1、2019 年英语（二）考研真题及答案解析。Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numberedblank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of anysignificant weight fluctuations. 1 ,when done too
2、often, this habit cansometimes hurt more than it 2 .As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus frombeing generally healthy and physically active to focusing 3 on the scale. Thatwas bad to my overall fitness goals. I had gained weight in the form of musclemass, but thinking only
3、 of 4 the number on the scale, I altered my trainingprogram. That conficted with how I needed to train to 5 my goals.I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6 of thehard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks toa month to notice any signific
4、ant changes in your weight 7 altering yourtraining program. The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level,strengthand inches lostFor these 9 , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to abimonthly weighing schedule 10 . Since weight loss is not my goal, it is lessimportant for meto_ 11
5、 _ my weight each week. Weighing every other week1allows me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes. That tells mewhether I need to 13 my training program.I use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition aswell. If my training intensity remains the same, but Im constantl
6、y 15 anddropping weight, this is a 16 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake.The 17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overallhealth, fitness and well-being. Im experiencing increased zeal for working outsince I no longer carry the burden of a 18 morming weigh-in. Ive
7、 alsoexperienced greater success in achieving my specific ftness goals, 19 Imtraining according to those goals, not the numbers on a scale.Rather than 20 over the scale, turn your focus to how you look, feel howyour clothes fit and your overall energy level.1. A Besides B Therefore COtherwise D Howe
8、ver2. A helps Bcares Cwarns D reduces3. A initially B solely C occasionally D formally4. A recording B lowering C explaining D accepting5. A modify B set Creview D reach6. A definition B depiction C distribution D prediction7. A due to Bregardless of C aside from D along with8. A orderly B rigid C p
9、recise D immediate9. A claims Bjudgments C reasons D methods210. A instead Bthough Cagain Dindeed11. A report B share C share D share12. A depend on Bapprove of Chold onto Daccount for13. A prepare Bshare Cshare D share14. A results Bfeatures Crules Dtests15. A bored Banxious Chungry D sick16. A pri
10、nciple Bsecret Cbelief Dsign17. A request Bnecessity Cdecision Dwish18. A disappointing Bsurprising Crestricting Dconsuming19. A if because Bunless Cuntil Dconsuming20. A obsessing Bdominating Cpuzzling Dtriumphing Section II Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answ
11、er the questions below each text bychoosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40points)Text 1Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guiltemerges a little later, in conjunction with a childmoral norms. Children aren t born knowing how to say s growing gr
12、asp of socia“ I m sorry ” ;3they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends - andtheir own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moralguilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing.In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It i
13、s deeplyuncomfortable- its the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted withstones. Yet this understanding is outdated.“ There has been a kind of revival ora rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” saysVaish, a psychology researcher at the University of Virginia, addi
14、ng that thisrevival is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren- feelings t binarythat may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousyand anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities.Too much happiness can be destructive.And quilt , by prom
15、pting us to think more deeply about our goodness, canencourage humans to make up for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in otherwords, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti , apsychology professor
16、 at the University of Toronto ,suggests that guilt maycompensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti andothers have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathwaysto cooperation and sharing. Some Kids who are low in sympathy may make upfor that shortfall by expe
17、riencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier4impulses. And vice versa : High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study, for example, Malti looked at 244 children. Using caregiverassessments and the children-observations,self she rated each child soverall sympathy level and his or
18、 her tendency to feel negative emotions aftermoral transgressions. Then the kids were handed chocolate coins, and given achance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids,how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty.The guilt-prone ones share m
19、ore, even though they hadn t magically becomemore sympathetic to the other child s deprivation.“ That s good news,” Malti says,“ We can be prosocial because wecaused harm and we feel regret.”21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help_.A. regulate a child s basic emotion
20、sB. improve a child s intellectual abilityC. foster a child s moral developmentD. intensify a child s positive feelings22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be _. A. deceptiveB. burdensome C. addictive5D. inexcusable23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes fr
21、om an awareness that _.A. emotions are context-independent B. emotions are socially constructive C. emotional stability can benefit health D. an emotion can play opposing roles24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing _. A. may help correct emotional deficienciesB. can result from
22、 either sympathy or guilt C. can bring about emotional satisfaction D. may be the outcome of impulsive acts25. The word“ transgressions” (Line 4, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to_.A. teachingsB. discussionsC. restrictionsD. wrongdoings Text 2Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder callen
