1、英语语法讲义英语语法讲义the Non-Finite Verbs非限定动词非谓语动词（非谓语动词（非限定动词非限定动词）1性质性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：非谓语动词在句子中可以非谓语动词在句子中可以充当除谓语以外一切成分充当除谓语以外一切成分。非谓语动词在句中所作的成分非谓语动词在句中所作的成分 成成 分分动词形式动词形式主语宾语表语定语状语补语不定式动名词现在分词过去分词谓语：谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态，有说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态，有人称和数的变化（即跟主语的人称和数一致）
2、。人称和数的变化（即跟主语的人称和数一致）。e.g.He works.He takes care of the baby.He will go to Shanghai.He didnt go to Shanghai.He has gone to Shanghai.You are students.You look smart.单谓语或动词单谓语或动词短语短语情态动词情态动词/助助动词动词+v.系动词系动词+表语表语非谓语：非谓语：无人称和数的变化，不单独作谓语，但保留动词特点，无人称和数的变化，不单独作谓语，但保留动词特点，可以有宾语或状语，主要包括不定式，可以有宾语或状语，主要包括不定式，v
3、-ing形式以形式以及过去分词。及过去分词。e.g.He works.He wants to work here.I want to work here.He is a father now,so he has to work hard to support the family.Being a father,he has to work hard to support the family.动名词动名词不定式不定式现在分词现在分词非谓语动词过去分词过去分词不 定 式不 定 式 的的 作 用作 用不定式的不定式的时态和语态时态和语态不定式的不定式的否定形式否定形式2.作宾语3.作定语4.作表语
4、5.作补语不定式1.作主语6.作状语Examples 例句例句1、作主语：、作主语：To study hard is your duty.=It is your duty to study hard.It is important to learn English.2、作表语：、作表语：Your duty is to study hard.His dream is to be a doctor.3、作宾语：、作宾语：He decided to give up smoking.He decided not to smoke any more.（否定式）（否定式）4、作宾语补语：、作宾语补语：We
5、 believe him to be honest.Her parents dont allow her to go out at night.5、作定语：、作定语：I have a lot of work to do./Im very happy to have the opportunity to study English with you.6、作状语：、作状语：We come to school to study.（目的状语）（目的状语）Im very happy to have the opportunity to study English with you.（原因状语）（原因状语
6、）1.作主语2.作宾语3.作表语4.作定语动名词Examples 例句例句 动名词是动词的另一种非限定形式，它在句动名词是动词的另一种非限定形式，它在句子中起名词的作用子中起名词的作用,可用作主语可用作主语(a),表语表语(b),动词的宾语动词的宾语(c)或介词的宾语或介词的宾语(d)和定语和定语(f):a.Working in these conditions is no easy job.b.My favorite sport is skating.c.I suggest organizing a trip to Zhou-kou-dian.d.He left the restaurant
7、 without paying the bill.e.Have they got used to living in the mountains?f.She took a sleeping pill before going to bed.1.作状语2.作定语3.作表语4.作补语现在分词现在分词现在分词现在分词的基本构造方式：动词+ing，表示主动和进行的意义。现在分词有时态和语态的变化，如果表示一般性动作，不表明动作先后，就用一般形式。Living in the downtown,we found a lot of amusements.如果现在分词的动作先于句子谓语发生，要用完成式“hav
8、ing+过去分词”。Having heard from my father,I was relieved.如果现在分词的逻辑主语是其所表示动作的对象，就用现在分词被动形式。The new method,having been used abroad,can increase the working efficiency.1.1.现在分词作现在分词作状语状语 现在分词可以作时间、条件、原因、让步、方式、伴随等状语。现在分词可以作时间、条件、原因、让步、方式、伴随等状语。现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语有主谓关系，逻辑主语一现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语有主谓关系，逻辑主语一般要与句子主语保持一致。
9、般要与句子主语保持一致。(1)时间状语时间状语Walking in the street,I saw him.（=when I was walking in the street）Having finished my homework,I went out(After I had finished my homework)现在分词前可带上从属连词现在分词前可带上从属连词while,when.Dont talk while having dinner.When crossing the street,he saw his friend.(2)条件状语条件状语 Working hard,you w
10、ill succeed.（=If you work hard）Reading carefully,youll learn something new.(3)原因状语原因状语 Being ill,she stayed at home.（=Because she was ill）(4)让步状语让步状语 Having failed many times,he didnt lose courage.(=Even though he had failed many times)(5)方式状语方式状语 Please answer the question using another way.(6)伴随状语
11、伴随状语 He is standing over there,singing.(=He is standing over there and singing.)2.2.定语定语 单个现在分词作定语时放在被修饰名词前，分词短语作定语时单个现在分词作定语时放在被修饰名词前，分词短语作定语时放在被修饰名词后。现在分词可以转化为一个进行时的定语放在被修饰名词后。现在分词可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句。从句。We can see the rising sun.=We can see the sun that is rising.I know the boy standing over there.=I
