1、专题十一 特殊句式一、 考纲解读考点1.倒装 2.强调 3.省略 4.主谓一致 5.反意疑问句 6.there be 句型重点：1把握各种特殊句式在具体语境中的运用 2.掌握主谓一致的灵活运用二、 知识归纳1. 倒装 （1） 完全倒装 谓语动词完全放到主语之前 there be （stand ，lie，exist.）句型Eg：there is a garden behind the house表示方式或方位的副词或介词短语放在句首（here，there ,now, then, up, down, in the room,on the wall,out, off . ） Eg: Here com
2、es the bus.(当主语是代词时，主谓不倒装，如Here it is) Away went the girl 表语位于句首时，其倒装结构为“英语+连系动词+主语“e.g. Present at the meeting were same scientists from China. (形容词作表语) Gone are the days when we were poor.(过去分词作表语) In each room are ten students.(介词短语作表语)（2）部分倒装，只把谓语的一部分（助动词，情态动词）置于主语之前含否定意义的副词never, not, nor, hard
3、ly, seldom, not onlybut(also)，not until 及含有no的词或短语放在句首，结构为：表否定意义的词/词组+助动词/情态动词/be+主语+谓动+e.g. Never before have I seen such a moving film. Not until he returned did we have supper. only+副词/介词短语/状语从句+助动词/情态动词/ be+主语+谓语动词+e.g. Only then did I realize that I was wrong. Only in this way can you improve y
4、our pronunciation. Only when he returned did we find out the truth. (主句倒装) Only 修饰主语时，句子不倒装。 e.g. Only he can help you.+情态动词/助动词/be + 主语 So （也） Neither/Nor(也不)e.g. You can swim, so can he.I have never been to abroad, neither (nor) has he.He likes watching football matches but he doesnt like playing
5、football. 一 So it is (the same) with sb. (有两个谓语动词时作答语用，表示“也”) Tom is thirteen. so is Lucy.(Lucy也13岁。前后指两个人) so he is.(他(Tom)的确13岁。前后指一个人)频度副词often, always, many a time 等置于句首，句子用部分倒装e.g. Often do I tell her about my life here.虚拟语气条件中省略if， 把were，had或should放在主语前，构成倒装e.g. Were I you (=If I were you ), I
6、 would take his advice.So(Such)that句型，So（Such）置句首时用倒装e.g. So fast does he run. That I cant catch up with him. Such a clever boy is he that he can work out this exercise easily.(3) 其它倒装结构as/though 引导的让步状语从句adj/adv/名词/动词+as/though+主语+e.g. Successful as/though he is, he is not proud. Child as he is, he
7、 knows to help others. Object as you may, Ill go. may表祝愿 May you succeed! May our friendship live forever!2. 强调(1) It is /was +被强调部分+that/who +句子剩余成分强调人用that/who，强调物用that所强调的可以是单词，短语，也可以是从句，但结构要完整被强调的成分是主语、宾语、状语，但不能是定语或谓语e.g. It is I who/that am right. (主语) It was Lucy that we met at the school gate
8、. （宾语） It was in the park that Tom lost his watch. (状语)（2）强调句型的一般疑问句：Is/Was it +被强调部分+that/who+其他成分？e.g. Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out? Is it professor Wang that / who teaches you English?(3) 强调句型的特殊疑问句：特殊疑问句词+is/was + it +that +其他成分？e.g. Who was it that broke the window? When w
9、as it that you called me yesterday? What is it that you want me to do?(4) 有时可用It might be that或It must have been that 句型表强调e.g. It might be his father that youre thinking of. It must have been his brother that you saw.(5) notuntil句型的强调句：It is/was not until that+其他部分e.g. It was not until ten oclock t
10、hat he wen to bed.(6) 强调句型中的it与作形式主语的it比较去掉It/was 和that，剩余成分仍能构成一个完整句子，就是强调句型，否则就不是e.g. It is there that accidents often happen. Accidents often happen there. 事故经常在那里发生。 It is clear that not all boys like football.Clear not all boys like football. (不是完整句子结构，因此这不是强调句)(7) 强调句型 It is /was that；It is/wa
11、s +时间+ when/before 从句子与it is +时间+since从句；It was not long before等句型的区别e.g. It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday. （强调句）It was midnight when/before I got back home yesterday. （非强调句） It was two years ago that I began to learn English.（强调句）我是在两年前开始学英语的。 It is two years since I began to learn
