1、 1 名词名词 noun 2 代词代词 pronoun 3 形容词形容词 adjective 4 副词副词 adverb 5 动词动词 verb 6 数词数词 numeral 7 冠词冠词 article 8 介词介词 preposition 9 连词连词 conjunction 10 感叹词感叹词 interjection 概念:概念:是表示人,事物,抽象概念等名称的词。是表示人,事物,抽象概念等名称的词。根据词汇意义,名词可划分为:根据词汇意义,名词可划分为:专有名词专有名词和和普通名词普通名词指表示人、地方、指表示人、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称。专有名词中实词的机构、组织等的专有名称。
2、专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。第一个字母要大写。具体说来它包括人名、国家、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、具体说来它包括人名、国家、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。电影名以及某些抽象名词等。Tony 托尼托尼 Japan 日本日本 Mr.Black 布莱克先生布莱克先生 August 八月八月 Monday 星期一星期一 the Great Wall 长城长城 Christmas 圣诞节圣诞节 English 英语英语 A Tale of Two Cities 双城记双城记普通名词:普通名词:表示一类人、东西、抽象概念的名词。例如:表示一类人、东西、抽象概念的名词。例
3、如:表一类人:表一类人:pupil,police,woman,boy,father;表物:表物:box,tree,orange,water,computer;表抽象:表抽象:happiness,trouble,pleasure,love,life,etc.(1)个体名词。如:个体名词。如:cup,desk,student等。一般等。一般可数可数,有单,有单复数形式。复数形式。(2)集体名词。如:集体名词。如:class,team,family等。一般等。一般可数可数,有单,有单复数形式复数形式(3)物质名词。如:物质名词。如:rice,water,cotton等。一般等。一般不可数不可数,没,
4、没有单复数之分。有单复数之分。(4)抽象名词。如:抽象名词。如:love,work,life等。一般等。一般不可数不可数,没有单,没有单复数之分。复数之分。规则变化:规则变化:一般情况词尾加一般情况词尾加s。如:。如:map maps,boy boys,horse horses,table tables.(在清辅音后读(在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音和元音后读,在浊辅音和元音后读/z/)s,x,sh,ch结尾的词加结尾的词加es.如:如:class classes,box boxes,dish dishes,match matches.读读/iz/规则变化:规则变化:以辅音字母以辅音字母+y结尾
5、的名词结尾的名词,变变y为为i,再加再加es。如:如:family families,city cities,baby babies.以元音字母以元音字母+y结尾的名词,直接词尾加结尾的名词,直接词尾加s。如:如:toy toys,holiday holidays以以f或或fe结尾的名词结尾的名词,变变f或或fe为为v,再加再加es。如:如:shelf shelves,wolf wolves,life lives,knife knives,wife wives,leaf leaves,thief thieves.规则变化:规则变化:以辅音字母以辅音字母+o结尾的名词结尾的名词,词尾加词尾加es
6、;如如:tomato tomatoes potato potatoes hero heroes 以元音字母以元音字母+o结尾的名词,直接词尾加结尾的名词,直接词尾加s。如如:piano pianos photo photos radio radios zoo zoos 有些名词有不规则的复数形式。例如:有些名词有不规则的复数形式。例如:child-children mouse-mice man men woman women 妇女妇女 tooth teeth foot feet 有些名词的单复数形式相同。例如;有些名词的单复数形式相同。例如;deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Ja
7、panese,people,yuan 但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式,但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式,a dollar,two dollars注意:注意:一些以一些以man,woman结尾的合成词,在构成复数时,结尾的合成词,在构成复数时,与与man,woman的变化形式相同。的变化形式相同。如:如:policeman policemen,Englishman Englishmen,Frenchman Frenchmen.中日不变 英法变 其余s加后面名称名称总称总称(谓语谓语用复数用复数)一个人一个人两个人两个人中国人中国人the Chin
8、esea Chinesetwo Chinese瑞士人瑞士人the Swissa Swisstwo Swiss澳大利澳大利亚亚人人the Australiansan Australiantwo Australians俄国人俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利意大利人人the Italiansan Italiantwo Italians希腊人希腊人the Greeka Greektwo Greeks法国人法国人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人日本人the Japanesea Japanesetwo Japanese
