1、第一章 英语句子结构&简单句一、英语句子l 必须具备主谓结构，并且主语一定是谓语的发出者。如果有宾语的话，宾语一定是谓语的对象或承受者；l 谓语为及物动词后面则必须接宾语，否则就是“句子不完整”；谓语为不及物动词，后面可以不接宾语，此时句子是“完整的”。二、 英语五大基本句子结构1. 主谓* He run. 他跑了。* We laugh(ed). 我们经常笑(笑了)2. 主谓宾实义动词(表达动作的词)3. 主谓表系动词（1）be动词（2）感官动词： look=appear=seem v.看起来，好像，似乎(眼看)smell n.气味；v.闻起来taste n.喜好，爱好have taste f
2、or sth.喜爱.；v.尝起来sound n.声音；adj.甜美的；v.听起来* you sound sounds sound.feel v.感觉起来，摸起来（3）变化：become，get，turn(颜色变化)，grow(长大了)，fall(变坏)（4）保持：keep，remain，stay，stand（5）表象：seem，appear，look（6）终止：prove4. 主谓双宾（两宾无关）与宾补区别：只需要在最后两个宾语间加be动词如果读起来意思对主谓宾宾补如果读起来意思不对主谓双宾5. 主谓宾宾补* I bought him a dog.* You should keep the r
3、oom clean and tidy.* We made him our monitor.So，宾补就是对宾语的补充，我这句话说到宾语还“意犹未尽、词不达意”，就再加宾补来让句子意思更加完整。三、句子的成分（什么词性、做主谓宾定状补的问题）1. 谓语（1）谓语有三种： 实义动词（有时态、语态变化） 系动词（be加其他） 情态动词+系动词/实义动词* Your mother must be very beautiful.（must情态动词+be动词）（2）一山不容二虎，除非一公一母即：一句话中只能有一个动词的存在，并且充当谓语，多余的动词全部都要变成非谓语动词。所以：谓语只能是动词；动词只能做谓
4、语* Laugh at others is my hobby. 应改为：Laughing at other is my hobby.（动词不能做主语）* I enjoy see movies. 应改为：I enjoy seeing movies.（因动词不能作宾语）* My dream is become a rich lady. 应改为：My dream is becoming/to become a rich lady.（动词不能做表语）所以把需要一句话中不作谓语的动词，全部都要变成不是动词（即非谓语动词）v-ing主动 v-ed被动 to do目的、不确定练习：试译* 他穿上外衣，锁上门
5、，离开了家He putting on his jacket, locking the door, left home.* 大熊猫是熊科中最罕见的成员，主要生活在中国西南部的森林里。Pandas are the rarest members in bear family, mainly living in the forest of Chinese southwest.* 长江流经不同的生态体系是诸多濒危物种的栖息地，灌溉了中国1/5的土地。Yangtze River flowing through diverse ecological systems, keeps the habit/home
6、 of a sea of endangered species, irrigating Chinese1/5 land.* 我爱你，你爱我。（独立主格）I loving you, you love me.* 冬天来了，春天就不远了。Winter approaching, spring will be around the corner.* 我是一个老师，我很喜欢唱歌。Being a teacher, I have passion for singing songs.（3）一句话中动词能不能少？绝对不能，当一句话需要动词，而又没有动词的时候，永远都加be动词，且be动词没有意思。* Your m
7、other must very beautiful.Your mother must be very beautiful.* I against you.I am against you.* be angry with sb. be+形容词*agree with sb. 动词谓语的总结：一句话当中，有且只能有一个有时态的实义动词或系动词的存在，并且充当谓语。2. 主语（1）主语的成分：名词，代词，非谓语动词，从句（引导词+句子）* Handsome and strong are his nature. 帅和强壮是他的特点。* Handsomeness and strength are his
8、nature.* Being handsome and strong is his nature.* I am a teacher.* My job is to teach English.* Helping you learn English well is my task.（2）一句话中主语能不能少？绝对不能。那一句话中没有主语的话怎么办呢？ +it作为主语：必须与天气、温度、时间有联系*北京很冷（无主语，天气为主）；*机舱里很闷。It feels exceedingly hot in the cabin.There be句型，听到“有”的时候使用*河南有很多人口。（有很多人在河南）*有很
9、多人喜欢我。There be/exist/seem/remain a host of undergraduates being fascinated with me.被动：当听到一句话没有主语或人称代词做主语时都可以考虑写成被动。*必须指出坚持很重要。Persistence must be pointed out outstandingly/exceedingly crucial.*越来越多的人认为过度捕捞很严重。Overfishing is claimed more than fearful by an increasing amount of professors.PS：三种情况无被动：a
