1、第 1 页 共 10 页 牛津版英语八年级上册牛津版英语八年级上册 Unit 1 Encyclopedias 学习目标全解学习目标全解 必记单词 human adj. 人的 dinosaur n. 恐龙 inventor n.发明家 born v.出生 ability n. 才能；能力 include v. 包括；包含 even adv. 甚至 however adv. 然而 nobody pron. 没有人 win v. 获胜，赢 常考短语 be born for example more than die out just like be famous for how long find
2、out would like next to go for a walk 经典句型 1. Some dinosaurs were as small as chickens. 2. Nobody knows why. 3. Would you like some tea? 重点语法 some 和 any；复合不定代词 Getting reading 1. Is my encyclopaedia usdful, Lo? Lo, 我的百科全书有用吗？ useful adj. “有用的，有益的，有帮助的” 。 useful 是由名词 use 加后缀-ful 构成的形容词，常在句中充当表语或定语。 Th
3、is dictionary is very useful to us. 这本词典对我们很有用。 This is a useful book for English beginners. 这是一本对英语初学者有帮助的书。 拓展： （1） useful 前使用不定冠词 a, 因为它的发音是以辅音音素开头。 （2）以-ful 结尾 的形容词的反义词多是相应的以-less 结尾的形容词。useful (有用的) useless（无用的） careful（细心的） careless（粗心的） helpful （有帮助的） helpless（徒劳的） Reading 1. painter 2. cook
4、vs cooker 3. Look it up! 查阅一下！ 第 2 页 共 10 页 Look up 意为“查阅；查询” ，强调的词典、参考书等工具书里查询。 We can look up new words in dictionary. 我们可以在词典中查新单词。 【拓展】1 . look up 仰视；向上看 He looked up from his book as I came into the room. 我进入房间时，他从书本上抬起头来看 了看。 2 . look 的相关短语： look around 向周围看 look out 向外看；当心 look like 看起来像 look
5、 the same 看起来相同 look forward to 盼望 This morning I some new restaurants on the Internet for I wanted to take Mia to a nice restaurant for her birthday. A. picked up B. looked up C. cleaned up D. gave up 解析： picked up 意为“捡起” ；look up 意为“查找” ；clean up 意为“打扫干净” ；give up 意为“放弃” ；根据后句句意“因为我想带 Mia 到一家好餐馆过生
6、日”可知应该选 look up， 表示“查找”新饭店。故选 B 项。 3. Da Vinci was born in the countryside. be born 意为“出生”，其后可接地点或时间状语。接地点名词时用介词 in，接时间名词时 用介词 on 或 in（具体到某一天用 on；出生于某年/某月用 in） 。 Li Ming was born in England on May 8th, 1995. Where were you born? 4. His paintings are very famous, and one, the Mona Lisa, is perhaps th
7、e most famous paintings in the world. 1 famous adj. 著名的，相当于 well-know，可以做表语和定语。 She is famous sports star in the world. 2 . 辨析： be famous for 与 be famous as be famous for 因而闻名 Hangzhou is famous for the West Lake. be famous as 作为而著名 He is famous as a singer. （北京中考）完成句子 北京以其众多的名胜古迹而闻名于世。 Beijing its
8、many places of interest in the world. 5. For example, his notebooks include some interesting drawings of flying machines. 1 include 及物动词，包含，包括 The price includes both your shirt and your trousers. The children include twenty girls. 【拓展】including prep. 包括，包含在内 Ten members were present at the meeting,
9、 including myself. 第 3 页 共 10 页 2 drawing 可数名词，图画；素描图 辨析：drawing, picture 与 painting drawing 指素描、工程图、线条图、铅笔画、钢笔画等 picture 指图片、图画、照片等。指照片时，与 photo 意义相同 painting 指着色的水彩画、油画等 6. Dinosaurs lived on Earth more than 60 million years before human beings. 1 more than “超过；多于” ， 相当于 over， 反义词 less than，意为“少于”
10、 。 They have more than a car. 他们有不止一辆汽车。 【拓展】no more than ( = only) 仅仅；不过 not more than 不多于；不超过 2 million “百万” ，与具体的数字连用是，不加-s，后面直接接复数名词。 固定短语 millions of 。 。 。 “数百万的” ，其后接可数名词的复数形式，不与具体数 字连用。 hundred, thousand 和 million 的用法相同。 Millions of people help them in different ways. There are about two thou