9、不可数名词一般不可数名词一般没有没有复数形式复数形式,说明其数量时说明其数量时,要用有关要用有关计量名词。计量名词。如:如:a bag of rice two bags of rice,a piece of paper three pieces of paper,a bottle of milk five bottles of milk.1.不以不以s结尾的名词所有格:结尾的名词所有格:the boys bag,mens room 2.以以-s结尾的名词所有格:结尾的名词所有格:Teachers Day3.职业名词、称呼名词的所有格表地点职业名词、称呼名词的所有格表地点 the barbers
10、,Mr Greens,the doctors(office),),my uncles(house)4.并列名词不共有并列名词不共有:Johns and Marys rooms(两间)(两间)并列名词共有并列名词共有:John and Marys room5.时间、距离、地点时间、距离、地点 five minutes walk;ten meters long;the worlds population6.抽象名词后用抽象名词后用“of+宾格宾格”作定语;作定语;the music of the film;the help of him(Lucy);the development of China
11、;the door of the house7.多重所有格突出局部多重所有格突出局部 a friend of Lucys mothers;two classmates of my sisters 8.“of+宾格宾格”与与“of+所有格所有格”含意不同含意不同:the photo of my father 我爸爸的肖像我爸爸的肖像 the photo of mine我(所有的)照片我(所有的)照片 概念:概念:数词就是表示事物的数量和顺序的词,分数词就是表示事物的数量和顺序的词,分基数词基数词和和序数词序数词两种。两种。表示数目或数量多少的词叫基数词,如:表示数目或数量多少的词叫基数词,如:o
12、ne,ten,fifteen 等;等;表示数目顺序的词叫序数词,如:表示数目顺序的词叫序数词,如:fifth,second,twelfth等。等。基数词的用法:基数词的用法:(1)几十几的基数词的十位数与个位数之间要用连字)几十几的基数词的十位数与个位数之间要用连字符符“-”连接。如:连接。如:eighty-five 85 twenty-six 26 (2)三位数的基数词须在百位和十位(若无十位则和)三位数的基数词须在百位和十位(若无十位则和个位)之间用个位)之间用and连接。如:连接。如:three hundred and sixty-five 365 two hundred and six
13、 206 (3)基数词的复数形式。)基数词的复数形式。表示表示具体具体数目数目,hundred,thousand,million不用复数不用复数 表示表示不确定不确定数目数目,用用复数。复数。即即hundreds of(数百数百),thousands of(数千数千),millions of(数百万数百万)+名词复数名词复数,可以用可以用many/several修饰,但不能与具体数目连用。修饰,但不能与具体数目连用。1)Our country has a population of 1,300 million people.2)There are three thousand students
14、 in our school.3)After the war,thousands of people became homeless.4)Several/Many thousands of trees must be planted every year.(4)“几十几十”的复数形式可以表示:的复数形式可以表示:几十多岁几十多岁-in+ones+数词复数数词复数 年年 代代 -in+the+数词复数数词复数 in the 1990s 20世纪90年代 in ones twenties 在某人20多岁时 eg.He died in his forties四十多岁 In the nineties,
15、most people go to work by bike.90年代(5)“基数词基数词+名词名词”的合成形容词作定语,的合成形容词作定语,中间有连字符中间有连字符“”,当中的名词用当中的名词用单数单数。a 3 year old girl a seven-day holiday (6)表计量表计量-“基数词基数词+度量单位度量单位+形容词形容词”eg.The classroom is 7 meters long,6 meters wide and 3 meters high.序数词的用法序数词的用法:(1)序数词作定语,前面要加序数词作定语,前面要加the;The first truck i
16、s carrying a food basket John lives on the fifteenth floor She is my first English teacher.(2)有时加有时加a/an,“再一再一”,“又一又一”的意思的意思;Well have to do it a second time Shall I ask him a third time?When I sat down,a fourth man rose to speakThey had a second child in 1988.编号在编号在前前,名词在后,用,名词在后,用序序数词,前面有数词,前面有the