10、.动词后面有介词时，无被动b.英语中所有系动词，无被动c.have译为“有”时，无被动没有主语怎么办？人称代词：不到万不得已，最好不要使用I，You，We（哎呦喂）* 如果有梦想，我应该会成功。-If there exists a dream, glories are supposed to be achieved.3. 宾语：名词，代词，非谓语动词，从句（宾语从句）均可作宾语4. 表语：名词I am a teacher.代词Tiechui is me.非谓语动词My dream is to become/becoming a poet.表语从句形容词I am beautiful.介词短语I
11、am in Chongqing.练习：* I like in Chongqing.like实义动词+名词/代词/非谓语动词/从句-I like being in Chongqing. -I like to be in Chongqing.-I like Chongqing.* 女人都爱美。-Ladies love be beautiful.* 我在讲台上笑。-I smile on the stage.（主谓）* I exchange with my watch.（缺少宾语）实义动词（vi./vt.）vt.+宾四、简单句的考点分析1. 写作（1）所有写不来的长难句，暂时都写成简单句，一定要保证语
12、法正确。* 越来越多的大学生自杀，我们应该关注这个话题。-More and more university students kill themselves, we should pay attention to the problem.* 站在讲台上的女人看起来很好看。-The lady who is standing on the stage is very beautiful.-There is a lady on the stage. She looks like beautiful.(简单句)（2）所有写不来的单词都可以写成自己会的词汇2. 长难句分析：长就长在加了定状补，难就难在找
13、主谓（1）分析长难句的第一步就是找这句话的动词，也就是谓语，从而找到一句话的主谓宾。（2）如果一句话找到多个动词的，就确定主句的谓语动词。（前面没有引导的那个动词就是主句的谓语动词）练习题* 这两天心里很不爽。 -I feel up set this two day；I feel rather up set recently.* 全球在变暖。（主语是天气it）-It is becoming warm through out the world.* 重庆有很多人口。-There exist a sea of citizens in Chongqing.* 如果有毅力，迟早都会成功。-If the
14、re appears persistence in your mind, success will be achieved sooner or later.* 有意义就是好好生活，好好生活就是做有意义的事情。-Being meaningful is to live happily and living happily is to do meaningful things.-Being meaningful proves to live well and living well seems to do meaningful things.* 笑并不意味着快乐。-Smile hardly mean
15、s happiness.* 嫉妒本身就是一种仰望。-Jealousy itself is a kind of worship.-Jealousness itself is a kind of worship.-Being jealous itself is a kind of worship.* 建议政府采取措施来缓解这个问题。（无主语表被动）-Authorities should be suggested to take measures so as to/in order to relieve the problem.* 毫无疑问，溺爱孩子的问题越来越严重了。-Thereislittled
16、oubtthattheissueofspoilingchildrenisbecominggrowinglysevere.* 保护运动员是应该的。（无主语表被动）-Athletes ought to be protected .* 恨一个人其实就是拿别人的错误来惩罚自己。-Hating a person is penalizing yourself because of the fault of others.* 我弟弟每天上网，花大量的时间浏览不同的网页。-My brother surfs the internet everyday，spending a lot of time looking
17、 on many different websites.* 他外表看起来很邋遢，内心却很高贵。-He looks indecent in appearance but he is noble in his mind.* 生气使人变得愚蠢，这个道理是显而易见的。-Outrage will make people foolish. It is quite obvious.* 最吸引人的事情是不少顾客只对买得起的商品感兴趣。-The most attractive is this-many consumers are only interested in those products. But th
18、ey cannot afford them.句子所有成分大总结一、句子成分（必要vs非必要）l 主干成分（必要）：主语、谓语、宾语、表语l 修饰成分（非必要）：同位语、定语、状语、补语二、总结：七大成分主语谓语宾语表语同位语定语状语n.pron.非谓语v.从句实义v.系v.n.pron.非谓语v.从句n.pron.非谓语v.从句adj.介词短语n.pron.非谓语v.从句n.pron.非谓语v.从句adj.介词短语adv.介词短语非谓语v.从句eg1：我妈妈是个美丽的女人。-My mum is an elegant lady. (adj.修饰n.）= My mum is an lady of
