1、替换与重复Substitutive vs.Reiterative1除非修辞的需要，英语一般要避免重复Never use the same word or write the same thing twice in a sentence unless you are repeating intentionally for emphasis or for clarity.2在英语中避免如下几种重复：在英语中避免如下几种重复：v1 音节的重复音节的重复vCommercials seldom make for entertaining and relaxing listening.Commercial
2、s seldom entertain and relax the listener.3vClose examination of the results of the investigation led to a reorganization of the department.vClose study of the results of the inquiry led to a reorganization of the department.42 词语重复词语重复vWe listened to an account of the customs of the inhabitants of
3、the village.vDr.Brown seriously maintains that in the near future opium-smoking will be as serious as the absinthe scourge in France.vEven to borrow money is wrong,according to Kant,because if everyone did borrow money,there would be no money left to borrow.53 句式重复vNow is the time for everyone to vo
4、te,for everything depends upon this election.All are against corruption,and so they should vote the Reform ticket.This is not a foolish thing,for the voters can elect anyone they want.But the people must turn out heavily,for if they do there is little doubt that they will elect the men they want.vEv
5、erybody should turn out to vote in this election,for the triumph of the Reform party means the end of corruption in office.If the voters will only come to the polls in large enough numbers,they can surely elect the men they wish to see in power.64.意义重复意义重复vHe asked the divisions to give their mutual
6、 cooperation to the project.vThe bachelors degree is a necessary requisite for matriculation.vMay I be permitted to state that the activities of the Club are not limited only to aeronautics?7翻译或写作时注意以下重复的意义翻译或写作时注意以下重复的意义vadvance planning;assemble together;vstill remains;repeat again;vaudible to the
7、 ear;entirely complete;vthroughout the entire summer;foreign importsvdash quickly;exactly identical8v汉语则通过重复强化行文的语气和修辞，使语言生动有力。v英语宜采用替代、省略、变换等避免重复，使行文简洁、有力，符合英语民族心理习惯。9一、替代1 名词性替代名词性替代v英英译汉不如英汉不如英译法那么容易。法那么容易。v化学化学变化是改变粒子结构，形成新物质的一种是改变粒子结构，形成新物质的一种变变化化。Translation from English into Chinese is not so
8、 easy as that from English into French.A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles is changed and a new substance is formed.10一定的文化是一定的文化是一定社会的政治和经济的反映，又给的反映，又给予予一定社会的政治和经济以巨大的作用和影响。以巨大的作用和影响。Any given culture is a reflection of the politics and economics of a given society,and the
9、former in turn has a tremendous effect and influence on the latter.112 动词性替代v美国人今年削减国防开支，我怀疑俄国人也会这美国人今年削减国防开支，我怀疑俄国人也会这样。样。vThe Americans are reducing their defense expenditure this year.I wonder if the Russians will do so.v你不愿意落后，她也不愿意落后。你不愿意落后，她也不愿意落后。vYou dont want to lag behind.Neither does she.
10、123 分句性替代v中华民族从来就是一个伟大的勇敢的勤劳的民族，只是在近代落伍了。这种落伍，完全是被外帝国主义和本国反动政府所压迫和剥削的结果。vThe Chinese have always been a great,courageous and industrious nation;it is only in modern times that they have fallen behind,which was due entirely to oppression and exploitation by foreign imperialism and domestic reactionar
11、y governments.13v一个人的工作，究竟是三分成绩七分错误，还是七分成绩三分错误，必须有个根本的估价。vWe must have a fundamental evaluation of a persons work and establish whether his achievements amount to 30 percent and his mistakes to 70 percent,or vice versa.14英语多用代称，以避免重复；汉语多用实称，因而较多重复。汉语的代词远没有英语广泛。人称代词的使用是1917年新文化运动之后才出现的。王力：中国现代语里不大用它，
12、尤其是非动物。英语的it译成它很不顺口。15vFlattery is more dangerous than hatred because it covers the stain which the other causes to be wiped out.v奉承远比仇恨危险，因为奉承掩饰人的污点，而奉承远比仇恨危险，因为奉承掩饰人的污点，而仇恨却促使人们抹掉污点。仇恨却促使人们抹掉污点。16vGathering facts,confirming them,suggesting theories,testing them,and organizing findingsthis is all t
13、he work of science.v收集资料，论证资料，提出理论，检验理论，并收集资料，论证资料，提出理论，检验理论，并对研究成果进行归纳整理这就是科学工作的对研究成果进行归纳整理这就是科学工作的全部内容。全部内容。17二、省略v省略和替代一样，也是避免重复的手段，语省略和替代一样，也是避免重复的手段，语言学称为言学称为“零位替代零位替代”(zero-substitution)。英语省略的类型很多，英语省略的类型很多，有名词性省略、动词省略、句法省略、也有有名词性省略、动词省略、句法省略、也有情景省略。英语常省略已经出现的词，而汉情景省略。英语常省略已经出现的词，而汉语则重复这些词语。语则
