1、Metonymy（转喻）（转喻）In metonymy,an idea is evoked or named by means of term designating some associated notion.“It”stands for“thought”in grammar,but actually refers to Mr.Houghton,and it is vulgar to refer to a girl as a skirt.It will lecture on disinterested purity while its neck is being remorselessly
2、 twisted toward a skirt.(Para.23)Mr.HoughtonMore examples girls The burglar was in Sallys mind all day long.(burglar=some idea of the burglar)Democracy favors the vote rather than the bullet.(Vote=election,bullet=military solutions)“Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.”(Mao Zedong refer
3、s it to the military revolution)Bill Gates is the king of operating systems worldwide.(Bill Gates=Microsoft)The pen is mightier than the sword.(pen=writer;sword=fighter)ComparisonsynecdocheSynecdoche（提喻）（提喻）Synecdoche can be included in metonymy,and it refers to the substitution of the part for the
4、whole or of the whole for the part.If we were counting heads,the Buddhists were the boys for my money.(Para.27)(head=person)There are two mouths to feed in my family.(mouth=person)God bless the hands that prepared this food.(hand=person)Irony（反语）（反语）Irony is the expression of ones meaning by using l
5、anguage that normally signifies the opposite,typically for humorous or emphatic effect.Technically,it is about as proficient as most businessmens golf,as honest as most politicians intentions,or as coherent as most books that get written.(Para.23)It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign co
6、untry without a penny in ones pocket.It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis.For instance.You could hear the wind,trapped in his chest and struggling with all the unnatural impediments.His body would reel with shock and his face go white at the unaccustomed visi
7、tation.He would stagger back to his desk and collapse there,useless for the rest of the morning.She had been knitting for seventy years,and looked good for another seventy.Hyperbole（夸张）（夸张）Simile（明喻）（明喻）It makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic i
8、n common.To make the comparison,words like“as”,“as.as”,“as if”and“like”are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.They all came tumbling down like so many rotten apples off a tree.Man enjoys agreement as cows will graze all the same way on the side of a hill.Metaphor（暗喻）（暗喻）
9、It is like a simile,also makes a comparison between two unlike elements,but unlike a simile,this comparison is implied rather than stated.He seems to me ruled not by thought but by an invisible and irresistible spring in his neck.It took the swimmer some distance from the shore and left him there,ou
10、t of his depth.In spring,white clouds of bloom drifted above the green fields.EllipsisMore examplesEllipsis:a figure of speech characterized by the omission of one or more words that,while essential to the grammatic structure of the sentence,are easily supplied by the reader.The effect of ellipsis i
11、s rhetorical;it makes for EMPHASIS of statement.The device often traps the unwary user into difficulties,since carelessness will result in impossible constructions.The safe rule is to be sure that the words to be supplied occur in the proper grammatic form not to remote from the place the ellipsis o
12、ccurs.EffectBut if the staunchest Roman Catholic and the staunchest Presbyterian had been exchanged when(they were)infants,and if they had been brought up with home and all other influences reserved,we can have little doubt what the result would have been.(Para.3)Sometimes it does rainand(it does ra
13、in)hard.What do I hear during the intervals when I do attend?(I hear)Two sorts of music.They melt into each other all the time,and(they)are not easy to christen,but I will call one of them“music that reminds me of something”and(I will call)the other“music itself”.I used to be very fond of music that
14、 reminded me of something,and(I was)especially fond of Wagner.(E.M.Forster,“Not Listening to Music”)Onomatopoeia（拟声法）（拟声法）The use of words that by their sound suggest their meaning.Some onomatopoetic words are“hiss”,“buzz”,“whirr”,“sizzle”,“crack”.However,onomatopoeia in the hands of a poet or a wri
15、ter becomes a much more subtle device than simply the use of such words.I would leave the bright sun and the twitter and rustle of insects and animals outside.More examples Outside,cocks were crowing and a white streak was rising from the ground.(Para.1)he turned up the first sod with a crunching so