11、sand students in this school. He wrote hundreds of songs. 助记：hundred, thousand 和 million，有时含糊有时清。 清时无-s 和 of，糊时-s 和 of 跟。 Football is so exciting that of people in the world play it. A. millions of B. million of C. two millions of 7. They lived everywhere on Earth. everywhere adv. 到处(=here and there
12、) I looked for my dog everywhere, but I couldnt find it. 辨析：everywhere, nowhere, anywhere 与 somewhere everywhere 到处 用于肯定句 nowhere 没有一处 表示否定的含义 anywhere 任何地方 多用于否定句和疑问句 somewhere 某个地方 用于肯定句 8. Some dinosaurs were as small as chickens. as. as. “与一样” ，当两个比较对象在某方面相同时，用“as+形容词/副词原级 + as”结构，表示“ （A 与 B）一样”
13、 This tree is as tall as that one. 【拓展】比较两个对象时，若一方不及另一方，则用“not/so+形容词/副词原级+ as”结构， 第 4 页 共 10 页 表示“A 不如 B“ Our school is not so big as yours. - English isnt as as Chinese. - Maybe, perhaps its just because Chinese is your native language. A. easy B. easily C. easier D. easiest 9. Some could even fly
14、. 10. However, some dinosaurs liked to eat meat. 11. Nobody knows why. 12. comes out of his/her mother/s body out of 从出来，在外 Fish cant live out of water. The workers are coming out of the meeting room. 词条 含义 rush out of 从冲出来 jump out of 从跳出来 look out of 从向外看 take out of 从取出来 13. outside prep.在外面, 反义词
15、：inside Lets play games outside the house. There are no students inside the classroom. adv. 在外面。 Lets paint the house green outside. Its raining outside. Lets stay inside and watch TV! 14. at the end of . 在的末尾，在的尽头，既可指地点，也可指时间。 in the end 最终，最后，终于，其后不接 of 短语。 15. person person 指个别人，其复数指具体的数量对于 1 的人
16、Six persons were injured in the car accident. people 集合名词，通常为复数，泛指“人，人们” ，一般不 指具体的人 Some people may not support us. man 除指“男人”外，还泛指一般的人 Any man with eyes can see it. 16. When I was young, I used to keep a notebook. “used to + 动词原形”意为“过去常常做某事” ，并且暗含有“现在已不做”之意。 第 5 页 共 10 页 I used to read English in t
17、he evening. But now I usually read it in the morning. I used to go to that primary school. (辽宁中考)翻译句子 过去我们经常写信，而现在写电子邮件。 We , but now we write e-mails. 17. They were not very good, but they helped me think and dream. help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事，有时本结构与 help sb. with sth.相同。 He often helps me (to) s
18、tudy English. = He often helps me with my English. 【拓展】1 help oneself to .随便吃些 Help yourselves to some fish, children. 2 cant help doing. 禁不住做 She cant help laughing. 18. I was a student just like you. just like “正如，正像”, like prep. 像， 后接名词、代词或动词的-ing 形式。 Everyone would like a clean classroom, just l
19、ike home. 19. Perhaps you will do something important pr even become famous one day. something important “重要的事”。 形容词作定语修饰 something, anything, nothing 等不定 代词时，要放在这些不定代词的后面。 My host family tried to cook for me when I studied in New Zealand. A. different something B. different anything C. something di
