1、UNIT 4 SHARINGReview useful structures 单元语法单元语法1 短语概念 英语中的短语是有一定意义但不构成独立从句或句子的一组词。从形式结构角度划分，英语的短语可分为名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、介词短语等。英语短语的句法功能通常与对应的单词的句法功能类似。2 名词短语（1）概念概念：是指以一个名词为中心构成的短语，在句中的功能相当于名词。（2）构成构成：名词短语由名词与它的修饰语一起构成。名词的修饰语与名词有两种位置关系：一是放在被修饰名词的前面，叫作前置定语；二是放在被修饰名词后面，叫作后置定语。前置定语前置定语包括：限定词、形容词（短语）和描述性名词限
2、定词、形容词（短语）和描述性名词。限定词主要包括：冠词冠词（a/an/the）、指示代词指示代词（this/that/these/those 等）、物主代词物主代词（my/your/his/her/our/their等）、不定代不定代词（some/no/neither/both/every/other 等）和数词数词（first/two/one third 等）。the girl（限定词+中心名词）the baby/cute girl（限定词+描述性名词/形容词+中心名词）This kind of dress was popular in the 1980s.这种类型的连衣裙在20 世纪80
3、年代很流行。The girls shoes were covered with mud.这个女孩的鞋子沾满了泥。后置定语后置定语包括：定语从句、分词短语、不定式或不定式短语、形容词短语和介词短语等。the rapid development of China（限定词+形容词+名词+介词短语）the cute baby girl in a pink dress（限定词+形容词+描述性名词+中心名词+介词短语）the cute baby girl wearing a pink dress （限定词+形容词+描述性名词+中心名词+分词短语）the cute baby girl who is wear
4、ing a pink dress （限定词+形容词+描述性名词+中心名词+定语从句）（3）名词短语的句法功能：在句中作主语、宾语、表语、宾补等。）名词短语的句法功能：在句中作主语、宾语、表语、宾补等。名词短语作主语主语 The flower shop is just around the corner and you wont miss it.花店就在拐角处，你一定会找到它的。名词短语作宾语宾语 I want to have a trip to Europe.我想去欧洲旅行。He has received a nice coffee cup as a gift.他收到了一个漂亮的咖啡杯作为礼物
5、。Mathilde lost the fake diamond necklace belonging to her friend.玛蒂尔德丢失了属于她朋友的假钻石项链。名词短语作表语表语 This is an exciting experience which will never be forgotten.这是一次激动人心、难以忘怀的经历。What I really want is that beautiful evening dress.我真正想要的就是那件漂亮的晚礼服。名词短语作宾语补足语宾语补足语 We made Tom monitor of our class.我们选汤姆当我们班的班
6、长。（4）常见的名词短语）常见的名词短语冠词冠词+形容词形容词+名词名词 an exciting experience 一次激动人心的经历 a long history 一段悠久的历史 the broken window 破碎的窗玻璃冠词冠词+名词名词+介词介词+名词名词 a piece of bread 一块面包 a suit of clothes 一套衣服 a set of equipment 一套设备 a piece of news 一条新闻 the book for children 儿童读物 the tickets for films 电影票名词所有格短语名词所有格短语 Toms b
7、ook 汤姆的书a gift for Jims birthday 吉姆的生日礼物 todays newspaper 今天的报纸 the teachers office 老师的办公室 15 minutes ride/drive 十五分钟的路程/车程名词名词+to 短语短语 the way to success 成功之道 the entrance to the cinema 电影院入口 the key to the bicycle 自行车钥匙 the answer to the question 问题的答案名词名词+with 短语短语 a man with good manners 有礼貌的男士
8、a girl with golden hair 金发的女孩 a house with furniture 有家具的房子 a man with thick glasses 戴厚眼镜的男士 a book with a green cover 绿皮书 a house with a big yard 带大院子的房子名词作定语的名词短语名词短语 railway station 火车站shoe factory 鞋厂petrol station 加油站 flower shop 花店coffee cup 咖啡杯 water pipe 水管 telephone number 电话号码evening dress