16、und as the grass roots were dragged out of the earth.(Para.13)She was just munching her bread and butter.(Para.17)The rasping noise carried a long way in the silence.(Para.19)Cows were lowing at a distance.(Para.26)Parallelism平行平行At the edge of a new century,globalization is a double-edged sword:a p
17、owerful vehicle that raises economic growth,spreads new technology and raises living standards in rich and poor countries alike,(Para.1)similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words,phrases,or clausesThree verb phrases are coordinatedly used as predicate of the attributive clause.Para
18、llelismWhat we call the market is simply the joining of buyers and sellers,producers and consumers and savers and investors.(Para.3)Three noun phrases are coordinatedly used as the object of preposition“of”.ParallelismEconomic history consists largely of the story of the markets expansion:from farm
19、to town,from region to nation and from nation to nation.(Para.3)In this sentence,three prepositional phrases are used together to describe the markets expansion.ParallelismGlobalizations other problem is political,cultural and social.(Para.29)Three adjectives are coordinated to show the other proble
20、ms of globalization.Parallelismparallelism of words:She tried to make her pastry fluffy,sweet,and delicate.parallelism of phrases:Singing a song or writing a poem is joyous.These chemicals are now to still the song of birds and the leaping of fish,to coat the leaves with a deadly film,and to linger
21、on in soil.parallelism of clauses:Perch are inexpensive;cod are cheap;trout are abundant;but salmon are best.Alliteration(头韵头韵):repetition of the same sound,as a consonant or cluster,at the beginning of two or more stressed syllables;the commencement of two or more words of a word group with the sam
22、e letter.a bolt from the blue 晴天霹雳，意外事件晴天霹雳，意外事件bag and baggage 完全彻底完全彻底come clean 全盘招供全盘招供from stem to stern 从船头到船尾从船头到船尾live and learn 活到老学到老活到老学到老safe and sound 安全无恙安全无恙toss and turn 辗转反侧辗转反侧This idea has helped him rise in just a few years from teen to tycoon.Syntactic Anaphora (Repetition of Be
23、ginning Words)It was a feeling of closeness.It was something strange.It was as though there were only we two in the world.It was as though I had been jerked suddenly out of my world of the schoolboy,out of a world in which I was ashamed of my father.This is the most common kind of sentence repetitio
24、n.More examplesTenderly will I use you curling grass,it may be you transpire from the breasts of young men,it may be if I had known them I could have loved them,it may be you are from old people,or from offspring taken soon out of their mothers laps.And here you are the mothers laps.(Walt Whitman:So
25、ng of Myself)More examplesSyntactic Epiphora(Repetition of Ending words)It was as though I had been jerked suddenly out of my world of the schoolboy,out of a world in which I was ashamed of my father.More examplesAnd then suddenly the machines pushed them out and they swarmed on the highways.The mov
26、ement changed them;the highways,the camps along the road,the fear of hunger and the hunger itself,changed them.The children without dinner changed them;the endless moving changed them.They were migrants.And the hostility changed them.They welded them,united them (John Steinbeck:The Grapes of wrath)A
27、ntithesisFamiliarity sometimes makes people physically invisible,for you find yourself talking to the heartto the essence,as it were,rather than to the face.Antithesis:the relation between successive units that are put in contrast对仗对仗a pair of antitheseswhat is deep down vs.what can be physically se
28、enAntithesis:More Examples#Caring for a family member yourself can be enriching and rewarding but also demanding and draining.自己照顾家人，虽然可以让你在心灵上得到充实充实和回报回报，但这也是一份对你要求很高要求很高、甚至使你精疲力尽精疲力尽的工作。#As a spot on the weather map,Rochester is one chilly town.But as a model for educational reform,its shaping up
29、as the hottest place in America.在气象图上，罗彻斯特只是一个寒冷寒冷的小城。但作为教育改革的典范，该城市正渐渐成为全美的炙热炙热焦点。Translation.Pay special attention to the italic words.#Terms like liberal and conservative do more to muddle than to clarify.自自由由、保守保守等字眼非但没有等字眼非但没有澄清澄清反倒让人反倒让人糊涂糊涂。#He bounced into my office with a smile on his face
30、and excitement in his voice.他冲进我的办公室，他冲进我的办公室，脸上带着微笑脸上带着微笑，声音里却透着激动声音里却透着激动。Antithesis:More ExamplesSarcasm:examples “How unselfish you are!”said Ellen in sarcasm as her sister took the biggest piece of cake.When children call a boy“Four Eyes”because he wears glasses,they are speaking in sarcasm.Sar
