1、Tort LawGeneralTortla civil wrong which unfairly causes someone else to suffer loss or harmIt does not include breach of contract or trust.(A civil wrong can be a tort,breach of contract or breach of trust.)Purpose of tort lawlto provide relief to the injured party through the award of damages for t
2、he injuries incurred during a tortious actGenerallto deter others from committing the same actUS tort lawlTort law in the U.S.is largely common law.Courts have the power to shape and change the elements of claims and defenses of existing torts and the power to create new torts.lStatutes have been pa
3、ssed in attempts to reform the tort system.GeneralMost of them have related to procedural matters and amounts and categories of damages.lMany judges utilize the Restatement of Torts(2nd)as an influential guide.The Restatement is an influential treatise issued by the American Law Institute,which summ
4、arizes the general principles of common law United States tort law.Categories of tortslintentional tortsGenerallnegligencelstrict liability tortsIntentional TortsGeneralDefinitionlAn intentional tort is a tort resulting from an intentional act on the part of the tortfeasor.Subcategoriesltorts agains
5、t the personassaultbatteryfalse imprisonmentintentional infliction of emotional distressGenerallproperty tortstrespass to landtrespass to chattels(personal property)conversionldignitary tortsdefamationinvasion of privacy Torts Against the PersonAssaultDefinitionlan intentional act that causes an app
6、rehension of immediate harmful or offensive contactApprehension is not the same as fearhere it means awareness that an injury or offensive contact is imminent.RequirementslThe act must be overt.Mere words do not constitute an assault.AssaultThere must be an accompanying act.lThe defendant must have
7、the apparent ability to carry out the contact.Actual ability to carry out the contact is not necessary.lThe plaintiff must have a reasonable apprehension of such contact.Actual fear on the plaintiffs part is not required.ExamplesAssaultlswinging a baseball bat at someonelholding a rock and threateni
8、ng to throw it at someonelpointing a gun at someonelpointing a realistic toy gun at someoneCriminal assault and tortious assaultlCriminal assault can occur even when no threat is perceived by the victim.lWith the tort of assault,a perceived threat by the victim is paramount.AssaultA defendant who th
9、rows a rock at a sleeping victim and misses can only be guilty of the attempted battery assault,since the victim would not be aware of the possible harm.BatteryDefinitionlan intentional act that causes a harmful or offensive contactHarmful contactlcontact that objectively intends to injure,disfigure
10、,impair,or cause painOffensive contactlcontact that would offend a persons sense of personal dignityBatteryExampleslbeating someone with a tire ironlspitting in someones facelknocking a hat off someones headlwhipping a horse on which someone was riding,causing him to fall and be injuredlmixing somet
11、hing offensive in food that he knows another will eatthe other does in fact eat the offensive matterBatteryldigging a pit with the intent that another will fall into it laterthe other does in fact fall into itCriminal and tortious batterylUsually battery is prosecuted as a crime only in cases involv
12、ing serious harm to the victim.Criminal law recognizes degrees of crimes involving physical contact.There is but a single tort of battery.False ImprisonmentDefinitionlthe detention of a person in a bounded area without justification or consentThe essence of the tort is the natural mental harm that r
13、esults when ones freedom is restricted without justification.Elementslintent to confine a person within a certain areaFalse Imprisonmentlactual confinementlawareness of the confinement by the person so confinedlno reasonable means of escapeFalse arrestlFalse arrest occurs when someone arrests anothe
14、r individual without the legal authority to do so,which becomes false imprisonment the moment he or she is taken into custody.IIEDDefinitionshort for intentional infliction of emotional distressreferred to as the tort of outrage in some jurisdictionslintentional conduct that results in extreme emoti
15、onal distressElementslThe defendant must act intentionally or recklessly.IIEDlThe defendants conduct must be extreme and outrageous.lThe conduct must cause the plaintiff to suffer severe emotional distress.Severe emotional distresslThis tort involves more than hurt feelings,disappointment,or worry.l
16、There must be severe mental suffering,i.e.such that no reasonable person should be expected to endure it.IIEDThis standard is quantified by the intensity,duration,and any physical manifestations(ulcers or headaches,for example)of the distress.ExampleslA person refused to inform another of the wherea
17、bouts of that others child for several years,though the person knew where the child was the entire time.IIEDlA person sent a letter to another falsely informing him that a close family member of his had been killed in an accident.Statute of LimitationsDefinitionlan enactment that restricts the time
