1、Grammar and usage -Participles1.Other types of waste flow into our water,killing river and sea life.2.When people think of factories,they think of clouds of dirty smoke or of pipes pouring chemical waste into rivers.3.They think of greedy businessmen hiding from their responsibilities and only worry
2、ing about money.4.What I am here to say is that having worked with many environmental consultants,I know that a healthy environment and development should be possible at the same time.5.Asking around,I find many people willing to pay a little higher price for things that are friendly to the environm
3、ent.分词：分词：Participles一一 分词的概述分词的概述1.分词是分词是“非谓语动词非谓语动词”的另一种形式，它有两的另一种形式，它有两种形式：现在分词（种形式：现在分词（Present Participle）和过去）和过去分词（分词（Past Participle）。）。2.现在分词：现在分词：doing 过去分词：规则动词过去分词：规则动词 V+ed 不规则动词不规则动词 3.分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用。在句中分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用。在句中 作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。Present Participle二、现在分词二、现在分词1
4、.语态上：语态上：现在分词表主动现在分词表主动 Do you know the woman talking to Tom?2.时态上：时态上：现在分词表进行现在分词表进行Dont wake up the sleeping boy.Present Participle3.3.现在分词的形式现在分词的形式一般式一般式完成式完成式主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态doinghaving donebeing donehaving been donePresent Participle4.现在分词的功能现在分词的功能 现在分词具有形容词和副词的特征，可充当现在分词具有形容词和副词的特征，可充当表语、定语、
5、宾语补足语和状语。表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。Present Participle 现在分词作表语现在分词作表语 现在分词作表语，起形容词作用，说明主语的现在分词作表语，起形容词作用，说明主语的特征及主语所具备的动作功能，回答特征及主语所具备的动作功能，回答how的问题，的问题，可以用可以用very，quite，rather，greatly等副词修饰。等副词修饰。以下动词的现在分词已经形容词化。以下动词的现在分词已经形容词化。disappoint,move,surprise,inspire,excite,interest,amaze，frighten，encourage,fascinate等
6、。等。Present Participle 1.The situation both at home and abroad is very inspiring 3.The news was disappointing 2.What he said was very encouraging4.The story is the most fascinatinginspiringencouragingdisappointingfascinatingPresent Participle现在分词与动名词作表语时的比较现在分词与动名词作表语时的比较 1 1、动名词作表语说明主语的内容，回答、动名词作表语说
7、明主语的内容，回答 whatwhat的问题。的问题。What pleases him most is bathing in the sea.2 2、动名词作表语，表语和主语几乎处于同等地位，可以互、动名词作表语，表语和主语几乎处于同等地位，可以互换位置，其句意不变；现在分词作表语，表语和主语则不换位置，其句意不变；现在分词作表语，表语和主语则不能互换位置。能互换位置。Our work is serving the people.What he said is very interesting.3 3、作表语用的现在分词除了和、作表语用的现在分词除了和bebe连用以外，还可以连用以外，还可以和其
8、它的系动词连用；而作表语的动名词则通常只和其它的系动词连用；而作表语的动名词则通常只能和能和bebe连用。连用。His speech seems very moving.His interest in writing for the newspapers.Present Participle现在分词作定语现在分词作定语 现在分词作定语时，和它所修饰的名词存在逻辑现在分词作定语时，和它所修饰的名词存在逻辑上的主谓关系，常可以扩展成一个定语从句。它从上的主谓关系，常可以扩展成一个定语从句。它从以下两个方面来说明中心词。以下两个方面来说明中心词。A.A.表示名词正在进行的动作。表示名词正在进行的动作
9、。1.Dont wake up the sleeping boy.=Dont wake up the boy _.who is sleeping 2.There are many factories and industries which control the amount of pollution they produce.=there are many factories and industries _controlling the amount of pollution they producePresent ParticipleB.表状态，它一般置于所修饰的名词之后，相当于一个表
10、状态，它一般置于所修饰的名词之后，相当于一个定语从句。定语从句。When she appeared,John,wearing a dirty overcoat,ran to her with joy.=When she appeared,John,who was wearing a dirty overcoat,ran to her with joy.Present Participle现在分词与动名词作定语时的比较现在分词与动名词作定语时的比较1 1、动名词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的性能和用途，、动名词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的性能和用途，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系；和它所
11、修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系；a swimming girl a girl who is swimminga walking stick a stick that is used for walking2、现在分词作定语有时可以后置，而动名词则通常只能、现在分词作定语有时可以后置，而动名词则通常只能放在它所修饰的名词之前。放在它所修饰的名词之前。.The girl wearing glasses is one of his students 戴眼镜的那个女孩是他的一个学生。戴眼镜的那个女孩是他的一个学生。.I bought some reading materials我买了一些阅读材料。我买
12、了一些阅读材料。Present Participle现在分词作宾语补足语现在分词作宾语补足语现在分词作宾语补足语，说明宾语是动作的执行者。现在分词作宾语补足语，说明宾语是动作的执行者。A.作感官动词的宾语补足语作感官动词的宾语补足语listen tohearseelook atwatchnoticefeelObserve+sb+doingPresent Participle1.A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _in the kitching.A.smoke B.smoking C.to smoke D.smoked 2.The m