31、casm更尖刻，更尖刻，往往蓄意中伤或讥往往蓄意中伤或讥讽；讽；irony的特点的特点是幽默或俏皮；是幽默或俏皮；satire可泛指可泛指irony,用来讽刺用来讽刺社会现象或一些人，社会现象或一些人，不像不像sarcasm那那样指个人样指个人。Paradox 似是而非的隽语似是而非的隽语Christ used paradox in his teaching:They have ears but hear not.Or in ordinary conversation,we might use a paradox,Deep down hes really very shallow.Parado
32、x attracts the readers or the listeners attention and gives emphasis.A variant of ironyExamplesa statement whose two parts seem contradictory yet make sense with more thought Paradox:examples More haste,less speed.In fact,it appears that the teachers of English teach English so poorly largely becaus
33、e they teach grammar so well.Oxymoron 逆喻逆喻creative destruction,living death,tearful joy;cold pleasant manner,poor rich guys;falsely true;the sound of silencea variant of ironya statement with two parts which seem contradictory;examples:sad joy,a wise fool,the sound of silence,or Hamlets saying,I mus
34、t be cruel only to be kind.Innuendo暗讽，含沙射影暗讽，含沙射影A variant of irony-Its rather cold today,isnt it?-But the weatherman said it would be warm.He must take his readings in a bathroom!用委婉的口气讲反话，和用委婉的口气讲反话，和sarcasm尖刻的挖苦相反。尖刻的挖苦相反。an indirect or subtle,usually derogatory implication in expression;an insin
35、uation PunA pun is defined by Webster as the humorous use of a word,or of words which are formed or sounded alike but have different meanings,in such a way as to play on two or more of the possible applications;a play on words.More examplesDid you hear about the two molecules walking down the street
36、?One lost an electron,and exclaimed:Ive lost an electron!The other said:Are you sure?And the first one said:Im positive!Pun:more examples Seven days without food makes one weak.Income Tax:Capital punishment.Why didnt the lions eat Daniel when he was thrown in their den?Because he read tothem from hi
37、s Bible all night.He was thefirst prophet to read between the lions.If you have not struck oil in your first three minutes,stop boring.Figure out which part of the sentence is a pun.UnderstatementIf you were to adopt my method,might land you in a very uncomfortable position.(42)In understatement the
38、 diction plays down the magnitude or value of the subject.In overstatement the diction exaggerates the subject.with one of entertainment-type women at the party.(Para.9)Euphemism:the substitution of mild or vague or roundabout expression for harsh or direct one.EuphemismMore examplesEuphemism:more e
39、xamples#Americans increasingly see an economic divide between the haves and have-nots,according to a new poll that also finds a majority of people dissatisfied with the countrys direction.#I should have said that reticence was not your strong point.Euphemism:more examples#The Senior Citizens Secreta
40、riat is the p r o v i n c i a l g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c y responsible for coordinating the planning and development of policies,programs and services for seniors.#Nobody disputes the need to answer natures most basic call,but some wonder who should foot the bill for an adequate supply of publi
41、c toilets.Diction Polysyndeton连词叠用连词叠用No one needs beds and chairs and such furniture.He was welcomed and honored and flattered.As the market place filled up with shoppers and merchants and slaves and foreigners,he had strolled through it for an hour or two.Stress each detailPolysyndeton:repetition
42、of conjunctions in close succession,which has a cumulative effect Diction:more examples Polysyndeton He was a philosopher who wrote plays and poems and essays expounding his doctrine.He spent much of his life in the,mocking and satirizing its people,and occasionally converting one of them.Rhetorical
43、 question Can anyone believe it is possible to lay down such a large number of poisons on the surface of the earth without making it unfit for all life?(16)How could intelligent beings seek to control a few unwanted species by a method that contaminated the entire environment and brought the threat
44、of disease and death even to his own kind?Rhetorical question is a question asked to imply a definite answer.Rhetorical question is often used in argument&persuasion.Transferred Epithet Examples：It is a sweet voice.A dreamless nightIn a transferred epithet the adjective or adverb is transferred from
45、 the noun it logically belongs with,to another one which fits it grammatically but not logically.40写在最后写在最后成功的基础在于好的学习习惯成功的基础在于好的学习习惯The foundation of success lies in good habits 结束语当你尽了自己的最大努力时，失败也是伟大的，所以不要放弃，坚持就是正确的。When You Do Your Best,Failure Is Great,So DonT Give Up,Stick To The End演讲人：XXXXXX 时 间：XX年XX月XX日