12、know the boy who is standing over there.3.3.宾语补足语宾语补足语 感官动词和使役动词可以接现在分词作宾语补足语，这时宾语感官动词和使役动词可以接现在分词作宾语补足语，这时宾语与作补语的现在分词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。与作补语的现在分词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。I saw him reading in the classroom.You kept me waiting so long.4.4.表语表语有些现在分词的动作性减弱，描述性加强，具备了形容词的特有些现在分词的动作性减弱，描述性加强，具备了形容词的特征，已经转化为形容词，可以用作表语，表示主语的性
13、质。征，已经转化为形容词，可以用作表语，表示主语的性质。This story is interesting.What you said is really inspiring.1.作状语2.作定语3.作表语4.作补语过去分词过去分词的用法过去分词的用法1.1.定语定语 作定语的过去分词有的可以放在被修饰的名词之前作前置定语，作定语的过去分词有的可以放在被修饰的名词之前作前置定语，有的可以放在被修饰名词之后作后置定语。有的可以放在被修饰名词之后作后置定语。(1)前置定语：前置定语：We only sell used books.(2)后置定语：后置定语：The bridge built last
14、 month needs repairing.(3)前置或后置：前置或后置：All the broken windows have been repaired.All the windows broken have been repaired.(4)过去分词短语作定语放在被修饰名词的后面。过去分词短语作定语放在被修饰名词的后面。Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.The concert given by their friends was a success过去分词的用法过去分词的用法2.2.宾语补足语宾
15、语补足语 感官动词和使役动词可以接过去分词作补语，与宾语有逻辑上感官动词和使役动词可以接过去分词作补语，与宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系。的动宾关系。I heard the song sung in English.He kept all things unchanged.3.3.表语表语有些过去分词的动作性减弱，描述性加强，具备了形容词的特有些过去分词的动作性减弱，描述性加强，具备了形容词的特征，已经转化为形容词，可以用作表语，表示主语的状态。征，已经转化为形容词，可以用作表语，表示主语的状态。The shops have remained shut for a week.The cup is br
16、oken.过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：前者表示主语的状态，后过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：前者表示主语的状态，后者表示动作。者表示动作。The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday.（被动语态，（被动语态，表示动作）表示动作）The library is now closed.（表语，表示状态）（表语，表示状态）.过去分词的用法过去分词的用法4.4.状语状语过去分词也可以用作状语。过去分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语过去分词也可以用作状语。过去分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语有动宾关系。逻辑主语一般与句子主语保持一致。过去分有动宾关系。逻辑主语一般
17、与句子主语保持一致。过去分词前也可以带上相应的连接词。词前也可以带上相应的连接词。(1)时间状语时间状语 Seen from the top of the hill,the park looks more beautiful.(=When it is seen from the top of the hill)(2)条件状语条件状语 United we will stand;divided we will fall.(=If we are united we will stand;if we are divided we will fall.)Given another hour,I can
18、work out this problem.(=If I am given another hour)If translated word by word,the passage will be difficult to understand.过去分词的用法过去分词的用法(3)原因状语原因状语 Encouraged by the progress he has made,he works harder.(=As he is encouraged by the progress he has made)Seriously injured,he was taken to hospital.(=Be
19、cause he was seriously injured)(4)让步状语让步状语 Exhausted by the climb,we continued our journey.(=Although we were exhausted by the climb)(5)方式状语方式状语 The children went away laughing.He began to cry as if bitten by a snake.(=as if he was bitten by a snake)(6)伴随状语伴随状语 Aunt Wu came in,followed by her son.(=
20、and(she)was followed by her son)独立主格结构独立主格结构 分词作状语时，其逻辑主语和句子主语一致，但如果逻辑主语不是句子主语，就要在分词前面加上逻辑主语，这种结构叫独立主格结构。1.一般情况下在分词前加逻辑主语。The signal given,the bus started.He walking in the street,I saw him.All the tickets having been sold out,we had to wait for the next weeks show.2.表示独立主格结构中的being常省略。如：The football match(being)over,crowds of people poured out into the street.Nobody(being)in,I didnt enter the hall.3.“with宾语宾语补足语”的结构可以简化为独立主格结构。He came into the classroom,with a book in his hand.(=a book in hand)The children looked at us,with their eyes opening wide.(=eyes opening wide)
