1、.1英语知识体系简介英语知识体系简介充足的词汇充足的词汇+语法语法+运用（听、说、读、写）运用（听、说、读、写）词汇词汇音音义义词性词性学好英语需要：学好英语需要：语法语法词法词法句法句法：研究的对象是各种词的形式及其用法。：研究的对象是各种词的形式及其用法。：研究的对象是句子各个组成部分及其：研究的对象是句子各个组成部分及其 组成规律。组成规律。.2英语词类的变化形式有：英语词类的变化形式有：1 名词、代词的数、格、性的变化。名词、代词的数、格、性的变化。2 形容词、副词的比较级、最高级的变化。形容词、副词的比较级、最高级的变化。3 动词的人称、时态、语态和语气的变化。动词的人称、时态、语态
2、和语气的变化。十大词类：十大词类：noun,pronoun,adjective,adverb,numeral,verb,article,preposition,conjunction,interjectionnotional word 实词实词form word 虚词虚词.3九种句子成分九种句子成分宾语补足语（宾语补足语（object complement）主语（主语（subject）谓语（谓语（predicate）表语（表语（predicative）宾语（宾语（object）定语（定语（attribute）状语状语(adverbial)同位语同位语主语补足语主语补足语.4九种句子成分九种句子
3、成分主语（主语（subject）：）：谓语（谓语（predicate）：）：表语（表语（predicative）：）：宾语（宾语（object）：）：是句子所要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体。是句子所要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体。(n.,pron.,to do,doing and that-clause)说明主语所发出的动作或从的状态。说明主语所发出的动作或从的状态。(verbs)放在连系动词之后，表示主语的身分、放在连系动词之后，表示主语的身分、状态或特征。状态或特征。(n.,pron.,adj.,adverbs for places,prepositional phrases,to do
4、doing,done and that-clause.)在及物动词或介词之后。在及物动词或介词之后。(n,pron,to do,doing and that-clause.).5宾语补足语（宾语补足语（object complement）：）：定语（定语（attribute）：）：状语状语(adverbial)：限定或修饰名词或代词。限定或修饰名词或代词。adj.,adverbs for places,pron,n.,prepositional phrases,to do,doing,done and that-clauses.修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子
5、。adv.,prepositional phrases,to do,doing done and that-clauses.说明宾语的性质、状态、说明宾语的性质、状态、特征或宾语发出的动作。特征或宾语发出的动作。（adj.,n,adverbs for places,to do,doing and done）同位语：补充说明前面的某个名词或代词。同位语：补充说明前面的某个名词或代词。（n.or that-clauses）e.g.My father,a doctor,is very kind.6Practice:Analyze the following sentences.The farmers
6、 dont stay long in the same places.We are having a wonderful time.Its dangerous to swim in the river.I watched all the glasses that were on the table fall off onto the floor.Im going to move to another city next month.Thank you for writing to me.It was lovely to hear from you.Have you anything to sa
7、y about this question?Its getting dark.7 短语、句子、从句短语、句子、从句短语：短语：具有一定意义的一组词，具有一定意义的一组词，可作为句子的一个成分。可作为句子的一个成分。英语中有下列几种短语：英语中有下列几种短语：1.不定式短语不定式短语 2.ing 短语短语3.过去分过去分 词短语词短语4.介词短语介词短语5.名词短语名词短语e.g.He likes to watch TV while having lunch.e.g.I saw many people standing by the lake.e.g.Given more time,I woul
8、d do it better.e.g.With his help,I have finished writing the poem.e.g.dark blue sky/a true story/the most wonderful moment.8 从句从句(clause)含有主谓结构的一组词，在句子中作一个成分，含有主谓结构的一组词，在句子中作一个成分，一般由连接词、关系代词或关系副词引导。一般由连接词、关系代词或关系副词引导。e.g.If you want to say something,say it clearly.从句从句名词性从句：主语从句，宾语从句，名词性从句：主语从句，宾语从句
9、，表语从句，同位语从句表语从句，同位语从句形容词性从句：定语从句形容词性从句：定语从句副词性从句：状语从句副词性从句：状语从句.9 句子：句子：sentence含有主谓结构的一组词，含有主谓结构的一组词，有比较完整的意义。有比较完整的意义。从句子结构本身来看，句子可分为：从句子结构本身来看，句子可分为：简单句：简单句：并列句：并列句：复合句：复合句：只有一个主谓结构的句子。只有一个主谓结构的句子。由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。起构成。含有一个主句和一个或更多的从句。含有一个主句和一个或更多的从句。句子的类型句子的类型e.g.This k
10、ind of computer could be made in China even in the seventies.e.g.I asked Dick for some help,but he couldnt do it,either.e.g.They were deeply moved by what they saw and heard there.10Pick out the sentences:The first thing we should do is to solve the problem at once.His returning to our country.Names
11、 of villages and small towns.Take care of yourself when you are away from home.To discover the secret of the nature.In this restaurant the food is good,but the service is poor.The thought of her own planBought a ticket from the conductor.Inventions such as eyeglasses and the sewing machine have had
