开天辟地背单词、我爱背单词等。12.阅读记忆：阅读记忆：通过阅读英语文章、小说等记忆单词，注意难度要适宜。13.同义记忆：同义记忆：通过同义词记忆单词，可确切理解词义，这时不必注意它们意义的区别。14.反义记忆：反
28、义记忆：通过反义词记忆单词，扩大词义。15.图表记忆：图表记忆：利用形象的图表进行记忆，它的优点是意、形、物直观的结合到一起。你可以找一本英语图解字典作为参考。16.游戏记忆：游戏记忆：通过做游戏在轻松愉快的气氛中进行单词记忆。17.歌曲记忆：歌曲记忆：通过唱英语歌曲记忆单词，“听霸”“听力超人”等软件中有许多英文歌曲，并配有歌词和译文。18.复习记忆：复习记忆：单词记住了，很快会忘掉，每隔一段时间要进行复习，巩固所学单词19.商标记忆：商标记忆：通过看到的商标和广告随时随地进行记忆单词。20.综合记忆：综合记忆：记忆单词最好综合利用多种方法，而不是一种，利用各自的优点。Further rea
29、ding:o Allen,V.F.(2002).Techniques in teaching vocabulary.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.o Nation,I.S.P.(2003).Vocabulary.In D.Nunan.(ed.)Practical English Language Teaching(pp.129-152).New York:McGraw Hill.o Nation,I.S.P.(1998).Helping learners take control of their vocabulary learning.GRETA 6,1:9-18.o Skmen,A.J.(1992).Students as vocabulary generators.TESOL Journal 1,4:16-18.