13、issing boy was last seen _near the bank of the lake.A.play B.played C.to play D.playingPresent ParticipleB.作使役动词作使役动词(have,get,keep,send,leave,catch)等的宾语补足语，等的宾语补足语，表示表示“使使进行进行/处于处于(某种状态某种状态)”强调动作或状态的持续性。强调动作或状态的持续性。1.Can you keep the clocking going?2.They often have the tractors working in the fiel
14、ds during the busy time.3.What the teacher said sent us thinking.4.He caught the girl cheating in the exam.5.Leave him standing outside.Present Participle现在分词作状语现在分词作状语 现在分词作状语，表示主动和进行。可在句中作现在分词作状语，表示主动和进行。可在句中作时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、伴随或方式等时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、伴随或方式等状语。状语。A.A.作时间状语，可以表示三个时间概念作时间状语，可以表示三个时间概念Prese
15、nt Participle（1）动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生，相当于动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生，相当于 as soon asPresent Participle(2)(2)谓语动词的动作发生在分词动作的过程中，谓语动词的动作发生在分词动作的过程中，表示在表示在“做某事期间做某事期间”相当于相当于when/whilewhen/whileWalking in the street,I came across an old friend.When I walked in the streetPresent Participle(3)(3)分词动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，分词要用分词动作发生在谓语动
16、词动作之前，分词要用完成形式。完成形式。Having worked with many environmental consultants,I know that a healthy environment.Present ParticipleB.作原因状语，相当于作原因状语，相当于because/as引导的原因引导的原因状语从句。状语从句。(1)Being ill,he didnt go to school.(2)Not knowing what to do next,he went to his teacher for advice.(3)Having seen the film many
17、 times,he didnt go to see it last night.Because he was illAs he didnt knowBecause he had seenPresent ParticipleC.C.作条件状语，相当于作条件状语，相当于ifif引导的条件状语从句。引导的条件状语从句。Using your head,youll find a way.D.作让步状语，相当于作让步状语，相当于although/though引导的引导的让步状语从句。让步状语从句。Although getting up early,he was late for school.E.作伴随（
18、方式）状语，表示和谓语的动作同时作伴随（方式）状语，表示和谓语的动作同时发生，相当于并列连词连接的两个并列的动作。发生，相当于并列连词连接的两个并列的动作。They sat there on the stone,talking with each other.Present ParticipleF.F.作结果状语，表示自然的结果。作结果状语，表示自然的结果。Other types of waste flow into our water,killing river and sea life.The mother died,leaving five children behind.不定式作状语，
19、表示意外或事与愿违的结果。不定式作状语，表示意外或事与愿违的结果。He hurried to the station,only to be told the train had just left.Present ParticipleG.G.独立主格结构（现在分词有自己的逻辑主语）独立主格结构（现在分词有自己的逻辑主语）Weather permitting,well go picnicing.Mother being ill,he stayed at home to look after her.There being no bus,we had to walk home.The day be
20、ing fine,we decided to go swimming.主句和从句的主语不相同。主句和从句的主语不相同。状语从句。状语从句。从句省略了连接此状语从句的连词。从句省略了连接此状语从句的连词。主语主语+vingIf weather permits,Because his mother was illPresent Participle1.Do you wake up every morning _ energetic and ready to start a new day?A.feel B.to feel C.feeling D.felt2.More highways have b
21、een built in China,_it much easier for people to travel form one place to another.A.making B.made C.to make D.having made3._ around the fire,the tourists danced with the local people.A.Gather B.To gather C.Gathering D.To be gatheringPresent Participle4.Recently a survey _ prices of the same goods in
22、 two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.A.compared B.comparing C.compares D.being compared5.The next thing he saw was smoke _ from behind the house.A.rose B.rising C.to rise D.risenAt last,we found ourselves in a pleasant park withtrees providing shade and _down to eat ou
23、rpicnic lunch.A.sitting B.having sat C.to sit D.satDPrices of daily goods _ on line can be lowerthan that in a real store.A.are bought B.bought C.have been bought D.buyingB谓语动词形式非谓语动词形式dodoingdiddoingdoesdoneto do非谓语动词主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语补语不定式动名词分词(a.)不定式主语 To have a good command of a foreign language inv
24、ovles a great deal of practice.宾语I decided to work hard for the coming test.表语My job is to help you to pass the exam.定语His efforts to carry out the plan is rewarding.状语To learn a foreign language,you have to make constant efforts.补语Your mum persuaded me to choose the mojor of English Literature.分词表语
