1、Unit 1 People of AchievementDiscover useful structuresunit 1Teaching objectives（学习目标）理解且掌握非限制性定语从句的概念限制性定语从句和非限制性定语的区别which和as引导非限制性定语从句的区别复习定从概念复习定从概念定语从句定语从句：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句，其作用相当于形容词。先行词先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。关系词关系词：引导定语从句的词。先行词先行词关系词关系词定语从句定语从句关系代词关系代词关系副词关系副词 who,whom,which,that,whose,aswhere,wh
2、en,why先行词在从句中所作成分关系代词人主宾定物主宾定先行词在从句中所作成分关系副词时间名词时间状语 地点名词地点状语 reason原因状语who/thatwho/whom/that/省略省略whose(=of whom)that/whichthat/which/省略省略whose(=of which)whywhenwhere=介词介词+which1.判断句子是否为定语从句2.划出先行词3.将先行词代入从句，看它在从句中所担任的成分4.根据先行词在从句中所作成分，得出关系词关系词的确定1.That is the boy _ mother is a famous musician.3.The
3、 house _ they built in 1987 stayed up in the earthquake.2.We dont know the number of people _ lost their homes in the 1906 earthquake.that/who(which/that)whose4.Ill never forget the day _(=_ which)I was born.5.I visited the house _(=_ which)Lu Xun once lived.6.The reason _(=_ which)he got worried wa
4、s this.when on where in why for 区分区分that和和which1.The terrible typhoon killed the people and cattle _were in the fields.2.The wind blew down the tallest tree _ is in front of our school gate.3.This is the very thing _ I was looking for.4.This is the second novel _I have ever read.5.There is nothing i
5、n the world _can frighten me.6.Who is the man _is reading under the tree?thatthatthatthatthatthat只能用只能用that，不能用，不能用which的情况：的情况：先行词先行词既有人既有人,又有物又有物时。时。先行词被先行词被序数词或形容词最高级序数词或形容词最高级修饰时修饰时,只用只用that。先行词有先行词有the only,the very,the just,the right等修饰时等修饰时,只用只用that。不定代词不定代词,如如 something,anything,nothing,ever
6、ything,all,much,few,any,little,none等作先行词时等作先行词时,只用只用that,不用不用which。当主句是以当主句是以who 或或which 开头的特殊疑问句时开头的特殊疑问句时,用用that 以避免重复。以避免重复。区分区分that和和which只用只用which而不用而不用that的情况的情况非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句只用只用which而不能用而不能用that。He wrote a book_is on how to learn English well.限制性定语从句限制性定语从句He wrote a book,_ is on how to le
7、arn English well.非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句在在介词提前介词提前的定语从句中，只用的定语从句中，只用which而不用而不用that。This is the place in _ Lu Xun used to live.which/thatwhichwhich关系代词关系代词whose的用法的用法1)A child _ parents are dead is called an orphan.(孤儿孤儿)2)They live in a house,_ windows face south.whose 在从句中作定语,修饰人或物，意为“的”，whose+名词可换作 the+
8、名词+of whom/which。whosewhoseThey live in a house,the windows _ _ face south.They live in a house,_ _ the windows face south.of whichof whichPractice1.The woman _ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers.A.whose B.who C.whom D.which2.This is the school _ we visited three days ago.A.where B./C.when
9、D.what3.This is the factory _ we worked a year ago.A.where B.that C.which D.on which1)Do you have anything _ you dont understand?2)The only thing _ we can do is to give you some advice.3)Who is the man _ is standing there?4)Her bag,in _ she put all her money,has been stolen.5)She heard a terrible no
10、ise，_ brought her heart into her mouth.thatthatthatwhichwhichthat 与与 whichu 抽象地点名词抽象地点名词+关系副词关系副词where 当先行词是当先行词是case,area,stage,degree,point,situation,atmosphere,environment,condition,race等抽象地点名等抽象地点名词时。词时。1.Ive come to the point _ I cant stand him.2.The country is in the situation _a war will brea
11、k out at any time.国家正处在随时有可能爆发战争的局势中。国家正处在随时有可能爆发战争的局势中。我已经到了无法容忍他的地步了。我已经到了无法容忍他的地步了。wherewhereu 介词+关系代词（whom,which）引导的定语从句介词后关系代词的选择：指人用whom,指物用指物用which 1)This is the school in _ you will study.2)I have no money with _ I can buy a dictionary.3)This is the teacher from _ youll learn English.4)The g
12、entleman about _ you told me just now proved to be a thief.whichwhichwhomwhomu如何确定关系代词前的介词？1.1.与先行词的搭配关系与先行词的搭配关系1)I will never forget the day _which I joined the army.2)I will never forget the year _which my son went to college.3)I will never forget the school _which I studied.4)He came to a farm,_
13、which he finally settled(安顿安顿).on in in on 关系副词2.2.与与从句中谓语谓语动词、形容词的搭配的固定搭配的固定搭配1)Have you found the book _which I paid$29?2)Have you found the book _which I spent$29?3)Do you know the man _whom she often talks?4)The West Lake,_ which Hangzhou is famous,is a beautiful place.for onabout for1)Air,_ whi