12、 English. （It is since自从以来已有时间） It wasnt long before 不久以后就了 It wont be long before不久就会 It was two years/days before过了两年/两天就 It will be two years/days before还得两年/两天才 It will not be two years/days before用不了两年/两天就会试比较：It was two years before he came back from abroad. It was two years later that he came
13、 back from abroad都表示他两年后回国。注意强调句中状语的表达方式（8）对谓语动词的强调用do/did/doese.g. Do come this evening. He did write to you last week.3. 省略（1）不定式的省略在be afraid, expect, forget, hope, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, refuse, seem, try, want, wish 等后面，常用to代替被省略词。e.g. I asked him to see the film, but he didnt want t
14、o.在have, need, ought, used 等后面，用toe.g. I didnt want to go there, but I had to.在glad, happy, pleased, delighted 等后面，用toe.g. If youd like me to help you, Id be only too glad to.否定形式的省略用not toe.g. Shall I go instead of him? I prefer not to.如果不定式中含有be, have, have been, 通常要保留to be/ to have. To have beene
15、.g. Are you a sailor? No, but I used to be.（2）状语从句中的省略当状语从句中主语和主句中主语一致，且从句中含有be动词时，可省略从句中的主语和be动词，此时从句中可能出现下列情况连词(as, as if , once)+名词e.g. Once (he was） a teacher, he now works in a company.连词（though, whether, when) +形容词e.g. work hard when (you are） young, or youll regret. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。连词(whether, as
16、 if ,while) +介词短语e.g. He looked everywhere as if (he was) in search of something.连词（when, while, though) +现在分词e.g. While ( I was) walking along the street, I heard my name called.连词（when, if ,even if, unless, once, until, than, as)+过去分词e.g. The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected.连
17、词（as if , as though)+不定式e.g. He opened his mouth as if (he was) to speak. (对事实的猜测）当从句主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系动词be时，可以把it和be一起省略，如连词(if). unless, when, whenever)+形容词e.g. If (it is ) necessary, youd better refer to the dictionary.可以用so/ not 代替上文内容，有“if so /not”结构e.g. Get up early tomorrow, If not ( If you dont
18、 get up early), you will miss the first bus. He may not be at home then. If So (If he is not at home leave him a note.Tips: 状语从句省略看似很多，其实也就是归为名词(no), 形容词（adj.),介词短语(prep.-）；现在分词(V.-ing),过去分词(V.-ed)，不定式(to do )这六类，连词间基本相通，重在多看多记，主要考查V.-ing， V.-ed, to do 三种，考查时变换灵活，要多做题。4.主谓一致 （1）并列主语的主谓一致 两个单数名词或不可数名
19、词用and 连接，表两个不同概念，谓语动词用复数形式e.g. Tom and Jack were close friends.Steam and ice are different forms of water.两个单数名词用and 连接，表同一人，同一物，同一概念，或表示不可分割的整体，谓语动词用单数形式e.g. The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.那位歌舞演员(指同一人）要来参加我们的晚会。（若说 the singer and the dancer,就是两个人，后面该用are）A knife and fork is on
20、 the table.被every, each, many a , no 等限定的单个主语由and连接时，谓语动词用单数，其中后一个限定词可处略e.g. Each boy and (each) girl has an apple.Many a teacher has seen the film.一个单数名词被几个用and连接的并列形容词修饰时，可以指一件事或几件事，这种名词作为主语时，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式e.g. Simple and plain living is a good quality. 生活简朴 English and American literature
21、 are appealing to her. 英国文学和美国文学由and连接的两个what 从句作主语时，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式e.g. What he says and does do not agree. 他的言、行不一致。（两件事） What he says and does doesnt concern me. 他的言行与我无关。（一件事）由or , either, neithernor, not onlybut (also)连接主语时，按就近原则，即谓语动词的单复数和邻近主语一致 e.g. One or two friends are coming this e
22、vening. Neither I nor he is in favor of her marriage. Either you or I am going to be in charge of this matter.主语+with/ along with / together with /as well as / rather than / as mush as / but / except 等+名词作主语时，谓语动词单复数要与前面的主语一致 e.g. Tom (as well as two of his friends) was invited to the party. The tea
