1、词类(Parts of Speech)1、名词 noun 2、代词 pronoun 3、形容词 adjective 4、副词 adverb 5、动词 verb 6、数词 numeral 7、冠词 article 8、介词 preposition 9、连词 conjunction 10、感叹词 interjection 概念:是表示人,事物,抽象概念等名称的词。根据词汇意义,名词可划分为:专有名词和普通名词 指表示人、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。具体说来它包括人名、国家、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。Tony 托尼 Japan 日本
2、Mr.Black 布莱克先生 August 八月 Monday 星期一 the Great Wall 长城 Christmas 圣诞节 English 英语 A Tale of Two Cities 双城记普通名词:表示一类人、东西、抽象概念的名词。例如:表一类人:pupil,police,woman,boy,father;表物:box,tree,orange,water,computer;表抽象:happiness,trouble,pleasure,love,life,etc.(1)个体名词。如:cup,desk,student等。一般可数,有单复数形式。(2)集体名词。如:class,te
3、am,family等。一般可数,有单复数形式。(3)物质名词。如:rice,water,cotton等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分。(4)抽象名词。如:love,work,life等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分。英语可数名词单复数规则变化:一般情况词尾加s。如:map maps,boy boys,horse horses,table tables.(在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音和元音后读/z/)s,x,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class classes,box boxes,dish dishes,match matches.读/iz/规则变化:以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es
4、。如:family families,city cities,baby babies.以元音字母+y结尾的名词,直接词尾加s。如:toy toys,holiday holidays以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelf shelves,wolf wolves,life lives,knife knives,wife wives,leaf leaves,thief thieves.有些名词有不规则的复数形式。例如:child-children mouse-mice man men woman women 妇女 tooth teeth foot feet 有些名词的单复数形
5、式相同。例如;deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,people,yuan 但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式,a dollar,two dollars注意:一些以man,woman结尾的合成词,在构成复数时,与man,woman的变化形式相同。如:policeman policemen,Englishman Englishmen,Frenchman Frenchmen.名称名称总称总称(谓语用复数谓语用复数)一个人一个人两个人两个人中国人中国人the Chinesea Chinesetwo Chinese瑞士人瑞士人the Swissa Sw
6、isstwo Swiss澳大利亚人澳大利亚人the Australiansan Australiantwo Australians俄国人俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利人意大利人the Italiansan Italiantwo Italians希腊人希腊人the Greeka Greektwo Greeks法国人法国人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人日本人the Japanesea Japanesetwo Japanese美国人美国人the Americansan Americantwo American
7、s印度人印度人the Indiansan Indiantwo Indians加拿大人加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadiantwo Canadians德国人德国人the Germansa Germantwo Germans英国人英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes英语不可数名词 不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice two bags of rice,a piece of paper three pieces of
8、paper,a bottle of milk five bottles of milk.名词的所有格1.不以s结尾的名词所有格:the boys bag,mens room 2.以-s结尾的名词所有格:Teachers Day3.职业名词、称呼名词的所有格表地点 the barbers,Mr Greens,the doctors(office),my uncles(house)4.并列名词不共有:Johns and Marys rooms(两间)并列名词共有:John and Marys room5.时间、距离、地点 five minutes walk;ten meters long;the
9、worlds population6.抽象名词后用“of+宾格”作定语;the music of the film;the help of him(Lucy);the development of China;the door of the house7.多重所有格突出局部 a friend of Lucys mothers;two classmates of my sisters 8.“of+宾格”与“of+所有格”含意不同:the photo of my father 我爸爸的肖像 the photo of mine我(所有的)照片 概念:数词就是表示事物的数量和顺序的词,分基数词和序数词
10、两种。表示数目或数量多少的词叫基数词,如:one,ten,fifteen 等;表示数目顺序的词叫序数词,如:fifth,second,twelfth等。基数词的用法:(1)几十几的基数词的十位数与个位数之间要用连字符“-”连接。如:eighty-five 85 twenty-six 26 (2)三位数的基数词须在百位和十位(若无十位则和个位)之间用and连接。如:three hundred and sixty-five 365 two hundred and six 206 (3)基数词的复数形式。表示具体数目,hundred,thousand,million不用复数 表示不确定数目,用复数。