20、fferent D. anything different 20. Just remember to think and to dream. remember vt.记住 辨析：remember to do sth. 与 remember doing sth. remember to do sth. 记得去做某事（此事还未做） Remember to post his letter. remember doing sth. 记得已做过某事（此事已做完） I remember posting hid letter. 21. Some were small; others were huge. s
21、ome . others . 一些另一些 others 指除去一部分之后的另一些，但不是剩余的全部。 There are lots of people in the park. Some are walking and others are climbing the hill. 【拓展】 some . the others . 一些其余的， the others 指剩下的全部包含在内的” 其余人或事物“。 There are some children on the beach. Some can swim but the others cant. 22. How ling did dinos
22、aurs live on Earth before they disappeared? 第 6 页 共 10 页 how long “多长时间”, 用于提问一段时间。 它还可以用来提问物体的长度， 意为 “多长” 。 How long did you stay? How long is the river? (南京中考) - do you watch TV every week? - Less than two hours. I often have much homework to do. A. How many B. How much C. How long D. How often Li
23、stening 1. Jane Dickinson won Magic TV Quiz. win vt. 赢得， 获胜， 后接的宾语一般是比赛、 辩论或格斗等名词。 win 也可作不及物动词。 Who won the mens 400 meters race? We must win today. 【拓展】beat “击败，打败，胜过” ，后接的冰雨是参加比赛的人、团体等。 Li Lei beat Jim and won the first prize. - Our team the match. Weve got the first place! - Well done! Congratul
24、ations! A. hit B. beat C. won D. watched 2. She can find out about many . 她能弄清许多关于 find out 意为“了解（到） ；弄清；发现” 。 I will try to find out who broke the machine. Read this passage, and find out the answer to this question. 辨析： find out, find 与 look for find out 查明，找出 指通过观察、探索等努力才查明结果 find 发现，找到 强调结果 look
25、 for 寻找 强调动作 一言辨异 I lost my pen. I have looked for it everywhere, but I cant find it. Could you help me find out who has found it? 我的钢笔丢了。我已经到处找了，但没找到。你能帮我查查谁发现他了 吗？ （重庆中考）- Steven, could you help me when the plane will take off on the Internet? - Im sorry, my computer doesnt work. A. get on B. find
26、 out C. look for D. look after Grammar A some and any We use some and any to talk about amounts. 1. Work out the rule We use some and any before plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns. We usually use some in positive statements. We usually use any in negative statements and questions. 第 7 页 共
27、10 页 我们在复数可数名词和不可数名词之前使用 some 和 any。在肯定句中我们通常用 some。 在否定句和以文件中我们通常用 any。 2. Things to remember 当我们期待得到肯定回到时，我们也在疑问句中用 some。 We also use some in questions when we expect the answer to be “yes”. May I have some noodles. B somebody, anybody, nobody, etc. 1. 一般来说，由 some 构成的复合不定代词往往用于肯定句中；而由 any 构成的复合不定代
28、词 则往往用于否定句或疑问句中。 I heard someone singing when I was at work last night. 【拓展】由 some 构成的复合不定代词有事也可用于疑问句中，用来表示请求、建议等语 句。 Would you like something to drink? 2. 复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 Somebody wants to see you. 3. 形容词修饰复合不定代词 something, anything, everything, nothing 等时，要放在不定代词的 后面。 Do you have anything im
29、portant to tell us? 助记： 复合不定代词用法歌诀 复合代词不张扬，修饰成分后面藏。 单数从此作谓语，何时何地都一样。 1. We have some questions about dinosaurs. about 此处用作介词，意为“关于” I have a lot of books about animals. 辨析： about 和 on 两者都有“关于”的意思，其区别如下： about 指内容较为普通 不如 on 正式 on 常常暗示内容是专门的、学术的 比 about 更为正式和书面化 2. There is not anybody in the room. 3.
