1、Fill the word or expression for each of Fill the word or expression for each of the following meanings from the text.the following meanings from the text.1 _ complete change in ways of1 _ complete change in ways of thinking,working,etc thinking,working,etc2 _ connected computer system2 _ connected c
2、omputer system3 _ to make things easier3 _ to make things easierrevolutionrevolutionnetworknetworksimplifysimplifyLearning about LaguageLearning about LaguagePage 21Page 214 _ to find the answer using 4 _ to find the answer using numbers numbers5 _can be moved easily from 5 _can be moved easily from
3、 place to place place to place6 _ to work out the answer to a6 _ to work out the answer to a problem problem7 _to travel around an area to7 _to travel around an area to find out about it find out about itcalculatecalculatemobilemobilesolvesolveexploreexplore8 _ completely8 _ completely9 _ anyway9 _
4、anyway10 _ activity of managing money10 _ activity of managing moneytotallytotallyanyhowanyhowfinancefinanceComplete the passage with the words below.Complete the passage with the words below.artificial technology intelligent artificial technology intelligent applications explore Web reality applica
5、tions explore Web reality logicallylogicallyMy brother was very interested in My brother was very interested in computers and enjoyed writing programs computers and enjoyed writing programs of his own.He used to download of his own.He used to download information from the Internet and madeinformatio
6、n from the Internet and madegood use of it.He liked to _ the good use of it.He liked to _ the World Wide _ and used the Internet World Wide _ and used the Internet to communicate with computer to communicate with computer programmers all over the world.When programmers all over the world.When he wen
7、t to university he studied IT he went to university he studied IT(information _)and developed a(information _)and developed a special in _special in _exploreexploreWebWebtechnologytechnologyartificialartificialintelligence.After developing special intelligence.After developing special _of the comput
8、er,he hopes to _of the computer,he hopes to design an _ robot which can design an _ robot which can think _ and look like human think _ and look like human being,but in _ he was a long way being,but in _ he was a long way to go.to go.logicallylogicallyapplicationsapplicationsintelligentintelligentre
9、alityrealityThe Present Perfect The Present Perfect Passive VoicePassive VoiceDiscovering useful structuresDiscovering useful structuresPage 21Page 21Learning about passive voiceLearning about passive voicean an overviewoverview First as a PC(personal computer)and then First as a PC(personal compute
10、r)and then as a laptop,I as a laptop,I have been usedhave been used in offices and in offices and homes since the 1970s.homes since the 1970s.Over time my memory has developed so Over time my memory has developed so much that,like an elephant,I never forget much that,like an elephant,I never forget