9、晚礼服 winter clothes 冬季服装 blood type 血型paper flower 纸花 brick wall 砖墙 silk dress 丝绸长裙 glass cup 玻璃杯 diamond necklace 钻石项链3 形容词短语（1）概念概念：形容词短语是指由几个形容词或形容词及其修饰语构成的短语。（2）常见的形容词短语常见的形容词短语 形容词形容词+形容词形容词（两个或多个形容词由and，but 等连词连接）large and beautiful 又大又漂亮 young but clever 年纪小但聪明 tired but happy 累但快乐 thirsty and
10、 hungry 又渴又饿 副词副词+形容词形容词（very，so，enough，quite，fairly，pretty等副词表示程度，副词enough 修饰形容词时，放在形容词后面）very hot 非常热 awfully dirty 极其脏 pretty good 相当不错 quite big 相当大 long enough 足够长 extremely lazy 极其懒惰 fairly/pretty easy 相当简单形容词形容词+介词介词 be particular about 对挑剔 be aware of 意识到 be rich in 富含be successful in 在方面成功
11、be addicted to 对上瘾be beneficial to 对有益 be responsible for 对负责be fit/suitable for 适合于 be absent from 不在，缺席be familiar with 对熟悉（3）形容词短语的句法功能）形容词短语的句法功能 形容词短语作表语表语（与系动词构成系表结构，说明主语的性质、特征或状态）The bridge is long and wide.这座桥又长又宽。The man was so lazy that no one was willing to hire him.这个男人如此懒惰以至于没有人愿意雇用他。Th
12、e question is extremely difficult for him to solve.这道题对他来说太难解答了。I think your answer is correct and proper.我认为你的回答正确又恰当。形容词短语作定语定语（修饰名词或代词，说明其性质、特征或状态等）You have a small but beautiful room.你有个虽小但漂亮的房间。He is a worker worthy of praise.他是个值得表扬的工人。形容词短语作宾语补足语宾语补足语（说明宾语的性质、特征或状态）Exercise can make you healt
13、hy and energetic.锻炼能使你健康有活力。形容词短语作状语状语（说明主语的性质、特征或状态）He spent seven days in the wind and snow，cold and hungry.他在风雪中度过了七天，又冷又饿。He went home，hungry and tired.他回到家，又饿又累。4 副词短语（1）概念：概念：副词短语是指由几个副词或副词及其修饰语构成的短语。（2）常见的副词短语常见的副词短语 副词+副词（两个或多个副词由and，but 等连词连接）again and again 一遍又一遍 quickly and correctly 快且准确
14、 very/so/quite/fairly/pretty/extremely/much+副词（副词enough 修饰副词 时，放在副词后面）so/very/extremely fast 如此快/非常快/快极了 much quicker 快得多 quite/fairly/pretty well 相当好 fairly regularly 很有规律 clearly enough 足够清楚（3）副词短语的句法功能副词短语的句法功能 副词短语在句中主要作状语，修饰动词、形容词或句子等。修饰动词动词 Shes a clever girl，and has learnt the new skill very
15、quickly.她是个聪明的女孩，很快就学会了新技能。（very quickly 修饰has learnt）He drives extremely carefully.他开车非常小心。（extremely carefully 修饰动词drives）修饰形容词形容词 The dress was rather too small for her.这件连衣裙对她来说太小了。（rather too 修饰形容词small）修饰副词副词 He is running much too fast in the match.他在比赛中跑得太快了。（much too 修饰fast）5 介词短语（1）概念：介词短语
16、是介词和其他代词、名词或词组搭配构成的短语，主要用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系。（2）常见的介词短语常见的介词短语 at+n.at a time 每次；逐一；依次 at all times 无论何时，一直 at a loss 困惑，不知所措 at first sight 乍一看，初看起来 at any time 在任何时候 at birth 出生时 at hand 近在手边 at work/play 在工作/玩耍 at length 终于；最后；详尽地 at one time 一度；曾经 at no time 从不，在任何时候都不 at random 随机地；任意地 at present 现
17、在，目前 at times 时常 at risk 处境危险 at dusk 在黄昏 at dawn 在黎明 at war 在交战 at peace 处于和平状态 at the moment 此刻 at will 任意地 at ease 舒适 beyond+n.beyond belief 难以置信 beyond compare 无与伦比 beyond（ones）reach 够不到 beyond control 难以控制 beyond description 无法形容 beyond expectation 出乎意料 beyond expression 无法表达 beyond measure 无可估