14、ch man cant live,is really important.空气非常重要，没有了它人类便不能生存。2)This is the man _ whom my brother has worked for ten years.这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那个人。withoutwith3.根据句子的意思来确定1.Jeanne was her old friend,_ she borrowed a necklace.A.from who B.from whom C.to that D.to whom2.His glasses,_ he was like a blind man,fell
15、to the ground and broke its leg.A.which B.with which C.without which D.that3.She is a teacher of much knowledge,_much can be learned.A.who B.that C.from which D.from whomBCDPRACTICE MAKES PERFECTu 代词/名词/数词/形容词最高级/介词短语+of+关系代词1.They lived in a tall building,in front of stood a big tree.2.There are mo
16、re than 50 students in my class,26 of are girls.3.His family members dont like the second-hand car,the price of is very high.4.It is reported that two schools,both of are being built,will open next year.5.When western people talk about the cities of China,the first of comes to their minds is Beijing
17、.whichwhomwhichwhichwhichu 介词+whose+名词1.I wish to thank professor Smith,without help I would never have got this far.2.The Dragon Tower,from top visitors can enjoy a good sight of Harbin,attracts hundreds of tourists every day.whosewhoseNon-Restrictive Attributive ClausePart 021.I saw the guy who de
18、livers my mail in town yesterday.2.Ill always remember the river where we learned to swim.3.Do you know the reason why the sky is blue?4.Shes the person whose daughter goes to Harvard.which guy?which river?the reason for what?which person?限制限制性定语从句性定语从句若去掉，句子含义若去掉，句子含义不明确不明确无逗号无逗号与主句隔开与主句隔开从句起限定作用，缩
19、小范围从句起限定作用，缩小范围1.理解且掌握非限制性定语从句的概念1.Paris,where I spent six months studying,is the most beautiful city in the world.2.The woman down the street,whose children are the same age as yours,invited us over for dinner next week.3.The movie,which is my favorite comedy of all time,is being shown on TV tomorr
20、ow night.有逗号有逗号与主句隔开与主句隔开若去掉，若去掉，不影响不影响句子含义句子含义非限制性非限制性定语从句定语从句从句为附加说明若去掉从句不影响句子含义，只是起补充说明的作用。往往用逗号分开,不用that引导.先行词唯一非限制性定语从句1.In the class there are ten students who/that speak English very well.翻译：翻译：含义：含义：形式形式:2.In the class there are ten students,who speak English very well.翻译：翻译：含义：含义：形式形式:这个班有1
21、0名英语说的好的学生限制性,班上不只有10名学生，但只有这10名学生英语说得好没有逗号这个班有10名学生,他们英语说得很好，班上只有10个学生，补充说明他们的英语说得好有逗号2.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语的区别AspectRestrictive Relative ClauseNon-restrictive Relative Clause形式上形式上主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿。与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。功能上功能上用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清。用于对先行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。翻
22、译上翻译上翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前按句子顺序，翻译成两个简单句先行词先行词只能是名词或代词可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子引导词引导词做宾语可以省略不能使用that,why 归纳：限制性和非限制性定语从句的区别指人指人指物指物在非限制性定语从句中的作用在非限制性定语从句中的作用whowhomwhichasWhose=of which/whom主语主语宾语宾语(不可省略不可省略)指代整个主句指代整个主句主语主语宾语宾语(不可省略不可省略)定语定语3.非限制性定语从句中关系词的用法1.关系代词-非限制性定语从句主语、宾语、表语主语、宾语、表语3.非限制性定语从句中关系词的用法of whom
23、of which归纳：归纳：that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句不可用于引导非限制性定语从句关系代词关系代词 who 在在非非限制性定语从句中限制性定语从句中只能做主语，不能替只能做主语，不能替代代whom做宾语。做宾语。whose 作定语作定语,先行词是人时先行词是人时,whose 十十 n.相当于相当于 the+n.+_ 。先行词是物时。先行词是物时,whose 十十 n.相当于相当于 the+n.+_。2.关系副词-非限制性定语从句(1)关系副词 when 在非限制性定语从句中作时间状语,指 代主句中表示_的词语。(2)关系副词 where 在非限制性定语从句中作地点状语,指代 主句中
24、表示_的词语。(3)when/where 有时可以换成“介词十 which”。(4)不能用why 引导非限制性定语从句,要用 _ 代替。时间地点for which【语境应用】完成句子。1)The foreign guests,_(who/that)were scientists,were warmly welcomed at the airport.2)My father bought me several books,none of _(which/that)I like to read.3)Is there anyone in your class _(which/whose)family
25、 is in the city?4)Football,_(which/that)is a very interesting game,is played all over the world.whowhichwhosewhich5)The students went to the hospital to see Miss Zhang,_(that/whom)they respect greatly.6)They went to the Royal Theatre,_(which/where)they saw the great show.7)The weather turned out to