11、anything I anything I have been toldhave been told!Since the 1970s many new applications Since the 1970s many new applications have been foundhave been found for me.for me.Answer key for exercise 1 on page 21Answer key for exercise 1 on page 21I I havehave also also beenbeen putput into robots and u
12、sed into robots and used to make mobile phones as well as help to make mobile phones as well as help with medical operations.with medical operations.I I havehave even even been putbeen put into space rockets into space rockets and sent to explore the Moon and Mars.and sent to explore the Moon and Ma
13、rs.has/havehas/have beenbeen donedone现在完成时现在完成时被动语态被动语态现在完成时的被动语态现在完成时的被动语态现在完成时的被动语态表示动作发生在过现在完成时的被动语态表示动作发生在过去去,到现在已经完成或对现在仍有影响。到现在已经完成或对现在仍有影响。现在完成时的被动语态现在完成时的被动语态Understanding the structure of the present perfect passive voiceThe structure of the present perfect passive voice is:have/has beened注
14、意注意:副词的位置副词的位置 often,usually,always,never,hardly,seldom等副词置于等副词置于have/has和和been中间。中间。如如:误误 Such a man has been hardly believed.正正 Such a man has hardly been believed.2.并不是所有动词都有被动语态并不是所有动词都有被动语态 1)happen,take place,break out,belong to,cost,last等不及物动词或词组无被等不及物动词或词组无被动语态。如：动语态。如：误误 Great changes have
15、been taken place in China since 1978.正正 Great changes have taken place in China since 1978.2)open,break,drop等不强调动作发出者等不强调动作发出者时常用主动语态。时常用主动语态。3.短语动词不可分割或省略其中的介词或短语动词不可分割或省略其中的介词或副词。如：副词。如：The patients have been taken good care of.4.一些特殊动词一些特殊动词,如如borrow,finish,begin,buy,start,return,marry,open,join等
16、构等构成的现在完成时的被动语态不能与表示成的现在完成时的被动语态不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。若要表达相应的一段时间的状语连用。若要表达相应的意思，意思，则需改换动词或时态。如：则需改换动词或时态。如：My brother has had(不能用不能用has bought)this bike for almost four years.How long has this book been bought?How long ago was this book bought?(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。语。(2)把谓语变成被动结构把谓语变成被动结构(b
17、e过去分词过去分词)(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定时态来决定be的形式的形式)。主动语态变被动语态的方法主动语态变被动语态的方法(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之之后作宾语后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。例如：将主格改为宾格。例如：All the people laughed at him.He was laughed at by all people.They make the bikes in the factory.The bikes are made b
18、y them in the factory.(4)双宾语动词变被动语态可将其中的一双宾语动词变被动语态可将其中的一个宾语变为主语，个宾语变为主语，另一个保留不动。另一个保留不动。主动：主动：I have given him the key.被动：被动：He has been given the key.被动：被动：The key has been given(to)him.(5)带复合宾语的动词变被动语态时带复合宾语的动词变被动语态时,只只能将宾语变为主语能将宾语变为主语,原来的宾补保留不动，原来的宾补保留不动，改称主语补足语。改称主语补足语。主动：主动：I have asked her to
19、 help you.被动：被动：She has been asked to help you.1.现在完成时被动语态肯定句现在完成时被动语态肯定句主语主语+has/have been+P.P.+.(P.P.=动词的过去动词的过去分词形式分词形式)Her motorbike has been stolen.她的摩托车被盗了。她的摩托车被盗了。All the offices have been linked by computer.所有的售票处由计算机联网工作。所有的售票处由计算机联网工作。2.现在完成时被动语态否定句现在完成时被动语态否定句主语主语+has/have+not+been+P.P.+
20、.The task has not been finished yet.任务尚未完成。任务尚未完成。Many skilled workers have not been trained in the company.这家公司并没有培养多少熟练工人。这家公司并没有培养多少熟练工人。3.现在完成时被动语态一般疑问句现在完成时被动语态一般疑问句句型句型1Has he(she,it,单数名词单数名词)+been+P.P.+.?Has a new computer been bought?买了一台新电脑吗买了一台新电脑吗?Have they been sent abroad to study Eng-l