25、The story is interesting.Everyone is excited at the news.定语All those fallen trees were carried down the hill.Finally we found the path leading to the church.状语Not knowing what to do next,they decided to turned to the advisor.Much discouraged，she moved on to London.补语I found someone standing in my ro
26、om at midnight.I found my wallet stolen in the railway station.分词作定语 a path leading (lead)to the graveyard the children playing on the ground the windows broken by the kids the houses destroyed by the floods the sleeping boy the broken windows the delayed shipment the newly designed production line
27、Seen（see）from the top of the hill,the lake looks like a huge mirror.Seeing（see）from the top of the hill,youll find the lake is surrounded by thick woods.Given（give）more time,we will do the job much better.All night long he lay awake,thinking（think）of the problem.分词作状语过去分词作后置定语的几种情况完成式done进行式being do
28、ne经来式to be done完成式doneThe question discussed(discuss)at the meeting yesterday is of quite importance.进行式being doneThe question being discussed(discuss)at the meeting now is of quite importance.将来式to be doneThe question to be discussed(discuss)at the meeting tomorrow is of quite importance.非谓语动词主动形式被
29、动形式 一般式完成式 一般式完成式不定式to doto have done to be doneto have been done 现在分词doinghaving done being done having been done过去分词 表示被动关系或动作已完成动名词主语 Climbing mountains is really tiring.宾语He denied doing anything wrong.表语Seeing is believing.定语I bought a new sleeping bag.a sleeping boy=a boy who is sleeping a sle
30、eping bag=a bag for sleeping a running dog=a dog which is running running water=water that is running a walking stick=a stick for walking developing countries=countries that are ing a fishing net=a net for fishing动名词作定语，分词作定语的区别 flying fish a falling tide a crying boy a swimming poola waiting rooma
31、fishing polea reading room动名词作定语，分词作定语的区别有些动词后只能加动词不定式manage,promise,pretend,plan,offer,agree,intend,expect,dare,choose,fail,refuse,decide,afford,attempt有些动词后只能加动名词practise,appreciate,dislike,mind,enjoy,keep,resist,risk,suggest,finish,forbid,permit,admit,deny,permit,delay,quit,consider.有些动词后既可加动词不定式
32、也可加动名词，但意义不同go on/continue,stop,remember,regret,try,forgetI cant stand _ with Jane in the same office.She just refuses _ talking while she works.A.working;stopping B.to work;stopping C.working;to stop D.to work;to stop He got well-prepared for the job interview,for hecouldnt risk _ the good opportun
33、ity.A.to lose B.losing C.to be lost D.being lostCBbe used to I am used to drinking a glass of water before going to bed.The machine is used to produce cell phone display.get used to I used to drink need,want,requireThe car needs to be repaired.The car needs repairing.CMy advisor encouraged _ a summe
34、r course toimprove my writing skills.A.for me taking B.me taking C.for me to take D.me to takeChildren should be allowed _ their own decisions.A.making B.to make C.make D.having made D I heard her _(sing)an English song for many times.I heard her _(sing)an English song when I passed by her room yest
35、erday.I heard the English song _(sing)many times.(4)I heard the English song _(sing)when I passed by her room yesterday.singsingingsungbeing sungPractise1).When _(heat),water will be changed into vapour.While _(heat)water,we can change it into vapour.2)_(see)from the hill,the city looks beautiful._(
36、see)from the hill,you will find the city beautiful.3)Generally speaking,when _(take)according to the directions,the drug has no side effect.If _(take)the drug according to the directions,you will be better soon.heatedheatingSeenSeeing takentaking1)I would appreciate _ back this afternoon.A.you to ca
37、ll B.you call C.your calling D.youre calling 2)_ made her mother very angry.A.Mary marrying Jim B.Marys married Jim C.Marys marrying Jim D.Marys being married JimC C 3).The discovery of new evidence led to _.A.the thief having caught B.catch the thief C.the thief being caught D.the thief to be caugh