18、量 beyond question 毫无疑问 beyond words 无法用语言表达 by+n.by means of 凭借 by reason of 因为，由于 by way of 经由 by accident 偶然 by chance 偶然 by coincidence 碰巧 by force 用武力 by heart 单凭记忆，能背诵 by hand 用手工 by mistake 错误地 by nature 生性；天生地 by the day 按日（计算）by weight 按重量（计算）for+n.for a moment 一会儿；一时for ages 很久 for good 永久地
19、；一劳永逸地 for example 例如 for life 终生for fear of 担心；唯恐 for the good of 为了的好处for the benefit/sake of 为了的利益in+n.in turn 依次，轮流；转而；反过来 in return 作为回报；作为回应 in store 存储in doubt 怀疑 in whispers/a whisper 低语 in disguise 假扮，伪装 in public 公开地 in order 井井有条地 in a sense 从某种意义上说in a way 在某种程度上 in case 以防万一in detail 详细
20、地 in debt 负债，欠账in force 已生效，在实施中 in effect 实际上in shape 处于良好状态 in no time 立刻；马上in no way 决不，一点也不 in particular 特别，尤其in person 亲自；本人 in place 在适当的位置；准备就绪in practice 在实践中；实际上 in reality/fact 事实上，实际上in ruins 成废墟；（生活、国家经济等）崩溃；垮掉 in short 总之，总而言之 in sight 看得见；可能即将发生 in space 在太空 in stock 有存货的；有现货的 in dang
21、er 处于危险中 in surprise 惊奇地 in tears 流着泪；含着泪；哭着 in the distance 在远处 in the end 最后，终于 in the long run/term 从长远来看 in time 及时；迟早 in total 总共 in trouble 处于困境/苦恼中 on+n.on earth 在世界上；究竟，到底 on end 连续地；竖立着 on duty 在值勤；在上班 on leave 休假 on display/show 陈列，展示on trial 受审 on fire 着火，失火 on purpose 故意地 on the way 在路上
22、on the rise 上升 on the increase 增加on the watch 戒备 on account of 由于 on no account 决不on behalf of 代表 on principle 根据原则，按照原则 on foot 步行；徒步 on guard 站岗，值勤 on hand 现有（尤指帮助）on holiday 在度假/休假 on average 平均；按平均数计算 on sale 出售；减价出售 on the contrary 正相反 on the whole 总的来说，大体上 on time 准时 out of+n.out of balance 失去
23、平衡out of breath 上气不接下气 out of control 失去控制out of date 过时的；陈腐的 out of danger 脱险out of debt 不欠债，还清债务 out of fashion 不流行的；过时的out of work 失业 out of order 出故障；违反规程out of place 不适当 out of question 毫无疑问out of the question 不可能 out of patience 不耐烦out of trouble 摆脱麻烦 out of shape 走样；身体状况不佳out of sight 看不见 to+
24、n.to ones astonishment 令某人吃惊的是to ones delight/joy 令某人高兴的是 to ones surprise 令某人惊奇的是to the point 中肯；扼要；切题 under+n.under consideration 在考虑中under control 在控制之下 under construction 在建设中under discussion 在讨论中 under pressure 在压力下 under repair 在修理中under observation 在观察中(10)介词介词+名词名词+介词介词 at the age of 在岁时 at
25、the beginning of 在之初at the cost of 以为代价 at the end of 在的尽头at the foot of 在脚下 at the mercy of 任由的摆布 at the point of 处于阶段 at the price of 以的价格at the risk of 冒的危险 at the sight of 一看到 in addition to 除了 in advance of 在前面 in agreement with 与一致in case of 万一；假使 in charge of 负责 in comparison with 与作比较 in con