21、ish?他们已经被派往国外学英语了吗他们已经被派往国外学英语了吗?4.现在完成时被动语态特殊疑问句现在完成时被动语态特殊疑问句 疑问词疑问词+have(has)+主语主语+been+P.P.+.?What has been bought by Tom?汤姆已经买了什么东西汤姆已经买了什么东西?Who have been helped by the new computer?谁已经得到这种新计算机的帮助谁已经得到这种新计算机的帮助?How many buildings have been built in this school?这所学校已经建造了多少座大楼这所学校已经建造了多少座大楼?Wher
22、e has the car been repaired?这辆小汽车已经在哪里修理好了这辆小汽车已经在哪里修理好了?Practice Turn the following into the Passive Voice.1.We have planted some trees around the lake.Some trees have been planted around the lake.2.My father has locked the door.2.My father has locked the door.The door has been locked.The door has
23、been locked.3.Someone has turned off the light.3.Someone has turned off the light.The light has been turned off.The light has been turned off.4.We will hold the Olympic Games in 4.We will hold the Olympic Games in Beijing in the year 2008.Beijing in the year 2008.The Olympic Games will be held in Th
24、e Olympic Games will be held in Beijing in the year 2008.Beijing in the year 2008.5.They have rebuilt the bridge.5.They have rebuilt the bridge.The bridge has been rebuilt.The bridge has been rebuilt.试分析：试分析：1)误误 Many new buildings been built since 2000 正正 Many new buildings have been built since 20
25、00 析析 谓语部分结构不全谓语部分结构不全,时态部时态部 分不完整。分不完整。2)误误 Something bad has been happened to him 析析 被动语态误用。被动语态误用。happen为不及为不及 物动词，不及物动词没有被动物动词，不及物动词没有被动 语态。语态。正正 Something bad has happened to him.正正 The door has opened of itself 析析 有些动词如有些动词如open,break,drop 等既可作及物动词，又可作不及物动等既可作及物动词，又可作不及物动词，若不强调谁是动作发出者，我们词，若不强调
26、谁是动作发出者，我们通常用主动语态。通常用主动语态。of itself意思是意思是“自自动地动地”。因此。因此,此句不可用被动语态。此句不可用被动语态。3)误误 The door has been opened of itself 4)误误 I have introduced to Mr Li 析析 introduce为及物动词为及物动词,I 是是introduce的承受者。的承受者。正正 I have been introduced to Mr Li(by Mr Wang)ExercisesExercises1.1.Both my brother work at the power Both
27、 my brother work at the power station that _ been set up in my station that _ been set up in my hometown.hometown.hashas2.That book is said _ have been 2.That book is said _ have been _(translate)into at least 20 _(translate)into at least 20 foreign languages.foreign languages.to/thatto/thattranslat
28、edtranslated 8.Hi,Tom,you look tired.-Of course.I have been _(paint)the living room all day.paintingpainting9.-Did you move into the new house?9.-Did you move into the new house?-No.The rooms have not been -No.The rooms have not been _(paint)yet._(paint)yet.paintedpainted12.You can12.You cant move i
29、n.The house is t move in.The house is _(paint)._(paint).being paintedbeing painted15.-How long ago _ these eggs 15.-How long ago _ these eggs _(hatch)?_(hatch)?-Perhaps 15 days.-Perhaps 15 days.werewerehatchedhatched改错改错1.A personal computer has bought by us.1.A personal computer has bought by us.A
30、personal computer has A personal computer has beenbeen bought bought by us.by us.2.Many problems has been found with 2.Many problems has been found with our new computer.our new computer.Many problems Many problems havehave been found with been found with our new computer.our new computer.3.A PC has