14、重复这些词语。18v野心不仅是罪恶的根源，也是毁灭的根源。野心不仅是罪恶的根源，也是毁灭的根源。v阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。作训练人的思维。v说一个人自私，不是因为他只考虑自己的利说一个人自私，不是因为他只考虑自己的利益，而是因为他不顾邻人的利益。益，而是因为他不顾邻人的利益。19Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil.Reading exercises ones eyes;speaking,ones tongue;while writing,ones m
15、ind.A man is called selfish,not for pursuing his own good,but for neglecting his neighbors.20vOne cannot learn to produce a sound from an explanation only,or get a correct idea of a flavor from a description:a sound must be heard,a color seen,a flavor tasted,an odor inhaled.v人不能只从讲解中学会发音，也不能光靠描述而人不能
16、只从讲解中学会发音，也不能光靠描述而体会某种滋味。声音必须耳闻，颜色必须眼见，体会某种滋味。声音必须耳闻，颜色必须眼见，滋味必须口尝，气味必须吸入。滋味必须口尝，气味必须吸入。21三、变换三、变换English achieves variation by using superordinates or general words:vThe monkeys most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor.By the age of nine,it had learned to solo on the vehi
17、cle.v这只猴子最了不起的技能是学会驾驶拖拉机。到了九这只猴子最了不起的技能是学会驾驶拖拉机。到了九岁的时候，它已经学会单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。岁的时候，它已经学会单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。22vJohns bought himself a new Ford.He practically lives in the car.vI dont know where to stay when I arrive in New York.I have never been to that place.23v汉语大量使用重叠词使词语音节匀称、形式整齐，而且赋予词语以新的意义和感情色彩。在翻译中，宜广泛运用叠字叠
18、词，增强语言的表现力。24vThe road was packed with a noisy crowd of men and women,who were selling and buying all kinds of things.v路上挤满了男男女女，他们熙熙攘攘，正在买卖路上挤满了男男女女，他们熙熙攘攘，正在买卖各种各样的东西。各种各样的东西。vWalking up and down the empty room,he stopped here and there to touch or look.v他在空荡荡的屋子里来来回回地走，这里摸摸，他在空荡荡的屋子里来来回回地走，这里摸摸，那
19、里看看。那里看看。25vMr.Kirsch,having lost all his money by this time,followed his master out into the moonlight,where the illuminations were winking out.(Vanity Fair)v基希先生这时输得两手空空，便跟着主人走出屋基希先生这时输得两手空空，便跟着主人走出屋来；月光下，彩灯闪闪烁烁，渐渐灭了。来；月光下，彩灯闪闪烁烁，渐渐灭了。26vOnly a very slight and very scattering ripples of half-heart
20、ed hand-clapping greeted him.v欢迎他的只有几下轻轻的、零零落落的、冷欢迎他的只有几下轻轻的、零零落落的、冷冷淡淡的掌声。冷淡淡的掌声。27v汉语的叠词是一种有效的构词方法，也是常用的汉语的叠词是一种有效的构词方法，也是常用的语法和修辞手段。李清照的千古绝句：语法和修辞手段。李清照的千古绝句：v寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚。vI seek but seek in vain,vI search and search again:vI feel so sad,so drear,vSo lonely,without cheer.28成语的意义重复：成语的意义重复：称心
21、如意称心如意 satisfactory 发号施令发号施令 to issue orders 惊天动地惊天动地 earth-shaking 唉声叹气唉声叹气 moan and groan 胡言乱语胡言乱语to talk nonsense 深仇大恨深仇大恨 deep hatred 奇谈怪论奇谈怪论strange tale 离乡背井离乡背井to leave ones native land 29汉语的排比性重复在翻译中一般要保留汉语的排比性重复在翻译中一般要保留v 啊，我思念那洞庭湖，我思念那长江，我思念那东海，那浩浩汤汤的无边无际的波澜呀！那浩浩汤汤的无边无际的伟大的力呀！那是自由，是音乐，是跳舞，
22、是诗。v （郭沫若：屈原）30vAh,I long for the Dongting Lake,I long for the Yangtze River,I long for the Eastern Sea,that mighty and boundless expanse of waves,that mighty and boundless expanse of strength!That is liberty,dancing,music,poetry!31v英语的平行结构类似汉语的对偶，但很难像汉语那样对仗，整齐；英语的对偶难以实现字数的相等和结构的相同；在音节上也不能实现语音的平仄协调和
23、字面对应。32v We find ourselves rich in goods,but ragged in spirit;reaching with magnificent precision for the moon,but falling into raucous discord on earth.v We are caught in war,wanting peace.Were torn by division,wanting unity.We see around us empty lives,wanting fulfillment.We see tasks that need do
24、ing,wanting for hands to do them.v (R.Nixon:Inaugural Address)33v我们物质丰富，却精神贫乏；我们以非凡的准确我们物质丰富，却精神贫乏；我们以非凡的准确程度登上了月球，但地球上却陷入了一片混乱。程度登上了月球，但地球上却陷入了一片混乱。v我们卷人了战争，没有和平。我们四分五裂，没我们卷人了战争，没有和平。我们四分五裂，没有团结。我们看到周围的人生活空虚，没有充实有团结。我们看到周围的人生活空虚，没有充实的内容；我们看到许多工作需要完成，却没有人的内容；我们看到许多工作需要完成，却没有人手去做。手去做。34vThis is our h
25、ope.This is the faith with which I return to the south.With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood.With this faith we will be able to wo
26、rk together,to pray together,to struggle together,to go to jail together,to stand for freedom together,knowing that we will be free one day.35v这就是我们的希望。我怀着这种信念回到南方。这就是我们的希望。我怀着这种信念回到南方。有了这个信念，我们将能从绝望之岭劈出一块希有了这个信念，我们将能从绝望之岭劈出一块希望之石。有了这个信念，我们将能把这个国家刺望之石。有了这个信念，我们将能把这个国家刺耳的争吵声，改变成为一支洋溢手足之情的优美耳的争吵声，改变成为一支洋溢手足之情的优美交响曲。交响曲。v有了这个信念，我们将能一起工作，一起祈祷，有了这个信念，我们将能一起工作，一起祈祷，一起斗争，一起坐牢，一起维护自由；因为我们一起斗争，一起坐牢，一起维护自由；因为我们知道，终有一天，我们是会自由的。知道，终有一天，我们是会自由的。