11、即hundreds of(数百),thousands of(数千),millions of(数百万)+名词复数,可以用many/several修饰,但不能与具体数目连用。1)Our country has a population of 1,300 million people.2)There are three thousand students in our school.3)After the war,thousands of people became homeless.4)Several/Many thousands of trees must be planted every ye
12、ar.(4)“几十”的复数形式可以表示:几十多岁-in+ones+数词复数 年 代 -in+the+数词复数 in the 1990s 20世纪90年代 in ones twenties 在某人20多岁时 eg.He died in his forties四十多岁 In the nineties,most people go to work by bike.90年代(5)“基数词+名词”的合成形容词作定语,中间有连字符“”,当中的名词用单数。a 3 year old girl a seven-day holiday (6)表计量-“基数词+度量单位+形容词”eg.The classroom i
13、s 7 meters long,6 meters wide and 3 meters high.序数词的用法:(1)序数词作定语,前面要加the;The first truck is carrying a food basket John lives on the fifteenth floor She is my first English teacher.(2)有时加a/an,“再一”,“又一”的意思;Well have to do it a second time Shall I ask him a third time?When I sat down,a fourth man rose
14、 to speakThey had a second child in 1988.编号在前,名词在后,用序数词,前面有the编号在后,名词在前,用基数词,注意首字母大写房间号码和电话号码要一个一个分别读第一课第32页第305房间第12路公共汽车the First Lesson Lesson One the thirty-second page Page Thirty-twoRoom 305Bus No.121、编号表示法1/4 one-fourth a(one)quarter3/4 three-fourths three quarters 2/3 two-thirds 1/2 a(one)ha
15、lf 半年 half a year 半小时 half an hour一年半 one and a half years one year and a half分数修饰名词时,后用of短语。如:1/3 one third of teachers 3/7 three sevenths of the boys分子用基数词,分母用序数词。分子大于1 1时,分母加-s-s。2.分数表示法3.年份、日期、时刻表达法年用基数词表示,两位一读,介词用in日用序数词表示,介词用on1999 nineteen ninety-nine2008 two thousand and eight19491949年年10 10
16、月月1 1日日 读作读作:October(the)first,nineteen forty-nine(月-日,年)the first of October,nineteen forty-nine(日-月,年)写作:October 1st,1999(日用缩写,月-日-年)October 1,1999 (日用数字)1st October,1999 日-月,年概念:冠词是经常加在名词前面的一个辅助词,限制名词的意义。冠词在句子中不能单独作一个成分,是虚词。冠词的范围:a、an、the不定冠词a、an1、泛指某一类人或事物中的一个或一类。eg:An elephant is much heavier t
17、han a horse.His father is a taxi driver.2、用于序数词前,表示“又一,再一”。eg:I have read the books twice,but I want to read a third time.3、a/an 的区别 a 用在辅音音素开头的单数可数名词或字母前,an 用在元音音素开头的单数可数名词或字母前。特殊词:a usual boy;a useful book;a university;a one leg dog an honest boy;an hour;an honor an“a,e,i,o,f,h,l,m,n,r,s,x”4.第一次提到
18、某人或某物而非特指时。eg:There is a book on the desk,but the book isnt mine.5.用于表时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前,有“每一”的意思,相当于every。eg:three times a week;half an hour 6.某些固定短语与不定冠词有搭配关系。eg:have a good time;a few;get a cold;pay a visit;take a seat;make a living 定冠词 the的用法 1.定冠词the,用来特指某人或某物,双方都知道的人或物的名词前,或用于第二次提到的某人或某物。Is this
19、 the book that you are looking for?2.表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前 The sun is bigger than the moon.3.用在序数词或形容词最高级前 the youngest /the most beautiful/the first (second,third,fourth)March is the third month of a year.He is the cleverest boy in his class.4.用在某些形容词或单数名词前,表示一类人或事物。如:the rich;the poor;the young;the old
20、 Do you know who invented the computer?The cat,is liked by many people.5.用在表示山脉、海洋、江河、湖泊、群岛、建筑物、名胜古迹等专有名词前。如:the Yellow River;the Great Wall;the West Lake;the White House 6.用在西洋乐器前 play the piano/the guitar/the violin 8.用在方位名词前 或习惯用法 in the south /on the right/in the day/in the end7.The+姓的复数 表示一家人 T
21、he Smiths /the Greens 不用冠词的情况(1)有些专有名词、抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。如:China;Japanese;milk;love等。(2)名词前已有作定语用的this,that,my,your,whose,some,any,no,each,every等代词时,不用冠词。如:This is my ruler.(3)复数名词表示一类人或事物时,不用冠词。如:They are teachers.(4)表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。如:Bush was made president of the US.(5)一日三餐、球类活动、学科名词前。I have lunc