17、编号在编号在后后,名词在前,用,名词在前,用基基数词,注意首字母数词,注意首字母大写大写房间号码和电话号码要一个一个分别读房间号码和电话号码要一个一个分别读第一课第一课第第32页页第第305房间房间第第12路公共汽车路公共汽车the First Lesson Lesson One the thirty-second page Page Thirty-twoRoom 305Bus No.121、编号表示法、编号表示法2.分数表示法分数表示法分子用基数词,分母用序数词。分子用基数词,分母用序数词。分子大于分子大于1 1时,分母加时,分母加-s-s。1/4 one-fourth a(one)quar
18、ter3/4 three-fourths three quarters 2/3 two-thirds 1/2 a(one)half 半年 half a year 半小时 half an hour一年半 one and a half years one year and a half分数修饰名词时,后用of短语。如:1/3 one third of teachers 3/7 three sevenths of the boys3.年份、日期、时刻表达法年份、日期、时刻表达法年年用用基数词基数词表示表示,两位一读两位一读,介词用介词用in日日用用序数词序数词表示表示,介词用介词用on1999 ni
19、neteen ninety-nine two thousand and eight19491949年年10 10月月1 1日日 读作读作:October(the)first,nineteen forty-nine(月月-日,年日,年)the first of October,nineteen forty-nine(日(日-月,年)月,年)写作写作:October 1st,1999(日用缩写,月日用缩写,月-日日-年年)October 1,1999 (日用数字日用数字)1st October,1999 日日-月,年月,年How many people will come to Beijing n
20、ext year?Its hard to say,_ people,I think.million of B.millions ofC.three millions D.three millions ofAbout _ students in our class can describe that place in English.A.three-fifths B.three-fifth C.third-five D.third-fifthsBAWhich of the following is wrong?_.A.He is a fifteen-year-old boy.B.He is at
21、 the age of 15.C.He is a boy of 15.D.He is fifteen year old.There was no bus in that small town.We had a _.A.ten miles walk B.ten-mile walk C.ten miles walk D.tenth mile walk DBWe have known each other for _.A.a year and half B.a year with half C.a year and a half D.a year with a half “Whats the dat
22、e today?”“Its _.”A.the fourth of may B.the fourth May C.May four D.May the fourth CD概念:冠词是经常加在名词前面的一个概念:冠词是经常加在名词前面的一个辅助词辅助词,限制名,限制名词的意义。词的意义。冠词在句子中不能单独作一个成分,是冠词在句子中不能单独作一个成分,是虚词虚词。冠词的范围:冠词的范围:a、an、the 不定冠词不定冠词a、an1、泛指某一类人或事物中的一个或一类。、泛指某一类人或事物中的一个或一类。eg:An elephant is much heavier than a horse.His f
23、ather is a taxi driver.2、用于序数词前,表示、用于序数词前,表示“又一,再一又一,再一”。eg:I have read the books twice,but I want to read a third time.3、a/an 的区别的区别 a 用在辅音音素开头的单数可数名词或字母前,用在辅音音素开头的单数可数名词或字母前,an 用在用在元音音元音音素素开头的单数可数名词或字母前。开头的单数可数名词或字母前。特殊词:特殊词:a usual boy;a useful book;a university;a one leg dog an honest boy;an hou
24、r;an honor an“a,e,i,o,f,h,l,m,n,r,s,x”ExerciseI have _ apple.He has _orange.This is _ egg.Jim is _ honest boy and he is _ university student.4.Do you have _ computer?5.There is _ car in front of the house.English is _ useful language.He is _ unhappy boy.My father will come back in _ hour.There is _
25、beautiful flower.There is _“u”and _ “s”in the word“use”Please take _ seat and have _ rest an ananan aaaaananaa an a a4.第一次提到某人或某物而非特指时。第一次提到某人或某物而非特指时。eg:There is a book on the desk,but the book isnt mine.5.用于表时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前,有用于表时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前,有“每一每一”的意思,相当于的意思,相当于every。eg:three times a week;hal