26、trol of 控制 in command of 控制；指挥in consequence of 因为（某事）in favor of 支持 in connection with 与相连；与有关in contact with 与有联系 in contrast to 与形成对照 in exchange for 作为的交换 in relation to 和有关系in front of 在前面in harmony with 与协调/一致in honor of 致敬 in line with 与一致in memory of 为了纪念in need of 需要in place of 代替in praise
27、of 表扬in possession of 拥有 in preference to 优先于in preparation for 为做准备 in terms of 就而言in regard to 关于；就而言in reply to 答复in respect of 关于，至于in response to 对作出反应in（the）light of 鉴于in spite of 尽管in search of 寻找in the face of 面对in the form of 以的形式in the shape of 以的形式；呈的形状in support of 支持(11)其他介词短语其他介词短语acco
28、rding to 根据after all 毕竟；终究ahead of（时间、空间）在前面；早于；领先apart from 除外（还）instead of 代替；而不是because of 因为in the least 一点儿，丝毫nothing but 只有，除了以外什么也没有once in a while 有时，偶尔，间或up to 达到，最多有；直到；从事；取决于；胜任from time to time 间或，时常，有时6 短语动词（1）概念：概念：短语动词是一种固定的词组，一般由动词加介词或副词构成。（2）短语动词的构成短语动词的构成动词动词+介词介词 account for 解释 ap
29、ply for 申请approve of 赞成，同意 arrive at/in 到达 ask for 请求 attend to 专心，注意；照顾 begin with 以开始 believe in 相信break into 破门而入；闯入 break through 冲破；突破 care about 关心care for 照顾；喜欢 deal with 对付，处理 depend on 依靠die from/of 死于 dream of/about 梦到 get off 下车 go over 仔细检查，反复研究 look at 看，注视 look into 研究，调查operate on 为动手
30、术 object to 反对 think of 考虑；想起work on 从事 come across 偶然遇到 listen to 听look after 照顾 complain of/about 抱怨 consist of 由组成（无被动，不用于进行时）go through 通过；经历；仔细检查动词动词+副词（后不接宾语）副词（后不接宾语）break down 出故障，分解，垮掉 break out（战争、火灾等）爆发 come about 发生 come on 赶快，加把劲come out 开花，出版 come over 顺便来访 die away 逐渐消失die down 逐渐变弱；逐
31、渐平息 die out 灭绝；消失 drop out 退出；退学动词动词+名词名词+介词介词 catch hold of 抓住 catch sight of 看见 draw ones attention to 吸引某人对的注意find fault with 挑的毛病 give rise to 引起 keep an eye on 留意keep pace with 赶上 lose sight of 看不见 make a fool of 愚弄make friends with 与交朋友 make fun of 取笑 make mention of 提到make use of 利用 pay atten
32、tion to 注意 put an end to 结束set fire to 放火烧 show interest in 对表现出兴趣take account of 考虑 take advantage of 利用 take care of 照顾 take hold of 抓住 take notice of 注意到 take part in 参加take pride in 以为自豪 take the place of 代替动词动词+副词（后接宾语）副词（后接宾语）bring in 引进，引来 call off 取消，停止进行 cut off 停止，中断（供给）cut out 裁剪 dress up
33、 穿上盛装act out 把表演出来 find out 查明；弄清 give out 发出，放出get across 使被理解；讲清楚 give up 放弃 clean up 清扫，整理hand in 递交，上交 hand out 分发 let in 让进来 tear down 拆毁；拆除 drive off 赶走；击退动词动词+副词副词+介词介词 add up to 加起来，总共 break away from 脱离，摆脱 catch up with 赶上 come up to 达到 come up with 提出 cut down on 削减 date back to 追溯到 do awa