12、an important effect on our lives?.11Point out the type of each sentence:Let him have a rest.The boy is clever yet he is not diligent.Either you are right or I am.My classmates and I study and play together.He once lived and worked there.No one can reply whether it will rain tomorrow.It seemed that t
13、hey had lost something.The lessons he taught were important.Dont miss the chance,or you will regret it.I began to go to school at the age of six.12从说话人的目的来看，句子可分为：从说话人的目的来看，句子可分为：陈术句：陈术句：疑问句：疑问句：祈使句：祈使句：感叹句：感叹句：陈述一项事实。陈述一项事实。提出问题。提出问题。表示请求、建议和命令。表示请求、建议和命令。表示强烈的情感。表示强烈的情感。e.g.What a lovely day!句子的种类
14、句子的种类How stupid you are!.13Point out the kind of each sentence:Be quiet.Lets begin our meeting.I enjoy the quietness of the country.What a wonderful birthday I am having!Do these chocolates belong to us?How disappointed Jenny was!Something must be done to stop pollution.Miss Lin went to Hong Kong fo
15、r a holiday.Take an umbrella along;its likely to rain.Inventions such as eyeglasses and the sewing machine have had an important effect on our lives.14词类和句子成分是不同的概念。同一个词类可以在句中充词类和句子成分是不同的概念。同一个词类可以在句中充当不同的成分，同一个句子成分也可以由不同的词类来担任。当不同的成分，同一个句子成分也可以由不同的词类来担任。英语中的六种基本句型英语中的六种基本句型基本句型一：基本句型一：主系表主系表基本句型二：基
16、本句型二：主谓主谓 基本句型三：基本句型三：主谓宾主谓宾基本句型四：基本句型四：主谓间宾直宾主谓间宾直宾基本句型六：基本句型六：There be+主语主语+状语状语基本句型五：基本句型五：主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补.151.主系表主系表 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做词叫做连系动词连系动词。系动词分类：系动词分类：1.be,look,
17、sound,smell,taste,feel,keep,seem等表示情况；等表示情况；get,grow,become,turn，fall等表示变化；等表示变化；stand,lie等表示位置。等表示位置。注：注：be 本身没有什么意义本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。.16e.g.1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary.2.The dinner smells good.3.Its getting colder and colder.4.Everything loo
18、ks different.5.He is growing tall and strong.6.The trouble is that they are short of money.7.Our well has gone dry.8.His face turned red.172.主谓主谓（vi.）e.g.1.The sun was shining.2.The moon rose.3.Who cares?4.What he said does not matter.5.They talked for half an hour.6.The pen writes smoothly 特点：句子的谓语
19、动词都能表达完整的意思。特点：句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词这类动词 叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。状语从句等。.18主谓宾主谓宾 （vt.）特点：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语发出的动作，特点：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语发出的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟一个宾语，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词 叫做叫做及物动词及物动词。e.g.1.Who knows the answer?2.He has refused to help
20、them.3.They ate what was left over.4.Some people like to communicate by telephone.5.He admits that he was mistaken.194.主谓间宾直宾主谓间宾直宾特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者 物，另一物，另一 个是动作的间接承受者个是动作的间接承受者人。人。通常间接宾语用一个通常间接宾语用一个 介词介词 来连接，当间接宾语在直接宾语之前时，这一介来连接，当间接宾
21、语在直接宾语之前时，这一介 词往往被省略。词往往被省略。e.g.1.She ordered herself a new dress.She ordered a new dress for herself.2.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.She cooked a delicious meal for her husband.3.I gave my car a wash.I give a wash to my car.203.He brought you a dictionary.4.I showed him the article I had
22、written.5.My mother made me a new shirt.6.I told him that the bus was late.7.Fiction(such as short stories or novels)can teach us more about life than textbooks can.215.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补特点：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还特点：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还 不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分 来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。e.g.