19、elegance. （n.修饰n.）= My mum is an lady as elegant as a lily. （prep.短语修饰n.）= My mum is an lady looking as elegant as a lily. （非谓语v.修饰n.）（当一句话需要v. 却没有v.的时候，要加系v.；英语中的系v.，没有被动形式。）= My mum is an lady who looks beautiful/as elegant as a lily. （定语从句修饰n.）eg2：她用一把刀杀死了她的老公。-She killed her husband with a sharp
20、 knife. （介词短语做状语）= She, applying a sharp knife, killed her husband. （非谓语v.做状语）= When she applying a sharp knife, she killed her husband. （从句做状语）= She killed her husband curely.她残忍差杀害了她的老公。（adv.做状语）eg3：我遇见了你是我的荣幸。-That I met you is my honor. / It is my honor that I met you. （主语从句）= Meeting you is my
21、honor. （非谓语）eg4：我的梦想是通过研究生考试。-My dream is to pass the examination of postgraduates.= My dream is that I pass the examination of postgraduates.（表语从句）三、英语长难句的模样：（状语）主语（定语/同位语/状语）+谓语+宾语（定语/同位语/状语）eg1：English is vital. 英语是重要的。-English, a universal language throughout the world, is vital.英语是全球普遍的语言，它很重要。
22、（加了状语）-It is hard to recite these words, English, a universal language through out the world, is vital.虽然背诵这些单词是非常困难的，英语，一个全球普遍的语言，是非常重要的。eg2：我要给你推荐一个旅游景点。-I will recommend you a tourist attraction.我是这个大学的一名学生，我要给你推荐一个旅游景点。-I, an undergraduate in this university, will recommend you a tourist attract
23、ion.我是这个大学的一名学生，我要给你推荐一个非常受中国游客欢迎的旅游景点。-I, an undergraduate in this university, will recommend you a tourist attraction which keeps popular with Chinese travelers.eg3：We are saying songs.我们正在唱歌。-While we feel quite exhausted, we, as a matter of fact, a group of vigorous university students, who will
24、 take an important examination are singing songs, Two Tigers and If I Were a Boy, which are so popular with our class because today is our teachers birthday.虽然我们很累了，但是因为今天是老师的生日，我们一群充满活力并且即将参加一次重大考试的大学生正在唱两只老虎和如果我是一个男孩，这两首歌在我们班一直很受欢迎。第二章 并列句一、什么是并列句就是用连词连接两个句子I love you, you love that dog.I loving y
25、ou, you love that dog.I love you, but you love that dog.Although I love you, you love that dog.二、英语中常见的并列连词1. 平行关系（并且、而且）and, not only.but also., similarly,equally,likewise,at the same time, in the meanwhile2. 转折关系（然而、但是）but,yet,while,whereas, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, conversely, unex
26、pectedly, unfortunately, by contrast3. 选择关系（或者、要么）or, whether.or., alternatively4. 因果关系（因为、所以）for, so, therefore, thus, consequently, as a result, as a consequence5. 递进关系（然后、再者）then, besides, further more, moreover, additionally, subsequently, in addition三、并列句的考点分析1. 写作：只要写作的上下句之间有逻辑关系，就一定要用逻辑关系词（连词
27、、副词、介词和介词短语）* 这个男人很有钱，我决定要嫁给他。-The man is rich, therefore, I decide to marry him.* 爱情早已经不在了，他还停留在过去。-Romance has evaporated, but he still misses the past.连词和其它逻辑关系词（Adv./介词短语）的区别：连词的前面有无“，”均可，而其他的逻辑关系词前面要么用“.”要么加连词“and”* 有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？-There remain an army of companies coming from the distance/afar, a