31、 been builded the way we 3.A PC has been builded the way we wanted.wanted.A PC has been built the way we A PC has been built the way we wanted.wanted.4.Our computer just has4.Our computer just has been joined to been joined to the internet.the internet.Our computer Our computer has justhas just been
32、 joined to been joined to the internet.the internet.5.The computer was used every day 5.The computer was used every day since we bought it.since we bought it.The computer The computer has beenhas been used every day used every day since we bought it.since we bought it.6.A lot of e-mails had written
33、on the 6.A lot of e-mails had written on the computer in the past 5 puter in the past 5 years.A lot of e-mails A lot of e-mails have beenhave been written on written on the computer in the past 5 years.the computer in the past 5 years.Put the Chinese into English to complete the sentences.1.You can
34、see the house _ _(未油漆未油漆)for years.2.How many workers _ (已派遣已派遣)to build the railway?has not beenhas not beenpaintedpaintedhave been senthave been sent 3.Why does Mary look so unhappy?She _(被嘲被嘲 笑笑)by her classmates.4.It is said that the house _ _(闯进了闯进了)by two thieves.has been laughed athas been la
35、ughed atbroken intobroken intohas beenhas been 5._ his views _(受受 到批判到批判)by them?6.The two pens _ _(未被拿走未被拿走)by him.7.Where _ the television _ _(已经修理了已经修理了)?HaveHavebeen criticizedbeen criticizedhave not beenhave not beentaken awaytaken awayhashasbeenbeen repairedrepaired 8.The price of a color TV s
36、et _ _(降价了降价了)again.9.What _(已被已被 译成译成)into many foreign languages?been brought downbeen brought downhas has has been translatedhas been translatedA new personal computer has been bought by my friend.A new personal computer has been bought by my friend.My computer has been repaired by the shop very
37、quickly.My computer has been repaired by the shop very quickly.My computer has just been attacked by an unknown virus.My computer has just been attacked by an unknown virus.The problem has not been solved by us yet.The problem has not been solved by us yet.The computers have been given away to a loc
38、al school by The computers have been given away to a local school by the company.the company.A kind of intelligent robot has been developed by the A kind of intelligent robot has been developed by the scientists.scientists.Answer key for exercise 2 on page 21Answer key for exercise 2 on page 21Answe
39、r key for exercise 3 on page 21Answer key for exercise 3 on page 21The way the flowers The way the flowers have been plantedhave been plantedThe way the grass The way the grass has been cuthas been cutThe way the paths The way the paths have been swepthave been sweptThe way your face The way your fa
40、ce has been washedhas been washedThe way your hair The way your hair has been combedhas been combedThe way your shoes The way your shoes have been cleanedhave been cleanedLook at the way the table has been toldLook at the way the table has been toldLook at the way the glasses have been placedLook at