23、ges in the fightagainst climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good6share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to doso.The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests thatemit more carbon than they absorb.Thankfully, ther
24、e is a way out of this trap - but it involves striking a subtlebalance. Helping forests flourish as valuable carbon sinks long into the futuremay require reducing their capacity to absorb carbon now. Califormia is leadingthe way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.The
25、 states proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin outyoung trees and clear brush in parts of the forest. This temporarily lowerscarbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of theavailable moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forests capacity to
26、pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off insects.The landscape is rendered less easily burnable. Even in the event of a fire, fewertrees are consumed.The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since2010,drought and insects have killed over 100 million
27、 trees in California, mostof them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have burned hundreds of thousands ofacres.California plans to treat 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by2030 - financed from the proceeds of the state s emissions- permit auctions.Thats only a small share of the total acr
28、eage that could benefit, about half a7million acres in all, so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire ordrought.The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removedfrom the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuelin vehicles tha
29、t would otherwise run on fossil fuels. New research ontransportation biofuels is already under way.State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, buttraditionally theyve focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities forrecreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part fo
30、rests will have toplay in storing carbon. Califormias plan, which is expected to be finalized by thegovernor next year, should serve as a model.26. By saying“ one of the harder challenges ,” the author impliesthat_.A. global climate change may get out of controlB. people may misunderstand global war
31、mingC. extreme weather conditions may ariseD. forests may become a potential threat27. To mai ntain forests as valuable“ carbon sinks, we may needto_.A. preserve the diversity of species in themB. accelerate the growth of young trees8C. strike a balance among different plantsD. lower their present c
32、arbon-absorbing capacity28. Californias Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to_. A. cultivate more drought-resistant treesB. reduce the density of some of its forests C. find more effective ways to kill insects D. restore its forests quickly after wildfires29.What is essential to Californias plan according
33、 to Paragraph 5? A. To handle the areas in serious danger first.B. To carry it out before the year of 2020. C. To perfect the emissions-permit auctions. D. To obtain enough financial support.30. The authors attitude to Californias plan can best be describedas_.A. ambiguousB. tolerantC. supportiveD.
34、cautious Text 3American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for severalyears now. Given a multi-year decline in illegal immigration, and a similarly9sustained pickup in the U.S. job market, the complaints are unlikely to stopwithout an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.Effo
35、rts to create a more straightforward agricultural-workers visa thatwould enable foreign workers to stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs withinthe industry have so far failed in Congress. If this doesn t change, Ambusinesses, communities and consumers will be the losers.Perhaps half of U.S. farm l
36、aborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewersuch workers enter the U.S., the characteristics of the agricultural workforce arechanging. Today s farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, aremore likely to be settled, rather than migrating, and more likely to be marriedthan single. The
37、y are also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third ofcrop workers were over the age of 35. Now, more than half are. And croppicking is hard on older bodies.One oft-debated cure for this labor shortageremains as implausible as it has been all along: Native U.S. workers won t bereturning
38、to the farm.Mechanization is not the answer either not yet at least. Production ofcorn, cotton, rice, soybeans and wheat have been largely mechanized, but manyhigh-value, labor-intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairyfarms, where robots currently do only a small share of milking
39、, have a long wayto go before they are automated.As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest10workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the agricultural workforce.Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply; from 2011 to 2016 thenumber of visas issued mo
40、re than doubled.The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa fornonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 annually. Even so, employersfrequently complain that they aren t allotted all the workers they need. Theprocess is cumbersome, expensive and unreliable. One survey found thatb
41、ureaucratic delays led H-2A workers to arrive on the job an average of 22 dayslate. And the shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, whichremove some workers and drive others underground.In a 2012 survey，71 percent of tree-fruit growers and nearly 80 percent ofraisin and berry growers sa
42、id they were short of labor. Some western growershave responded by moving operations to Mexico. From 1998-2000, 14.5percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than adecade later, the share of imported fruit had increased to 25.8 percent.In effect, the U.S. can import food or i
43、t can import the workers who pick it.31.What problem should be addressed according to the first twoparagraphs?A.Discrimination against foreign workers in the U.S.B.Biased laws in favor of some American businesses.C.Flaws in U.S. immigration rules for farm workers.11D. Decline of job opportunities in U.S. agricu