28、nd consequently, I feel more than delighted.* 都说我如水百变，可知我清澈不变。-I am claimed changeable like water. By contrast, my clarity keep consistent.* 还记得那天吗？我没有通过四级考试，一个人在雨中哭泣，你走过来，拍拍我的肩膀，告诉我人生没有终点。-Do you still keep that day in mind? I failed to pass CET4, and as a result, I shed tears in the rain alone. At
29、 the same time, you came up to me and subsequently you beat my shoulder and told me There exists no destination in life.2. 完形填空只需要读懂逻辑关系词前后两句的意思就可以了。3. 长难句分析* I was beaten and you.（省略）I was beaten and you were beaten.在分析长难句时，只要见到有并列连词的出现，通常都会有省略。翻译的时候先把省略的部分补充上，再进行翻译。分析长难句的第二步：找连词；但是，当连词在连接两个单词时，这个连
30、词就装作没看见。那如何查找省略的内容？一句话只要有省略，一定是省略在连词后，而不是省略连词前。 所以连词后面有什么连词，前面通常都有：如果连词后只有一个成分，连词前一定能找到它的对应成分；如果连词后只有多个成分，连词前不一定都能找到它的对应成分，但至少能找到一个。 连词前面有，而连词后面没有的成分便是省略的内容* Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists
31、 and operational research experts.目前，这需要中央控制的各种措施，所以，这也需要专家的帮助，比如说经济学家和操作研究学家。* The data suggests, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically.例如，数据表明，长相较好的人，更容易得到父母的宠爱，更容易交到朋友，更容易被他人/异性追求。*
32、There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research technique appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.方法论指的究竟是一般的历史研究中特有的概念，还是适用于各个历史研究分支的研究技术，并没有一致的观点。* Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior
33、 will conntinue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.在这些问题得以解决之前，行为技术将继续遭到排斥。解决我们问题的唯一方法可能也将随之继续遭到排斥。代词指代：就近原则和一致原则* Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes for pictures or music was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the in
34、tellect, and more probably to the moral character.达尔文认为，对绘画或音乐失去兴趣不但使他失去了快乐，而且可能对他的智力造成损害，更可能对他的道德品质产生影响。* As families move away from their stable community, their frieoffnds of many years, and their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut, and with it the confidence t
35、hat information will be available when needed and will be trust worthy and reliable.随着家人搬离他们稳定的社区，他们多年的朋友和他们的大家庭关系，这种非正式的信息流就被切断了，当需要时我们就能得到这些可靠的和令人信服的信息的信心，也随之一起被切断了。 第三章 名词短语和名词性从句一、名词能够充当什么成分？1. 名词充当主语* 这部电影看起来真好看。The movie looks terrific.2. 名词充当宾语* 我喜欢他的妈妈。I admire his mother.3. 名词充当表语* 阿甘是个男人。G
36、ump is a man.4. 名词充当同位语（同位语：用来解释名词的成分）* 我喜欢开头这个部分。-I enjoy the part, the beginning.* 我喜欢Eason，一个来自香港的著名歌手。-I like Eason, a well-known singer from HongKong.* 我，一名大学生，喜欢Eason，一个著名的歌手从香港-I, a university student, like Eason, a well-known singer from HongKong.* 我的母亲，一个典型的家庭主妇，喜欢玩马戏，一种中国娱乐。-My mother, a t
37、ypical housewife, enjoy playing MaJiang, a Chinese entertainment.只要在作文中见到名词，都可以有意识的在它的后面加上同位语，对该名词进行补充说明。* 坚持很重要。-Persistence plays a critical role.* 坚持在所有儿童和成人的荣耀中起着至关重要的作用。-Persistence plays a critical role in the glories of all children and adults. * 坚持是一种积极的心态，在所有学生和成人的成功中扮演重要角色。-Persistence is