38、t4).The noise of _ could be heard out in the street.A.desks opening and closing B.desks opened and closed C.desks being opened and closed D.desks being opened and closedC C Robert is indeed a wise man.Oh,yes.How often I have regretted _his advice!A.to take B.taking C.not to take D.not takingThe chil
39、dren talked so loudly at dinner tablethat I had to struggle _.A.to be heardB.to have heardC.hearingD.being heard _ by a greater demand for vegetables,farmers have built more green houses.A.DrivenB.Being drivenC.To drive D.Having drivenAs the light turned green,I stood for amoment,not _,and asked mys
40、elf what Iwas going to do.A.moved B.movingC.to move D.being moved“Things _ never come again!”I couldnthelp talking to myself.A.lostB.losingC.to loseD.have lostPlease remain _ until the plane hascome to a complete stop.A.to seatB.to be seatedC.seatingD.seatedAt the beginning of class,the noise of des
41、ks_ could be heard outside theclassroom.A.opened and closedB.to be opened and closedC.being opened and closedD.to open and closePeter received a letter just now _ hisgrandma would come to see him soon.A.said B.says C.saying D.to sayAll flights_ because of the snowstorm,we decided to take the train.A
42、.were canceled B.had been canceled C.having canceled D.having been canceled_ for a long time,most of the crops inthis area died from lacking water.A.Being no rain B.There was no rain C.To be no rain D.There being no rainCome on,please give me some ideas about the project.Sorry.With so much work _ my
43、 mind,I almost break down.A.filledB.filling C.to fillD.being filledJohn received an invitation to dinner,and withhis work _ he gladly accepted it.A.finishedB.finishingC.having finishedD.was finished11.He is a student at Oxford University,_ for a degree in computer science.A.studied B.studyingC.to ha
44、ve studiedD.to be studying12.The children went home from the grammar school,their lessons _ for the day.finishing B.finishedC.had finished D.were finished13.I smell something _ in the kitchen.Can I call you back in a minute?A.burning B.burnt C.being burnt D.to be burnt14.When asked why he went there
45、,he said he was sent there _ for a space flight.A.training B.being trained C.to have trained D.to be trained15.Can I smoke here?Sorry.We dont allow _ here.A.people smoking B.people smoke C.to smoke D.smoking16.He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them _ in his lectures.A.
46、interested B.interesting C.interest D.to interest17.As a result of the serious flood,two-thirds of the buildings in the area _.A.need repairingB.needs to repairC.needs repairingD.need to repair18.The Town Hall _ in the 1800s was the most distinguished building at that time.A.to be completedB.having
47、been completedC.completedD.being completed19.The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance,_ in the natural light during the day.A.to letB.lettingC.letD.having let20.After a knock at the door,the child heard his mothers voice _ him.A.callingB.calledC.being calledD.to call1I
48、 like getting up very early in summer.The morning air is so good _.A.to be breathed B.to breathe C.breathing D.being breathed2The director had her assistant _ some hot dogs for the meeting.A.picked up B.picks up C.pick up D.picking up 3_ that she was going off to sleep,I asked if shed like that litt
49、le doll on her bed.A.Seeing B.To see C.See D.Seen4Did the book give the information you needed?Yes.But _ it,I had to read the entire book.A.to find B.find C.to finding D.finding5I feel greatly honored _ into their society.A.to welcome B.welcoming C.to be welcomed D.welcomed6It is worth considering w
50、hat makes“convenience”foods so popular,and _ _ better ones of your own.A.introduces B.to introduce C.introducing D.introduced 7As a new driver,I have to practise _ the car in my small garage again and againA.parking B.to park C.parked D.park8Due to the heavy rain and flooding,ten million people have