34、y with 废除 drop out of 退出 face up to 勇敢地面对 get along/on with 与相处/进展 get away with 逃避惩罚 get down to 开始从事 go in for 从事，参加 go on with 继续 hold on to 抓住keep away from 避免keep out of 使不进入 keep up with 赶上live up to 不辜负；实现look down on/upon 轻视 look forward to 盼望look up to 尊敬make up for 补偿 put up with 忍受run out
35、 of 用光watch out for 留神动词动词+反身代词反身代词+介词介词 abandon oneself to 沉溺于；陷入accustom oneself to 使自己习惯于 adapt oneself to 使自己适应于apply oneself to 专注于 devote oneself to 致力于，专心于help oneself to 自取，自用（某物）lose oneself in 沉浸于，全神贯注于动词动词+介词介词+名词名词 bring.under control 使在掌控下 learn.by heart 背熟 have.in mind 记住；想到 keep.in mi
36、nd 牢记 put.into effect 使生效bring.to an end 使结束 burst into tears 突然大哭起来come into being 形成 come into use 开始被运用come into power 执政 put on weight 长胖，发福 come into effect 生效（3）常见短语动词）常见短语动词 动词动词+apart fall apart 崩溃；散架 tell apart 区分 take apart 拆开 tear apart 撕碎 动词动词+aside leave aside 不考虑 set aside 拨出 动词动词+as a
37、ccept.as 相信是act as 扮演；充当consider.as 把看作 employ.as 雇用为imagine.as 把设想为regard.as 把当作 refer to.as 把称作 serve as 用作，当treat.as 把当作 use.as 把用作work as 担任；充当 动词动词+at aim at 瞄准arrive at 到达call at 拜访（地点）glance at 瞥一眼 glare at 怒视laugh at 嘲笑look at 看，注视point at 指着 shoot at 向射击shout at 对大喊 smile at 对微笑 stare at 凝视
38、 wonder at 惊讶于 work at 从事动词动词+away blow away 吹走 break away 摆脱，逃脱 carry away 拿走 cast away 丢弃 die away 逐渐消失 fade away（声音）消失，渐弱 give away 分发，泄露 pass away 去世 put away 收拾起来，存起来 take away 拿走 throw away 扔掉，抛弃 turn away 把打发走 wash away 冲走动词动词+about argue about 辩论 bring about 引起，使发生 complain about 抱怨 care abo
39、ut 关心 carry about 随身携带come about 发生 go about 着手，走动 quarrel about 为吵架hear about 听说 know about 了解 look about 四下环顾set about 着手；开始 speak/talk about 谈论 think about 思考worry about 为担心动词动词+across come across 偶然遇到cut across 抄近路；穿过 get across 使被理解；讲清楚 run across 偶然遇见动词动词+after go after 追逐；追求；跟随look after 照顾 n
40、ame after 以命名run after 追求，追赶动词动词+against argue against 反对go against 违反；违背 turn against 背叛 warn against 告诫不要做protest against 抗议 protect against 保护以避免动词动词+back bring back 带回，使想起 ringcall back 回电话give back 归还 hold back 控制住，忍住，退缩 keep back 隐瞒，忍住 look back（on）回顾动词动词+by go by（时间）过去judge by 根据判断live by 以为生
41、 sit by 袖手旁观stand by 支持动词动词+down break down 出故障，分解bring down 使降低 burn down 烧毁（建筑物）calm down 平静下来 cut down 削减，砍倒die down 逐渐变弱，逐渐平息 hand down 传给（后代）let down 使失望；放低 lay down 放下，铺设pass down 传下来 pull down 拆毁，推翻put down 记下；镇压 settle down 定居；安定下来take down 记下，记录 turn down 调小；拒绝动词动词+for account for 解释 admire
42、 sb.for 因钦佩某人 allow for 考虑到；把计算在内 apologize for 为道歉 apply for 申请 ask for 请求 beg for 乞求 call for 需要，要求 fight for 为而斗争 hope for 希望得到 hunt for 寻找 leave for 动身去 long for 渴望 look for 寻找 pay for 为付钱 plan for 为计划 prepare for 为做准备 provide for 为提供 search for 寻找 seek for 寻找 send for 派人去叫 stand for 代表，表示 wait