26、f an hour 6.某些固定短语与不定冠词有搭配关系。某些固定短语与不定冠词有搭配关系。eg:have a good time;a few;get a cold;pay a visit;take a seat;make a living 定冠词定冠词 the的用法的用法 1.定冠词定冠词the,用来特指某人或某物,用来特指某人或某物,双方都知道的人或物的名词双方都知道的人或物的名词前,前,或用于第二次提到的某人或某物。或用于第二次提到的某人或某物。Is this the book that you are looking for?2.表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前表示世界上独一无二的事物
27、的名词前 The sun is bigger than the moon.3.用在序数词或形容词最高级前用在序数词或形容词最高级前 the youngest /the most beautiful/the first (second,third,fourth)March is the third month of a year.He is the cleverest boy in his class.4.用在某些形容词或单数名词前,用在某些形容词或单数名词前,表示一类人或事物。如:表示一类人或事物。如:the rich;the poor;the young;the old Do you kno
28、w who invented the computer?The cat,is liked by many people.5.用在表示山脉、海洋、江河、湖泊、群岛、建筑物、名胜古用在表示山脉、海洋、江河、湖泊、群岛、建筑物、名胜古迹等专有名词前。如:迹等专有名词前。如:the Yellow River;the Great Wall;the West Lake;the White House 6.用在西洋乐器前用在西洋乐器前 play the piano/the guitar/the violin 8.用在方位名词前用在方位名词前 或习惯用法或习惯用法 in the south /on the r
29、ight/in the day/in the end7.The+姓的复数姓的复数 表示一家人表示一家人 The Smiths /the Greens _ earth goes round _ sun.Jim is _ tallest and _ most interesting 3._man over there is my teacher.4.There is _ orange on the table._ orange is mine.5.I live on _ twelfth floor.6._ Great Wall is _oldest building.7.I have _aunt.
30、_ aunt is _ doctor.8.In this exam,he is _ second.Jim is _ boy.He is _ American boy._Yellow River is one of _ longest rivers.Beijing is in _ north of ChinaThe thethe theThe an Thethe The thean The athea anThe the the 不用冠词的情况不用冠词的情况(1)有些专有名词、抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。如:China;Japanese;milk;love等。(2)名词前已有作定语用的th
31、is,that,my,your,whose,some,any,no,each,every等代词时,不用冠词 如:This is my ruler.(3)复数名词表示一类人或事物时,不用冠词。如:They are teachers.(4)表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。如:Bush was made president of the US.(5)一日三餐、球类活动、学科名词前。I have lunch at home.He often plays soccer after class.Maths is hard to learn.(6)在节日、星期、月份、季节等名词前。如:Teachers D
32、ay;Mothers Day;on Monday;in May;in summer等。(7)在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词 by car,by bus,by train (但take a bus,in a boat,on the bike前要加冠词)(8)在某些固定搭配里,名词之前常不用冠词。如:on foot;at home;at night;go to school;from morning till night等。7、固定搭配固定搭配 at first at last at noon at home 首先首先 最后最后 在中午在中午 在家在家 on foot in bed in h
33、ospital go to school 步行步行 躺在床上躺在床上 住院住院 上学上学1.Do you like playing _ soccer?2.I usually have _ milk for _breakfast 3.We will go to the park on _ Monday.4.My uncle lives in _America now.5.Leaves turn yellow in _ autumn.6.We can go swimming on _Sunday in _summer.7.March 8th is _ Womens Day.8.His father