23、1.They appointed him manager.2.They painted the door green.3.This set them thinking.4.They found the house deserted.5.What makes him think so?6.We saw him out.7.He asked me to come back soon.8.I saw them getting on the bus.226.There be+主语主语+状语状语该句型表示在某处有某人或物该句型表示在某处有某人或物,某个时间有某种活动。重某个时间有某种活动。重点表示点表示
24、“存在存在”。表示存在的连系动词可用于此句型中。表示存在的连系动词可用于此句型中。There stands a tall tree on top of the hill.There will be an evening party on 15th this month.There must be something wrong with him.Look!There lies a letter on the ground.23e.g.1.We found the hall full.2.We found the great hall full of students and teachers.
25、3.We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.4.We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the Peoples Daily on current affairs in East Europe.但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些
26、句子除了基本句型的子除了基本句型的 成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而）而 加以扩大。这加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是些修饰语可以是单词单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是也可以是 各种类型的各种类型的短语短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）、语和分词短语）、句子句子。.24不同的动词使用的句型也不尽一样不同的动词使用的句型也不尽一样 e.g.1.Hes getting angry.2.He got to school early.
27、3.Youll get a surprise.4.He got his shoes and socks wet.5.He got himself into trouble.6.He got her a splendid present.25 e.g.1.I found the book easily.2.I found the book easy.3.I have to do something.4.I have something to do.在句子中词类和词的位置也影响句子的句型和意思在句子中词类和词的位置也影响句子的句型和意思.26Analyze the following senten
28、ces.To save money,they decided to eat take-away food instead of going to a big restaurant.The rich old couple had their house broken into and lots of things stolen when they were not in.Whether they will come doesnt matter too much.Its important for Americans to thank other people for a favor even i
29、f what the other people did was very small.Nobody but the professor and his assistants knows the results.27 词序词序1.定语的位置：定语的位置：单词作定语，一般放在被修饰词单词作定语，一般放在被修饰词之前之前，短，短语和从句作定语则放在被修饰词语和从句作定语则放在被修饰词之后之后。注意：表示位置的副词作定语时位于被修注意：表示位置的副词作定语时位于被修饰词饰词之后。之后。e.g.The school library has many books on history.I like the
30、 book you sent me.His sister works in the hospital nearby.28状语的位置：状语的位置：修饰形容词或副词的状语，一般放在被修修饰形容词或副词的状语，一般放在被修饰词之前；修饰动词的状语大部分放在动饰词之前；修饰动词的状语大部分放在动词之后，有些表示时间频度的副词词之后，有些表示时间频度的副词(often,usually,seldom,always,constantly),放在放在实义动词之前实义动词之前,助动词、连系动词、情态助动词、连系动词、情态动词之后。还有一些可放在句首或句末。动词之后。还有一些可放在句首或句末。地点状语放在时间状语
31、之前，小地点放在地点状语放在时间状语之前，小地点放在大地点之前，小时间放在大时间之前大地点之前，小时间放在大时间之前。e.g.I know him well.The students often have discussion on current affairs.I like the movie very much.Do you really want it?I hope Jim will come to Switzerland in the summer.29Translate the following sentences into English:1.昨天你在街上遇见了谁？昨天你在街上
32、遇见了谁？2.坐在左边的那个人两分钟前离开了。坐在左边的那个人两分钟前离开了。3.这些天很冷。当心别感冒了。这些天很冷。当心别感冒了。4.在昨天的报纸上有一些重要新闻。在昨天的报纸上有一些重要新闻。5.一些法国人将在一月一些法国人将在一月20日上午到达。日上午到达。6.那边要盖什么？那边要盖什么？Whom did you meet in the street yesterday?The person who sat on the left left two minutes ago.Its been cold these days.Take care not to catch cold.There was some important news in yesterdays newspaper.Some French will arrive on the morning of January 20th.What will be built over there?