23、cher together with his students is going there on foot.(2)数词与量词作主语时的主谓一致表时间、重量、距离、价格、体积等名词的复数作主语时，作整体看待，谓语动词用单数 e.g. Twenty years is a long time in his life.（如强调具体的数量，则要用复数动词：Twenty years have passed since his father died.)分数修饰名词作主语时，动词单复数取决于意义e.g. About one third of the books are worth reading.A la
24、rge percent of the work was done yesterday.由 Kind / from / pair / type / sort / species/ series of 等修饰的主语，动词的单复数取决于这些词的单复e.g. This new kind of buses if now on show.All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome. a number / variety / group of + n. (复数） + V. 复The number / variety of + n. +V. 单 many a /
25、more than one + 单数名词+ V.单e.g. More than one student has failed the exam. a quantity of + 复数名词 +V.复， a quantity of + 不可数名词+V.单quantities of + 可数名词复数/不可数名词+V.复e.g. Besides, a large quantity of mail bags were found.Quantities of food were on the table.(3)某些名词作主语时的主谓一致集体名词 family, class, team, crew, gro
26、up, audience, committee, public 作主语，动词单复数依主语所指意义而定，当作整体来看，动词用单数；若强调成员时，动词用复数e.g. The class consists of twenty-five boys and twenty girls.The class are doing experiments. trousers, pants, glasses, compasses, jeans 等作主语，动词用复数，但若前面用了a pair of / two pairs of ,谓语动词与 pair 保持一致e.g. Here are some new pairs
27、of glasses.My blue trousers have worn out.This pair of scissors was in Hangzhou.(4)What 引导的从句作主语，谓语动词用单数的单复数视情况而定，一般用单数；若表语是复数名词，则用复数谓语动词。e.g. What he said leaves much for us to think about.What her father left her are only some books.5、反意疑问句（1）must若must 表示“必须”或“有必要”，疑问部分用mustnt或neednt；若陈述部分有Mustnt表
28、“禁止”，疑问部分常用muste.g. You must leave at once, mustnt / neednt you ? You mustnt laugh, must you ?当must 用来表示对现在情况进行推测时，反意疑问部分要根据must后的动词采用相应的形式e.g. He must be good at maths, isnt he?He must go to the library, doesnt he?当must 表示对过去情况的推测，反意疑问部分用didnt（有明确的表过去的时间状语），或用havent/hasnt（没用明确的时间）e.g. She must have
29、 read the novel last week, didnt she?You must have told her about it, havent you?(2) used to 反意疑问部分用 usednt 或didnte.g. He used to live in Paris, usednt / didnt he ?(3) ought to 反意疑问部分用oughtnt 或shouldnte.g. You aught to know about it ,oughtnt / shouldnt you ?(4)否定词或半否定词 seldom, hardly, never, few, li
30、ttle, nothing, nobody, scarcely等，疑问部分用肯定形式e.g. He could hardly walk without a stick, could he ?They have never been to America, have they?(5)“否定”意义前缀，反意疑问部分用否定形式e.g. Its unfair, isnt it?Tom dislike playing tennis, doesnt he ?(6)宾语从句陈述部分主句含有think , believe, suppose, guess, expect, imagine, be sure 等动
31、词，且主语为第一人称，疑问部分主语和动词与宾语从句主语，时态一致e.g. I dont believe he will succeed, will he ? (前面已有dont 表否定，后面用肯定）若陈述句主语是第二/三人称，疑问部分主语和助动词与主句一致e.g. Tom doesnt believe Jame will suueed, does he ? You said that he would come to my birthday party, didnt you?(7)祈使句的反意疑问句否定陈述，will you ?Dont talk any more, will you ?肯定陈
32、述，will/ wont you ?Fetch me a chair, will / wont you?Lets , shall we?Lets give him a hand, shall we?Let us , will you?Let us go and play football, will you?(8)回答反意疑问句时，不管主句为否定，还是附加疑问部分是否定，回答时只看所提到的事是否已发生，若发生，用肯定，若未发生，用否定e.g. You arent a student, are you? You are a student, arent you?若你是学生，回答Yes, I am
33、. 否则，No， I am not.不存在 Yes, I dont. 或No, I do. 要么肯定到底，要么否定到底。（9）附加问句主语和陈述部分主语在人称、数上保持一致的几种情况。陈述部分主语附加问唏主语例句One（指人）one或heOne cant be careful enough, can he /one?This, that, these, thoseit 或theyThis isnt a fast train, is it?everything,anything, something, nothingit Nothing happened to him, did it ?ever