30、 Is there anything above the teacher? above prep. 在上方，后接名词或代词作宾语。 The plans is flying above the clouds. 辨析：above，on 与 over above “在上方” ， 表示 两者不接触 与 below（在下 面）相对 在上方 在上 在（正）上 above on over on “在上面” ， 指两与 between（在 第 8 页 共 10 页 者接触 下）相对 below beneath 在下面 在下 under 在下 over “在 （正） 上方” ， 表示两者垂直，但不 接触，也可指
31、“笼罩 或覆盖在上面” 与 under（在下） 相对 The moon is now above the trees. The books are on the table. There is a big bridge over the river. 4. Is there anybody by the window? by prep. 在旁边，靠近 My house is by the river. She sits by that window. 【拓展】by 的其他常见用法： by 乘（车、船等） Well go by boat. （指时间）不迟于 You must be back by
32、 ten oclock at night. （表示方法、手段等）用；靠 He makes a living by selling vegetables. 5. Is there anything under the teachers desk? 名词所有格：名词词尾加s，多用来表示有生命的东西。 “介词+of+名词” ，多用来表示无生 命的东西。 单词形式 构成方法 举例 普通单数名词 在词尾直接加s my fathers friend 词尾已有-s 的复数名词 在词尾只加 students room 词尾不带-s 的复数名词 在词尾直接加s Childrens Day 表示几个人共有的所有关
33、系 在最后一个词尾加s Jane and Marys room 表示几个人各自的所有关系 在每个词尾加s Janes and Marys rooms (2013 广西贺州) Look at the man over there. He is uncle. A. Jims and Tims B. Jims and Tim C. Jim and Tim D. Jim and Tims 6. Is there anyone next to the piano? next to 在旁边，紧挨着，其后长街表示长多。顺序等的词。 Our house is next to the park. （福建莆田中考
34、） 根据汉语提示完成句子 On this way, the computer room is (在近旁，紧邻) the lab. Speaking 1. Its always useful to have an encyclopaedia around the house. Its + adj. (+for sb.) + to do sth. 是固定句式，意为“做某事（对于某人来说）是的” ， 其中 it 是形式主语，没有实际意义，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式（短语） 。句中的 sb.与动 词不定式 to do 之间存在主谓关系。 Its very important for us to le
35、arn English. 第 9 页 共 10 页 Its very interesting to play computer games. - I often have hamburgers for lunch. - Youd better not. Its bad for you too much junk food. (安徽芜湖中考) A. eat B. to eat C. eating D. ate More practice 1. It was made in 1964 by John Landy. 这是一个被动语态的句子，谓语 was made 意为“被建造” 。 英语中有两中语态
36、，即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态 表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态谓语动词的构成为“be +及物动词的过去分词” 。 Many people speak English. 许多人说英语。 （主动语态） 主语 谓语 宾语 English is spoken by many people. 英语被许多人讲。 （被动语态） 主语 be + 过去分词 by +主动语态中的主语 （2013 山东聊城） It was reported that nine Chinese people in a balloon crash(坠毁) in Egypt on February 2
37、6, 2013. A. are killed B. were killed C. will kill D. have killed 2. Landy wanted something to make people come to his fruit shop, so he built the Big Banana. make sb. do sth. 意为“使/让某人做某事” ，make 在此处是使役动词，后跟不带 to 的动词 不定式作宾补。 The boss made me work twelve hours a day. Who made Tom cry? 【拓展】最常见的使役动词有 ha
38、ve, make, let 和 get，都表示“使，让”之意，其后都可跟 复合宾语。但 have, make, let 后用动词不定式做宾补时不带 to；而 get 后用动词不定式作宾补 时带 to。 I will have/make/let him go instead of me. = I will get him to go instead of me. He lost his key. It made him in the cold to wait for his wifes return. A. to stay B. stayed C. stays D. stay 3. The id
39、ea worked. 这个想法很奏效。 work vi. 奏效，起作用 Will this new plan work? 【拓展】work 作动词时的其他常见含义： 1 vi. 工作；劳动 He works hard. 2 vt. 使工作；使干活 第 10 页 共 10 页 He works himself too hard. 4. Many people visited his fruit shop and took picture of the Big Banana. take pictures of “给拍照 “， 其中 pictures 可用 photos 代替， 也可用 take p
40、icture/photo of 表达相同的含义。 We took a lot of pictures of the animals in the zoo. Lets take a photo of the park. 5. Visitors can also climb up to the Big Merinos head and look at the view through its eyes. through prep. “通过，透过，穿过” ，强调从物体内部穿过。 Light comes in through the window. 【拓展】through 的常见短语：look thr
41、ough 浏览 go through 穿过 （江苏徐州中考） 根据句意及汉语提示完成单词 I could see her (透过) the window. Study skill 1. An encyclopaedia often consists of a number of books. 1 consist of “由组成，包括“ Our team consists of 10 members. 2 a number of “许多” ，其后接可数名词的复数形式，并可在 number 前加 great, large 等 形容词来修饰，以加强语气。 I have a large number
42、of letters to write. 辨析：a number of 与 the number of a number of 意为“许多” ，后接可数名词的复数形式，整个结构的中心词是后面的复数名后面的复数名 词词，故其后的谓语动词用复数形式复数形式。 the number of 意为 “的数量” ， 后接可数名词的复数形式， 整个结构的中心词是 number， 故其后的谓语动词用单数形式单数形式。 In our school library there a number of books of books on science, and in these years the number of them growing larger and larger. A. are; is B. is; are C. have; are D. has; is