41、 the way the glasses have been placedLook at the way the food has been cookedLook at the way the food has been cookedYouYoud better do them again.d better do them again.Look at the way your bed has been madeLook at the way your bed has been madeLook at the way your carpet has been sweptLook at the w
42、ay your carpet has been sweptLook at the way your shoes have been tidiedLook at the way your shoes have been tidiedI hope that youI hope that youll come here again.ll come here again.自从那一天，我衣着脚，挑着行李，沿着崎岖曲折的田埂，离开故乡，走向了城市；从此，我便漂泊在喧嚣和浮躁的钢筋水泥丛林中，穿行于中国文化三大支柱的儒释道，其内容相当丰富。以浩如海洋来比喻，都不之为过！近日，我在“儒风大家”上，看到一篇文章
43、，仅用-三句话、九个字。说出了儒释道，其实并不高高在上，而是与我们的人生和日常生活密切相关！儒家的最高境界是“拿得起”，佛家的最高境界是“放得下”，道家的最高境界是“想得开”；所以说，儒释道的最高境界，就是这三句话、九个字。中国历史上还曾有过其他一些“人生境界”说，其中三个最著名的，正好可以与儒释道这三大最高境界对照参悟。跟儒家学拿得起。儒家是追求入世、讲究做事的，要求奋发进取、勇于担当、意志坚定。概括为三个字，就是“拿得起”。什么是“拿得起”？且看这个“儒”字左边一个“人”，右边一个“需”，合起来就是“人之所需”。人活世上，有各种精神或生存的需要，满足这些需要就需要去获取。去拿，并且拿到了、
44、拿对了，就是拿得起。怎样才能拿得起？王国维人间词话中曾提出，古今之成大事业者，须经过三重境界。这三重境界体现的正是儒家精神，所以正是路径所在。第一重境界是“昨夜西风凋碧树，独上高楼，望尽天涯路”。登上高楼，远眺天际，正是踌(chu)躇(ch)满志，志存高远，高瞻远瞩，一腔抱负。人生，志向决定方向，格局决定高度；小溪只能入湖，大河则能入海。所以做事，要先立心中志向；成事，要先拓胸中格局。第二重境界是“衣带渐宽终不悔，为伊消得人憔悴”。事情是需要去做才能成的，成越大的事业，需要越大的努力和付出，甚至要经受越大的磨难和困苦。这个世间，从来都是“艰难困苦，玉汝于成”；所以无论如何，都要“天行健，君子以
45、自强不息”。第三重境界是“众里寻她千百度，蓦(m)然回首，那人却在，灯火阑珊处”。这说的是历经磨难而逐渐成熟、成长，最终豁然贯通、水到渠成。这其中蕴含一个重要道理，就是苏东坡所说的“厚积而薄发”。只有厚积才能薄发，人要做的，就是不断厚积，等待薄发。这就是拿得起的完整路径，也是事业成功的完整过程。跟佛家学放得下。佛家是追求出世、讲究清净的，要求能看到金刚经所言的“一切有为法，如梦幻泡影”，做到心经所言的“照见五蕴皆空”。概括为三个字，就是“放得下”。什么是“放得下”？且看这个“佛”字左边一个“人”，右边一个“弗”，弗的意思是“不”，合起来就是“不人”和“人不”。不人就是无人，也就是放下自我，摆脱
46、私心的困缚；人不就是懂得拒绝，也就是放下欲望，超脱对外物的追逐。这两点能做到，就是放得下。如何才能放得下？唐代禅宗高僧青原行思曾提出参禅的三境界，那正是路径所在。第一重境界是“看山是山，看水是水”。人之最初，比如年少之时，心思是简单的，看到什么就是什么，别人说什么就相信什么。这样看待世界当然是简单而粗糙的，所看到的往往只是表面。但同时，正是因为简单而不放在心上，于是不受其困扰，这就是放下的心境。只是还太脆弱，容易被现实击碎。第二重境界是“看山不是山，看水不是水”。人随着年龄渐长，经历的世事渐多，就发现这个世界的问题越来越多、越来越复杂，经常是黑白颠倒、是非混淆，无理走遍天下、有理寸步难行，好人
47、无好报、恶人活千年。这时人是激愤的，不平的，忧虑的，怀疑的，警惕的，复杂的。于是人不愿意再轻易地相信什么，容易变得争强好胜、与人比较、绞尽脑汁、机关算尽，永无满足的一天。大多数人都困在这一阶段，虽然纠结、挣扎、痛苦，这却恰恰是顿悟的契机。因为看到了，才能出来；经历了，才能明白。第三重境界是“看山还是山，看水还是水”。那些保持住本心、做得到忍耐的人，等他看得够了，经得多了，悟得深了，终于有一天豁然顿悟，明白了万般只是自然，存在就有存在的合理性，生会走向灭，繁华会变成寂寞，那些以前认为好的坏的对的错的，都会在规律里走向其应有的结局，人间只是无常，没有一定。这个时候他就不会再与人计较，只是做自己，活
48、在当下之中。任你红尘滚滚，我自清风朗月；面对世俗芜杂，我只一笑了之。这个时候，就是放下了。第一重境界，是出得来，而进不去；第二重境界，是进得去，而出不来；第三重境界，才是进退自如、来去随意。放得下，是因为看透了、超脱了，所以随缘。跟道家学想得开。道家是追求超世、讲究自然的，要求心明大道、眼观天地、冷眼看破。概括为三个字，就是“想得开”。什么是“想得开”？且看这个“道”字一个“走”字旁加一个“首”字，也就是脑袋走或者走脑袋。脑袋走就是动脑子，尽量透彻；走脑袋就是依胸中透彻而行，尽量顺应规律。合起来，就是要明道，并依道而行。这种智慧，就是想得开。如何才能想得开？哲学大师冯友兰曾提出“人生四重境界”
49、说，其中最高那层境界正是道家境界，所以正是路径所在。一是自然境界。有些人做事，可能只是顺着他的本能或者社会的风俗习惯，而对所做的事并不明白或者不太明白。这种“自然”并非道家那个自然，而是指混沌、盲目、原始，那些人云亦云、随波逐流的人就是这种人。二是功利境界。有些人，会为了利己而主动去思考和做事，虽然未必不道德，却必定是功利的，而且很容易走向自私自利、损人利己。三是道德境界。有的人，已经超越了自身，而开始考虑利人，譬如为了道义、公益、众生福祉而去做事。他们的眼界已经超越自身而投向了世间，胸中气象和站立高度已经抵达精神层次。四是天地境界。当一个人的视野放到了整个天地宇宙，目光投向了万物根本，他就抵
50、达了天人合一。这时他就已经不需要动脑子了，因为天地宇宙就是他的脑子，已经事事洞明，就像电脑连接到了互联网。这种境界，正是道家境界。这四重境界，境界越高就越想得开。想开到什么程度，则决定于人的视野放到多大，眼界拔到多高。人处平地，到处都会遮眼阻路；人登顶峰，世间便能一览通途。这就是想得开的秘密眼界大了，心就宽了；站得高了，事就小了。想不开，往往都是画地为牢、作茧自缚。眼光和思维所涉及的面，尽量往大了走、往高了去，则是人人可以努力靠近的。综上：儒家拿得起、佛家放得下、道家想得开，合起来其实就是一句话：带着佛家的出世心态，凭着道家的超世眼界，去做儒家入世的事业。这也正是南怀瑾所说的人生最高境界：佛为