18、within which legal proceedings may be initiatedObjectivelto prevent claims from arising after all evidence has been lost or after the facts have become obscure through the passage of time,or the death or disappearance of witnessesStatute of LimitationsFunctionlThe statute of limitations is a defense
19、 that is ordinarily asserted by the defendant to defeat an action brought against him after the appropriate time has elapsed.ApplicationlThe defendant must raise the defense before the court upon answering the plaintiffs complaint.Statute of LimitationslIf not,he is regarded as having waived the def
20、ense and will not be permitted to use it in any subsequent proceedings.Tolling the statutelWhen the statute is tolled,the running of limitations is suspended until some event specified by law takes place.Most jurisdictions provide that the statute of limitations is tolled under certain circumstances
21、:Statute of LimitationsThe plaintiff is a minor.The plaintiff has been deemed insane.The plaintiff has been convicted of a felony and is imprisoned.The defendant is in bankruptcy.Shopkeepers PrivilegeGenerallIn some jurisdictions of the US,the courts recognize a common law shopkeepers privilege,unde
22、r which a shopkeeper is allowed to detain a suspected shoplifter on store property for a reasonable period of time,so long as the shopkeeper has probable cause to believe that the person detained in fact committed,or attempted to commit,theft of store property.Shopkeepers PrivilegeThis privilege doe
23、s not include the power of search.Requisite conditionslInvestigation on or near premisesThe detention itself should be effected either on the store premises or in the immediate vicinity thereof.lReasonable suspicionThe shopkeeper has reasonable grounds to suspect the particular person detained is sh
24、oplifting.Shopkeepers PrivilegelReasonable force onlyOnly reasonable,non-deadly force is used to effect the detention.lReasonable period and manner of detentionThe detention itself may be for only the time necessary to make a reasonable investigation of the facts.Property TortsTrespass to LandGenera
25、llTrespass to land occurs when a person directly enters upon anothers land without permission,or remains upon the land,or places or projects any object upon the land.lThe basis for this tort is the right to exclusive possession of the land.NaturelThis tort is actionable per se.Trespass to LandDamage
26、s are not required to be proven for intentional trespass.Only when the entry is negligent is there any need to prove damages.IntentlThe intent requirement of trespass is only that the person intended to enter the property.It is irrelevant whether or not the entry is a mistake,caused by ignorance of
27、the ownership or the boundaries.Trespass to LandNotelThe rights inherent in the possession of land extend above and below the surface.Trespass to ChattelsDefinitionlthe intentional interference with another persons lawful possession of a chattel(movable personal property)Interferencelany physical co
28、ntact(intermeddling)with the chattel in a quantifiable waylany dispossession of the chattel(whether by taking it,destroying it,or barring the owners access to it)Trespass to ChattelsNotelIn cases of intermeddling,there needs to be actual harm sustained by the plaintiff in order for him to sue.Damage
29、s are limited to the actual harm(which can include economic loss as a result of the trespasse.g.loss of profit on a damaged chattel).lIn cases of dispossession,the plaintiff is always entitled to damages even if no quantifiable harm can be proven.Trespass to ChattelsExamplelHerman sees his War and P
30、eace sitting on a table.He picks up the book,puts it in his bag and goes home.In fact,the book belongs to Leon and Herman has mistaken it for his own copy.lIn this case,Herman is liable for a trespass to chattels because he intended to take Leons book,even though his action was based on a reasonable
31、 mistake.ConversionGenerallConversion occurs when someone wrongfully takes or uses property of another for their own purposes or destroys it or alters its nature.Conversion and theftlTheft will also be conversion.lBut not all conversions are thefts because conversion requires no element of dishonest
32、y.ConversionProperty subject to conversionlIt must be personal property.Real property cannot be lost and then found.lIt must be tangible.money,an animal,furniture,or toolscrops or timber(after they are severed from the ground)rights in a paper,such as a life insurance policy,a stock certificate,or a
33、 promissory noteConversionExampleslA person has anothers car towed away in order to take the parking place.lA dry cleaner mistakenly delivers a suit to the wrong customer.lA mechanic borrows a sports car he is supposed to repair without permission.lA neighbor lends her hedge trimmer to a friend,but