34、 is ill in _ hospital./.单项选择()1.English is _ international language.A.a B.an C/D.the()2.Look at _ skirt.I bought it for mother on Mothers Day,isnt it nice?Oh,what _ nice present!A.a;a B.a;the C.the;a Da;不填()3.Do you enjoy your stay in Hangzhou?Yes.Ive had _ wonderful time.A./B.a C.the D.anBCB()4.We
35、usually go to _ school on weekdays,and sometimes go to _ cinema at weekends.A.不填;the B.the;the C.the;不填 D.不填;不填 解析:考查冠词。解析:考查冠词。go to school 固定用法固定用法,go to a/the cinema 也是固定用法,也是固定用法,a/the cinema 表示一类事物。表示一类事物。A()5.Lets have _ break;I want to make _ telephone call.A.a;a B.a;the C.the;a D.the;the A()
36、6._ are planning to go on vacation.A.Blacks B.A Blacks C.The Blacks D.The Blacks 解析:考查冠词。解析:考查冠词。the加姓的复数形式表示加姓的复数形式表示“一家人一家人”。D()7.Do you enjoy your stay in Hangzhou?Yes.Ive had _ wonderful time.A./B.a C.the D.an 解析:本题考查固定短语与不定冠词搭配的关系。解析:本题考查固定短语与不定冠词搭配的关系。have a wonderful time玩的高兴。故选玩的高兴。故选B B1.Mr
37、 Wang has worked as _English teacher for more than 10 years.A./B.a C.an D.the 2 How long does it take us to go to your hometown from here?It takes us _ hour or more to go to my hometown by_ train.A.an;a B.a;an C.an;/D.a;/3 What _ useful book it is!Yeah,it tells you how to play guitar.A.an;the B.a;a
38、C.a;the D.an;a 4、.Susan joined an art club at age of six and paints well.A.the B.an C.a 5、My uncle is _ engineer.He works very hard.A.the B.a C.an Exercises:概念:概念:介词(虚词),不能在句子中独立充当成分。介词(虚词),不能在句子中独立充当成分。它总是用于名词、代词、或相当于名词的其它词类它总是用于名词、代词、或相当于名词的其它词类或短语从句前。或短语从句前。中考需要掌握的中考需要掌握的11个介词:个介词:in、on、at、to、fro
39、m、by、with、for、about、after、before Marchspringthe morningthe future7:30nightthe age of 19first/lastthe momentMondayMarch 5March 5th,2010Monday morningholidayinonat Prepositions of time 时间介词时间介词一一.时间介词时间介词today/one night/this month/that summer/last year/next week/the day before yesterday/the week after
40、 next 再下一周再下一周There was a football match yesterday evening.昨天晚上有一场足球赛。昨天晚上有一场足球赛。They will go to the zoo tomorrow.明天他们将要去动物园。明天他们将要去动物园。由由one/this/that/last/next等修饰的表示时间的词组等修饰的表示时间的词组前前不需要不需要用介词。用介词。Ill visit my grandparents this week.这一周我要去看望我的祖父母。这一周我要去看望我的祖父母。Please come to school earlier next ti
41、me.下次请早点来学校。下次请早点来学校。二二.地点介词地点介词 on 在在的上面的上面,与表面接触与表面接触 over 在在的正上方的正上方,不接触表面不接触表面 under 在在下面下面(是是on,over的反义词的反义词)above 在在上方上方,below 在在下方下方,是是above的反义词的反义词1.Look!There is a bridge _the river.A.on B.over C.above2.Can you see the egg _ the plate?A.on B.in C.over in front of 是在物体是在物体外部外部的前面的前面 例如例如:教室前