38、a positive mental attitude that plays an important role in the success of all students and adults. -Persistence, and active mentality, plays a critical.同位语的成分：名词代词非谓语从句 *I enjoy the sports, running.二、什么是名词性从句？名词在句中能够充当的成分，名词性从句都能充当，这就是名词性从句。 从句作主语，就是主语从句* What I saw is attractive.（主语从句）我看到的很吸引人。 从句作
39、宾语，就是宾语从句* I appreciate what she said.（宾语从句）我很感激她所说的话。 从句作表语，就是表语从句；* Gump is who should learn from.（表语从句）阿甘才是应该学习的人。 从句作同位语，就是同位语从句。* I enjoy the part that a feather is flying in the sky.（同位语从句）我喜欢羽毛在天空中飞翔的那部分。三、名词性从句的引导词1. 例句* 他已经离婚了是我的错。That he was got divorced in my fault.* 他已经离婚了吗，是显而易见的。Whethe
40、r has he got divorced is obvious.* 她会跟谁结婚是一个秘密。Who will he marry is a secret.2. 名词性从句引导词分类名词性从句的引导词是按照从句的类型分的类，一共把引导词分成了三类： that：当从句是陈述句时。that在从句中不充当任何成分，也没有任何实义。在不影响句子的意思的情况下，宾语从句的引导词that可以省略。 whether/if：当从句是一般疑问句时。whether/if在从句中不充当任何成分，意思为“是否”。注意：只有whether可以引导所有的名词性从句，而if只能引导宾语从句。 特殊疑问词：当从句是特殊疑问句时
41、。并且这些特殊疑问词一般都是有固定意思，不能省略。4. 常见连接词及从句的形式l 常见的连接副词有：when,where,why,howl 常见的连接代词有：who,whom,what,which,whosel 英语中所有的从句都一定是陈述句的形式，也就是“引导词+主语+谓语”的形式5. 练习句子：* 我正在思考外星人还会存在吗？（主谓宾）-I am wondering whether aliens exist.* 女人总是对的是一个常识。（主语从句）-That ladies tend to be right remains/keeps/proves common knowledge.* 我的
42、意思是孝敬父母/长者是中华民族的传统美德。（表语从句）-My meaning seems that supporting parents / elderly remains a Chinese conventional virtue.* 有一天你会发现事业、亲情、友情都比爱情重要。（that引导的宾语从句）-Someday, one will perceive that career, kinship and friendship prove more indispensable than romance.* 关键是你什么时候有钱呢？-The point seems when wealth w
43、ill become available for you.* 我想知道人为什么生活在地球上。（宾语从句）-I wonder why people live on earth.* 外星人存在与否真的重要。（主语从句）-Whether aliens exist is really vital.* 我的想法是，看完本章后，我们去看电影吧。（表语从句）-My idea is that we will go to see a movie after finishing this chapter.* 她成功地找到了朋友，这使我很高兴。（主语从句）-That she succeeded in finding
44、 a friend makes me happy.* 他们离开家乡去西藏的原因是一个谜团。（主语从句）-Why they left their hometowns for Tibet is a mystery.hometown可数名词（通常不单独使用）；leave somewhere for somewhere离开某地去某地* 我正在思考我是否应该和女朋友分手。（宾语从句）-I am reflecting whether I should separate with my girlfriend.* 昨天是一个历史，明天是一个谜，只有今天是一个礼物，这就是为什么它叫作“present”。（表语从
45、句）-Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a mystery. Today is a gift. Thats why its called the present!* 他的成功证明了努力决定命运的真理。（同位语从句）- His triumph demonstrated the truth that endeavor decides destiny.* 就业形势越来越严峻的这个事实表明了我们都应该好好学习。（同位语从句+宾语从句)-The evidence that employment situation is increasingly severe manif
46、ests that we are obliged to study with great endeavor.四、名词性从句的考点分析1. 写作（1）主语从句：主语从句的满分表达就是：把主语从句放在句末去，加it作为形式主语。It remains/keeps/proves common knowledge that ladies tend to be right.几个满分句型：* It.that.* It is apparent that. 显而易见.，众所周知.* It looks beyond dispute that. 显而易见.，众所周知.* It is universally acknowledged that. 显而易见.，众所周知.* It keeps my argument that./I think that. 我认为.* It is common knowledge that. .是一个常识* It is my belief that.= I think t