34、the friend uses it to cut down a tree.Trespass to Chattels and ConversionGenerallThe two concepts are closely related.SimilaritylBoth include the wrongful,intentional interference of personal property.DifferencelThey are different in degreethe damage done to the plaintiffs possession in a conversion
35、 case is more severe than in a trespass case.Trespass to Chattels and ConversionApplicationlIn general,when an object is damaged but repairable,trespass to chattels is the more appropriate tort.When something is destroyed or stolen,conversion is more appropriate.lWhen trespass is found,a person can
36、recover the value of the lost use of the itemand recover the item itself.Conversion,instead,allows a person to recover the full value of the item.Trespass to Chattels and ConversionExamplelDaphne hits Martys dog with her car.The dog suffers a broken leg.This would be an actionable trespass to chatte
37、ls and Marty would be awarded damages commensurate with the harm done by Daphne.lDaphne hits Martys dog with her car.The dog dies.This would be an actionable conversion.Marty would be awarded the dogs full value.Dignitary TortsDefamationDefinitionlthe communication of a false statement that harms a
38、persons reputationDefamatory information must be communicated to a third person.Typeslslanderoral defamation(spoken statements)llibelwritten defamation(written,printed or broadcast words)DefamationPublic figure law of defamationlA public figure alleging libel must prove actual malice.Public figures
39、voluntarily place themselves in a position that invites close scrutiny.Defamation per selSome categories of statements are considered defamatory per seinjury is presumed and neednt be proven.Defamationa statement that negatively affects a persons reputation relating to his business or professionalle
40、gations that a person is unchasteallegations that a person is infected with a sexually transmitted diseaseallegations that a person has committed a crime of moral turpitude(such as rape or incest)Defenses to claims of defamationltruthDefamationlopinionlprivilegeevidence given in courtstatements made
41、 in a session of the legislatureInvasion of PrivacyDefinitionlthe intrusion into the personal life of another,without just causeCategorieslintrusion of solitudeactual physical or electronic intrusion into a persons private quartersA person was undressing at home,and someone filmed this without telli
42、ng the person.Invasion of Privacylpublic disclosure of private factsthe dissemination of truthful private information which a reasonable person would find objectionableAn unscrupulous reporter rummaged through a public figures garbage to find evidence of prescription drug use or other highly persona
43、l matters.lfalse lightthe publication of facts which place a person in a false light,even though the facts themselves may not be defamatoryInvasion of PrivacyFalse light cases are about damage to a persons personal feelings or dignity,whereas defamation is about damage to a persons reputation.A repo
44、rter returned to the scene of a massive bridge collapse several years after the tragedy.The reporter attempted to interview the widow of a man who died in the crash.The widow and her children were not at home so the reporter fabricated a story about them which placed them in a false light in the pub
45、lic eye.Invasion of Privacylappropriationthe unauthorized use of a persons name or likeness to obtain some benefitsA local restaurant used a celebritys name or image in a commercial and implied an official endorsement.NegligenceGeneralDefinitionlconduct that breaches a standard of care deemed by the
46、 law as necessary to protect others from unreasonable risks of harmgenerally expressed as a breach of a dutyElementslThe defendant owed a duty of care to the plaintiff;Generallthe defendant breached that duty;andlas a result of the defendants breach of that duty,the plaintiff suffered injury.Standar
47、d of CareGenerallAll people are under a duty to conduct themselves in such a manner as not to create unreasonable risks of physical harm to others.lDuring a trial,the conduct of the defendant is reviewed to determine if he or she has met the reasonable person standard.Would a reasonable person have
48、acted similarly under similar circumstances?Standard of CareReasonable personla hypothetical person in society who shows average care,skill or judgment in conductIt is not an average or typical person.It is a composite of a communitys judgment as to how a typical member of that community should beha
49、ve in situations that might pose a threat of harm to the public.Standard of CareEven though the majority of people in the community may behave in a certain way,that does not establish the standard of conduct of the reasonable person.Reasonable person standardlA person has acted negligently if she ha
50、s departed from conduct expected of a reasonably prudent person acting under similar circumstances.Standard of CareIt is a completely objective test under which subjective elements are normally not taken into account.Subjective traits of the tortfeasor may be considered,but they are considered accor