42、有个花园。教室前有个花园。e.g.There is a garden in front of the classroom.in the front of 是在物体是在物体内部内部的前面的前面 例如例如:教室前有张桌子。教室前有张桌子。e.g.There is a desk in the front of the classroom.at一般指小地方;一般指小地方;in一般指大地方或某个范围内。一般指大地方或某个范围内。over,above和和on均表示均表示“在在上面上面”,over反义词是反义词是under;above反义词是反义词是below;on指两个物体表面有指两个物体表面有接触接触。
43、in front of 表示表示“在在前面前面”,其反义词是其反义词是behind;in the middle of 表示表示“在在的中间的中间”。between表示在表示在两者之间两者之间,among表示表示“在在中中”数目为三者或数目为三者或三者以上三者以上,around表示围绕在四周。表示围绕在四周。beside表示表示“在在旁边旁边”,inside表表示示“在在内内”,outside表示表示“在在外外”。near/by/next to表示表示“在在旁边旁边”。opposite表示表示“在在对面对面”。三三.方位介词方位介词 in 在某范围之内在某范围之内 to 在某范围之外在某范围之外
44、 on 与某地相邻、接壤与某地相邻、接壤 1.China lies _the east of Asia and _the north of Australia.A.in,on B.in,to C.to,in 2.Mongolia is _the north of China.A.in B.on C.tothroughacrossoverround横穿横穿从内部穿过从内部穿过 cross 表面穿过表面穿过 through 中间穿过中间穿过 1.The sunshine come into the room _ the window.A.across B.through C.past 2.You
45、can go _ the road here.A.across B.through C.past 3.Can you swim _ the river.A.across B.through C.past四、四、表方式、方法、手段表方式、方法、手段in 用材料、语言用材料、语言with 用工具、某物用工具、某物by 用方式、方法、手段用方式、方法、手段1.My mother often go to work _ bike.A.in B.on C.by2.The teacher is writing on the paper _ red ink and the blackboard _a piec
46、e of chalk.A.with,with B.in,with C.with,in3.Can you say it _ English?A.in B.with C.by 四、四、整体与部分介词整体与部分介词 Why did you all go swimming Tom?Because he was ill at home.A.with B.besides C.beside D.except常见的介词搭配常见的介词搭配Its very nice of you to help me.Its very good for you to do exercise.the answer(key)to t
47、he question(lock)be famous forbe famous asbe made of be made fromon timein time介词和动词的固定搭配介词和动词的固定搭配look at(看看)look for(找找)look after(照顾照顾)look over(检查检查)look out of(朝朝外面看外面看)look(a)round(环视环视)arrive in大地方大地方(到达到达)arrive at小地方小地方(到达到达)hear of(听说听说)hear from(收到收到的来信的来信)spend钱钱on sth.(花钱做某事花钱做某事)spend时
48、间时间(in)doing sth.(花时间做某事花时间做某事)ask for(要求要求)leave for(动身去动身去)send for(派人去请派人去请)pay for(付钱付钱)wait for(等待等待)agree with sb(同意某人同意某人)begin with(以以开始开始)help with(在在方面帮助方面帮助)catch up with(赶上赶上)get on/along with(与与相处相处)make friends with(与与交朋友交朋友)listen to(听听)come from(来自来自)fall off(从从上摔下上摔下)try out(试验试验)kn
49、ock at/on(敲敲)prefer.to.(比起比起来还是来还是好好)learn by oneself(自学自学)take care of(照顾照顾)stop.(from)doing(阻止阻止做做)help oneself to食物食物(随便吃随便吃)get to(到达到达)Thanks to(多亏,由于多亏,由于)be good at(在在方面好方面好)be weak in(在在方面差方面差)be good for(对对有好处有好处)be bad for(对对有坏处有坏处)be late for(迟到迟到)be sorry for(为为遗憾,抱歉遗憾,抱歉)be full of(充满充满
50、)be busy with(忙于忙于)be angry with(对某人生气对某人生气)be afraid of(害怕害怕)be interested in (对对感兴趣感兴趣)be different from(与与不同不同)be strict with sb.in sth.(在某事上对某人严格在某事上对某人严格)be fond of(喜爱喜爱)1.1.害怕害怕2.2.对对惊讶惊讶3.3.生气生气4.4.对对兴奋兴奋5.5.对对满意满意6.6.以以著名著名7.7.充满了充满了8.8.擅长擅长9.9.对对感兴趣感兴趣10.10.迟到迟到11.11.与与不同不同 be afraid of be