22、h at home.He often plays soccer after class.Maths is hard to learn.(6)在节日、星期、月份、季节等名词前。如:Teachers Day;Mothers Day;on Monday;in May;in summer等。(7)在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词 by car,by bus,by train (但take a bus,in a boat,on the bike前要加冠词)(8)在某些固定搭配里,名词之前常不用冠词。如:on foot;at home;at night;go to school;from mornin
23、g till night等。概念:介词(虚词),不能在句子中独立充当成分。它总是用于名词、代词、或相当于名词的其它词类或短语从句前。springthe futurenightthe momentMondayMarch 5March 5th,2010holiday Prepositions of time 时间介词inaton一一.时间介词时间介词二二.地点介词地点介词三三.方位介词方位介词四、四、表方式、方法、手段表方式、方法、手段五、五、整体与部分介词整体与部分介词常见的介词搭配常见的介词搭配Its very nice of you to help me.Its very good for
24、you to do exercise.the answer(key)to the question(lock)be famous forbe famous asbe made of be made fromon timein time人称代词人称代词 物主代词反身代词指示代词指示代词不定代词不定代词人称人称单复数单复数主主 格格宾宾 格格形容词性形容词性物主代词物主代词名词性名词性物主代词物主代词反身代词反身代词第一人称第一人称单单 数数Imemyminemyself复复 数数weusouroursourselves第二人称第二人称单单 数数youyouyouryoursyourself复复
25、数数youyouyouryoursyourselves第三人称第三人称单单 数数hehimhishishimselfsheherherhersherselfitititsitsitself复复 数数theythemtheirtheirsthemselves用作句子的主语,放在动词前(疑问句式放在特殊动词后);eg.She lives in Toronto,Canada.Does he speak English?用作句子的宾语,放在动词或介词后;eg.Yesterday my mother bought me a new bike.I usually go to movies with her
26、 on weekends.用作句子的定语,之后必须带名词;eg.This is my book.Thats his book.相当于一个名词词组,之后不能带名词(其代换的名词需在前文中出现);eg.His book is much newer than mine(=my book).一般放在动词后,要求同主语人称一致。eg.She teaches herself English.反身代词常见固定搭配反身代词常见固定搭配 过得愉快过得愉快 自学自学 请随便吃请随便吃 自言自语自言自语 独自独自 为自己为自己 不要客气不要客气 陶醉沉浸于陶醉沉浸于 自己穿衣服自己穿衣服 照顾自己照顾自己 enjo
27、y oneself teach/learn oneself sth.help oneself to sth.say to oneself by oneself for oneself make oneself at home lose oneself in dress oneself look after oneself 指示代词指示代词The weather in China is quite different from that in USA.单数单数复数复数this 这个这个these 这些这些that 那个那个those 那些那些 不定代词不定代词指用于代换上文中可数名词的all,b
28、oth,each,either,none,neither(every)等表不定概念的词语。如说明“两者”,选用both、either、each或neither。如说明“两者以上”,选用all、(every)、each或none。eg.The twin sisters are both good at math.None of the students in our class wants to go there.Every boy in our class is going swimming this afternoon.复合不定代词复合不定代词指由some;any;no;every和body
29、;thing;one构成的合成词 考点:1.主谓一致性关系:复合不定代词任何时候都看为单数,作主语时,谓语动词使用三人称单数形式。Everybody in our class is interested in English.2.定语后置关系:对复合不定代词进行修饰的词语必须后置放在它的后面。I have something important to tell you.复合不定代词复合不定代词3.none和其它复合不定代词的用法区别:none在句中不能单独作主语,但可同of连用带名词一起作主语;其它复合不定代词可单独作主语,但不能同of连用。错:He is new here,so none k
30、nows him.对:He is new here,so no one knows him.错:Nobody of them has been to England before.对:None of them has been to England before.词类(Parts of Speech)汉(英)语名称定义分类实词(在句子中独立担任某些成分)名词n.(noun)表示人或事物的名称专有名词、普通名词代词pron.(pronoun)代替名词、形容词或数词人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词、关系代词、连接代词数词num.(numeral)表示数量或顺序基
31、数词、序数词动词v.(verb)表示动作或状态实义动词(及物动词、不及物动词)、系动词、助动词、情态动词等形容词adj.(adjective)表示名词(人或物)的特征副词adv.(adverb)修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句,表示状态特征或行为时间和频度副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词、关系副词、连接副词、顺序副词、完成时副词虚词(不能在句子中独立担任任何成分)冠词art.(article)用在名词前,说明名词所指的人、物定冠词、不定冠词介词prep.(preposition)用在名词、代词前,表示名词、代词等与其它词的关系简单介词、合成介词、重叠介词、短语介词、分词介词连词conj.(conjunction)用来连接词与词、短语与短语、句与句 并列连词、从属连词感叹词int.(interjection)表示说话时的感情或口气词类(Parts of Speech)句子种类(Sentence Types)名称定义分类陈述句说明一个事实或陈述说话人的看法肯定句、否定句疑问句提出问题一般疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句、特殊疑问句等祈使句表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等感叹句表示喜怒哀乐等强烈的情感简单句只有一套主、谓语的句子并列句由两个及以上并列而又互相独立的简单句构成复合句由一个主句和至少一个从句构成主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句等