26、be very good,_(which/that)was more than I had expected.8)There are 50 students in our class,half of _(whom/who)are girls.whomwherewhich whom1.As everyone knows,China is a country with a long history.2.She is a great hero,as is described in the report.3.He invited me to dinner,which made me very happ
27、y.4.This novel,which I have read three times,is very touching.归纳 3：(1)as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时可代替整个主句。(2)as和which引导非限制性定语从句时的位置不同:as引导的定语从句可置于_，而which引导的非限制性定语从句不可放在_。(3)as引导的定语从句有引导的定语从句有“_“_的意思，而的意思，而which指指“_”“_”句首、句中句首，只能放在句中3.关系词as和which的区别正如.这.as,which引导非限制性定语从句的区别引导非限制性定语从句的区别aswhich指代指代引导的从句只能引导
28、的从句只能指代整个指代整个主句的内容主句的内容引导的从句既可指代引导的从句既可指代整个主句的整个主句的内容内容，又可指代主句的又可指代主句的某一名词某一名词或代词或代词位置位置可位于可位于主句之前、之中主句之前、之中或之后或之后可位于主句可位于主句之中或之后之中或之后，不能位于主句之前不能位于主句之前意义意义“正如，就像正如，就像”“这，那这，那”功能功能起连接上下文的作用，表起连接上下文的作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或并指出主句内容的根据或出处等出处等引导的从句引导的从句，在意义上相当于一在意义上相当于一个并列句个并列句 as as 常见搭配常见搭
29、配 as is known to all；as you know as is expected as we expected as has been mentioned aboveas is reported/saidas a famous saying goesas is pointed out as you can see=as can be seen as is often the casen众所周知众所周知n正如你所知道的那样正如你所知道的那样n正如所预料的那样正如所预料的那样 n正如我们所期待的正如我们所期待的n正如上面所提到的正如上面所提到的 n正如报道正如报道/所说所说的那样的那
30、样n正如一句谚语所说正如一句谚语所说/俗话说俗话说n正如指出的正如指出的 n正如你所看见的正如你所看见的 情况通常如此情况通常如此正如大家所看到的那样，她工作一直很努力。She is always working hard，_ everyone can see.这本书很有教育意义，是我昨天买的。The book，_ I bought yesterday,is very instructive.她的诚实是大家有目共睹的。_ everyone can see,she is honest.=She is honest，_ everyone can see.众所周知，吸烟有害健康。_ we all k
31、now，smoking is harmful to ones health.汤姆突然病倒了，这让我们很伤心。Tom suddenly fell ill，_ made us very sad.aswhichAsasAswhichP.621 Choose the words in the box to complete the sentences.who whom which whose when where in/of/for which of whom1 Some people always talk loudly in public,_ is really annoying.2,_ you
32、spoke to,specialises in constitutional law.3 Please come back,_ your herbal medicine will be ready.4 What do you want to write about,_ stories I have just told you?5 Have you been to,_ you can see the Mona Lisa on display?6 There are in our class,out _ only 10 are taking an optional art course.7 Her
33、 mother works in a,_ employees are all women.8 It is vital to learn to use these software,both _ can help you with collection and evaluation.whichwho(m)whenwhosewherein whichof whomof whichin whichwhere P.622 Decide whether the sentences are right or wrong.Correct them where necessary.1 Please write
34、 down these phrases,all of them will be useful in your writing.2 As a consequence of sending in his application late,he did not get a patent for his invention,that was not surprising at all.3 The researchers are evaluating thousands of plants,which have distinct medical properties.4 The gentle old m
35、an is the only person,whom I can trust.5 Have you done all what you can to help the people in need?6 Is this the botanical institute where you visited last week?and(构成并列句构成并列句)which(构成主从复合句构成主从复合句)which(非限定性从句不能用非限定性从句不能用that引导引导)that(去掉逗号，是限定性定语从去掉逗号，是限定性定语从句句)that(what引导的是名词性从句，特指某一引导的是名词性从句，特指某一事
36、物，不能加事物，不能加all)that/which(引导词作引导词作visited的宾语，不能用副词的宾语，不能用副词)(若若这样的植物这样的植物只有成千上万种则用非限定性从句，只有成千上万种则用非限定性从句，若不止成千上万种，则用限定性从句若不止成千上万种，则用限定性从句)1.(2019浙江卷语法填空)On the edge of the jacket,there is a piece of cloth _ gives off light in the dark.2.(2019北京卷语法填空)The students benefiting most from college are thos
37、e _are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.3.(2018全国I)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.4.(2018全国II)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that
38、 between 2005when the government started a soil-testing program_ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers-and 2011,fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.高考链接 that/whichwhothat/whichwhich/that5.(2015江苏,21)The number of smokers,_is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.6
39、.(2015湖南,29)It is a truly delightful place,_looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.7.(2015浙江,19)Creating an atmosphere in _employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.8.(2015四川,3)The books on the desk,_ covers are shiny,are prizes for us.aswhichwhosewhich