34、yone, everybody, someone, somebody no one, nobody, anyone, anybodyhe 或theyNobody likes to be laughed at , does he ?/ do they?不定式，动名词，其他短语itLearning English well will take us a lot of time, doesnt it?there be 句型thereThere will be rain tomorrow, wont there? There are two girls in the room, arent there
35、?6.there be 句型（1） there be 结构符合就近原则e.g. There is a pen , two books, and many pencils on the desk.(2) there be 有多种时态There was / will be / have been / cant be（3）there be 中的be 有时可用seem to be , happen to be, is likely to be 或remain, stand, lie , go ,exist, follow, live, come, occur 替换e.g. There is likel
36、y to be something wrong with his computer.(4) there be 句型的非谓语形式e.g. I never dreamed of there being a picture on the wall. I expect there to be many chances for him to get a job. It is natural for them there to be a generation gap between them.There being not enough time left, we have to hurry.There
37、having been no water for two days, travelers were all thirsty.三、例题讲解1. It was only after he had read the papers Mr. Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete.A.WhenB.thatC.whichD.what选B.句意“看到那些文件后，Gross先生才意识到他面前的任务完成起来是极其困难的。本题是强调句型，强调时间状语。It is /was that/ who是强调句的标志，去掉后
38、，句意依然完整。2. Only by increasing the number of doctors by 50 percent_properly in this hospital.A. Can be the patients treatedB. can the patients be treatedC. The patients can be treatedD. treated can be the patients选B。句意：只有增加50%的医生，病人才能在这家医院得到妥善治疗。only位于句首修饰介词短语时，句子要用部分倒装。3.Generally, students inner mo
39、tivation with high expectations from others_essential to their development.A.is B.are C.wasD.were选A。 从题干可知本题的主语是students inner motivation, 因此谓语动词用单数形式。再根据题中的Generally可知应用一般现在时态。故选A。4.“Never for a second,” the boy says, “_that my father would come to my rescue,”A. I doubted B. do I doubtC. I have dou
40、bted D.did I doubt选D。表示否定意义的短语Never for a second位于句首，句子需要部分倒装，根据句意可知小男孩是在回忆父亲救他时的情景，因此用一般过去时态。故选 D。5.Why, this is nothing but common vegetable soup!_, madam, Its our soup of the day.A.Let me see B.So it is C.Dons metion it D.Neither do I选B. 答语意为：是这样的，女士。这就是我们今天的汤。根据答语可知，第二个人同意第一个人说的话，因此用”So+主语9助动词/情
41、态动词/系动词”结构，意为“的确如此。”若表示B和A同样做了某事，则用“So+助动词 /情态动词/系动词+主语”结构。如Yao ming stands for Chinese culture. So does Thang ZiYi.6. The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police_.A. not to do B. not toC. not do D. do not选 B. 句意：那个司机想把车停在路边，但警察不允许他这样做。这里为了避免重复，省略与前文相同的部分，只保留不定式符号
42、to. 补充完整后为“was asked by the police not to park his car near the roadside.”7.Some of you may have finished Unit One. _,you can go on to Unit Two.A. If you may B. If you do C. If notD. If so选D. 句意：你们当中可能有些人已经结束了第一单元，如果这样的话，你们可以继续去完成第二单元。so代替前面表示的肯定情况，而not 代替前面表示的否定情况。8.John opened the door. There_he h
43、d never seen before.A. a girl did standB. a girl standC. Did a girl standD. stood a girl选D。以here, there, up , down等副词开头，且主语是名词，句子用全部倒装。9. One - third of the country_ covered with trees and the majority of the citizens _ black people.A. is; are B. is; is C. are; are D. are; is选A。第一个空分数修饰的名词country是集体
44、名词，谓语动词用单数；第二个空主语是citizens（市民中的）the majority (大多数），动词用复数。故选 A。10. These trees must have been planted three years ago,_?A. werent theyB. mustnt theyC. didnt they D.havent they选A. 首先， trees是被种植的，是被动语态，排除C；其次，three years ago表过去，是过去时，排除D；must 表推测，排除B，故选A。（可理解为 I an sure that these trees were planted three years ago, werent they?)