43、for 等候动词动词+from adapt from 改编自arise from 由产生 benefit from 从中受益come from 来自 date from 追溯到differ from 与不同 distinguish from 区别，辨别hear from 收到的来信 judge from 从判断keep/stop/prevent.from.阻止 learn from 向学习protect.from.保护使其免受 result from 由造成separate.from.把与分开 suffer from 受之苦vary from.to.从变化到动词动词+forward bring
44、 forward 提出；提前 put forward 提出；推举出动词动词+in believe in 相信break in 强行进入；插话call in 召集；来访 check in 报到；登记bring in 引进differ in 在方面不同 drop in 拜访consist in 在于；存在于fill in 填写 get in 进入；当选hand in 上交join in 参加 give in 让步lie in 在于participate in 参加 result in 导致take in 接纳，收容；吸收，理解；欺骗 turn in 递交，上交 succeed in 在方面成功动词
45、动词+into break into 破门而入；闯入 burst into 闯入；（情绪）突然发作 change.into.把变成divide.into.把分成 get into 进入；陷入 knock into 撞上 look into 研究，调查put/translate.into 把译成 run into 碰到 turn into 变成动词动词+out break out（战争、火灾等）爆发 bring out 出版；使表现出 burst out 迸发 burn out 烧毁，燃尽 carry out 执行check out 结账 come out 开花；出版 die out 灭绝；消失
46、 figure out 算出；弄明白 find out 查明；弄清 give out 发出，放出 go out 熄灭 hand out 分发 help out 帮助（摆脱困难）keep out 使不进入 let out 说出；释放 leave out 省去，遗漏，不把计算在内 look out 向外看；注意，当心 make out 理解；看清楚 pick out 挑出，辨别出 run out 用完 point out 指出put out 扑灭 speak out 大胆讲出 send out 发出，派遣set out 出发；着手 turn out 结果是；生产 try out 试用，试验 sta
47、nd out 突出 work out 算出，结果是 watch out 当心，监视，注意wear out 穿破；使疲劳动词动词+over come over 顺便来访 get over 克服；恢复 go over 仔细检查，反复研究 fall over 跌倒，摔倒hand over 移交knock over 推翻；撞倒 look over 翻阅；检查push over 推倒take over 接管；接替 think over 仔细考虑 turn over 翻身；细想 watch over 照管，监督动词动词+of approve of 赞成，同意 complain of 抱怨；抗议consis
48、t of 由组成 know of 知道，了解动词动词+sb.+of accuse sb.of 控告某人 convince sb.of 使某人确信 cure sb.of 医治某人；矫正某人inform sb.of 通知某人 remind sb.of 使某人想起rob sb.of sth.抢劫某人某物 warn sb.of 警告某人当心动词动词+off break off 折断；停止 call off 取消，停止进行 cut off 停止，中断（供给）die off 相继死亡 get off 下车 give off 散发出 keep off 避开，勿走近 pay off 还清，得到回报 put o
49、ff 延期，推迟 ring off 挂断电话see.off 为送行send off 发出；寄出 set off 出发show off 炫耀start off 出发 switch off 关（灯等）take off 脱下；起飞；大获成功turn off 关上（水、电等）动词动词+on act on 按行事agree on 赞成base.on.使以为基础 call on 拜访carry on 继续进行come on 赶快，加把劲 comment on 评论concentrate on 集中于，专注于 congratulate sb.on.祝贺某人 count on 依靠depend on 依靠 f
50、eed on 以为食 focus on 关注have on 穿着 hold on 等等（别挂电话）insist on 坚持keep/go on 继续 live on 以为生 look on 旁观 move on 继续移动，往前走pass on 传授，传递 put on 穿上,戴上,上演 rely on 依靠switch on 打开 take on 呈现;雇用;承担 try on 试穿turn on 打开 wait on 服侍，侍候 work on 从事动词动词+to add to 增加 adjust to 适应 adapt to 适应 agree to 同意 amount to 总计；达到 a
