1、2020-2021 学年中考英语语法专项讲解训练:名词学年中考英语语法专项讲解训练:名词 一、名词的含义及分类一、名词的含义及分类 : 名词是人类认识事物所使用的基本词汇,它主要用来指人或各种事物具体的名称,也可以指抽象的概念。 名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、称呼语等。如: Jay Chou lives in Taiwan.周杰伦住在台湾。 (和是名词) A dog is eating a bone.一只狗正在啃骨头。 (和是名词) 名 词 类 别 意 义 例 词 专有名词 表示具体的人名、 事物、 国家、 地名、机构、团体等的专有名 称 Jim , China, Qingda
2、o, the UK, the Great Wall 普 通 名 词 可 数 名 词 个 体 名词 表示单个人的人或事物 girl, student, desk, cat , country 集 合 名词 表示一群人或一些事物的总 称 people, police, team, clothes, group 不 可 数 名 词 物 质 名词 表示无法分为个体的物质 water, ice, pork, cheese, air 抽 象 名词 表示抽象概念的词 fun, healthy, happiness, love, care 1. 名词变复数的规则变化名词变复数的规则变化: 名名 词词 特特 点
3、点 词词 尾尾 加加 法法 词词 尾尾 读读 音音 方方 法法 例例 词词 一般情况下 加-s 1. -s 在清辅音后读s 2. -s 在浊辅音后读z 3. -s 在元音后读z 4. 以音素 s , z , d 结尾的, 读iz desks apples trees oranges 以-s, -x, -sh, -ch 结尾的 加-es -es 读iz boxes watches 以 f 或 fe 结尾的 改 f 或 fe 为 v 再加 -es -ves 读vz knives wives 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的 变 y 为 i 加-es -ies 读iz dictionaries famili
4、es 以元音字母加 y 结尾的 加-s -s 读z boys keys 以 o 结尾的 有生命的事物加-es -es 读z tomatoes potatoes 无生命的事物加-s -s 读z radios photos 字母、 数字要复数, 其后加s Eg: There are two fs in the word “office”. Many VIPs are coming to our city. 特别注意特别注意 fish 表示表示“鱼肉鱼肉”时,为不可数名词,表示时,为不可数名词,表示“条数条数”时,其复数形式与单数形式相同,但表示不同时,其复数形式与单数形式相同,但表示不同 种类的鱼
5、时,其复数形式为种类的鱼时,其复数形式为 fishes。 少数名词复数形式变化是不规律的: eg:man-men ;woman-women ;tooth-teeth ;child-children ;foot-feet; goose-geese;sheep-sheep;deer-deer ;mouse-mice 二、不可数名词:二、不可数名词: 1. 不可数名词: 1). 不能直接用数字表数量; 2). 不能直接加 a 或 an; 3). 没有复数形式; 4). 可用 some、any、lots of、plenty of、much 修饰; 5). 可用“量词短语”表示; 2. 不可数名词的数量
6、的表示方法: a / 数字+ 量词 + of + 不可数名词: a piece of paper a cup of tea a glass of milk 不可数名词:不可数名词:water;milk;oil;juice;cheese;butter;gas;air;salt;sugar;mutton;beef;chicken 鸡肉; weather 天气;rubbish 垃圾;luggagebaggage 行李;information 信息;advice 建议;furniture 家具; equipment 设备;luck 运气;work 工作;music 音乐;traffic 交通;room
7、 空间;word 消息等。 既可当可数名词又可当不可数名词的名词(只是意义不同) :既可当可数名词又可当不可数名词的名词(只是意义不同) : paper 论文;报纸(可数名词) 纸(不可数名词) ; experience 经历(可数名词)经验(不可数名词) ; fish 鱼(可数名词)鱼肉(不可数名词) ; work 作品(可数名词)工作(不可数名词) ; beauty 美人(可数名词)美丽(不可数名词) ; room 房间(可数名词)空间(不可数名词) ; word 话;单词(可数名词)消息(不可数名词) ; strength 优势;强项(可数名词)力量(不可数名词) ; change 改变
8、;变化(可数名词)零钱(不可数名词) ; study 研究(可数名词)学习(不可数名词) ; success 成功的人事(可数名词)成功(不可数名词)等。 名词的数量修饰语名词的数量修饰语 (1) 只修饰可数名词 many few several dozens of a couple of a number of quite a few many a (后跟可数名词单数) (2) 只修饰不可数名词 a little much a bit of a great deal of a large amount of (3) 修饰可数名词与不可数名词均可 some any enough plenty
9、of a lot of a mass of quantities of most all 名词的所有格:名词的所有格: 名词的格(表所属关系,作定语,限定修饰名词) 1. 有生命的名词所有格:“名词加s”(作前置定语) 。 Marys dictionary 玛丽的字典 kids toys 孩子们的玩具 Childrens Day 儿童节 Teachers Day 教师节 2. 无生命的名词所有格: “of+名词”(作后置定语) 。 the theme of the passage 文章的主旨; the title of the song 歌名 3. 双重所有格:“of + 名词所有格”或“of
10、 + 名词性物主代词”(作后置定语) 。 a brother of my fathers 我父亲的一个兄弟; a friend of mine 我的一个朋友 注: 1. 两人或多人共同拥有某件东西,只需在最后一个人的名字后加s。若表示各自拥有时,则需要在每个名字 后加s。如: Mrs. Green is Lily and Lucys mother. 格林夫人是莉莉和露西的母亲。 I have invited Andys mother and Janes mother to my home. 我已邀请安迪的母亲和简的母亲到我家里作客。 2. 用于表示时间、距离、国家、地点、自然现象等无生命事物的
11、名词,可以加s 构成所有格,且有些已成 为固定用法。如: a weeks time 一周的时间; ten minutes journey 十分钟的路程 Chinas entry to the World Trade Organization 中国加入 WTO 4. 由 some、any、no、every 与 one、body 结合的复合不定代词 something、anythiny 等和 else 连用时,所 有格应加在 else 的后面。 名词的句法作用名词的句法作用 1. 作主语: China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。 2. 作表语: Pri
12、de and Prejudice is a world-famous novel. 傲慢与偏见是一部世界著名的小说。 3. 作宾语(动宾或介宾) : My grandpa grows vegetables in the backyard. 我爷爷在后院种蔬菜。 (作动词 grow 的宾语) He is from Russia. 他来自俄国。 (Russia 在句中作介词 from 的宾语) 4. 作定语,修饰名词,说明另一个名词的性质或特性: paper cup 纸杯子; orange juice 橙汁; soap opera 肥皂剧; silver necklace 银项链; summer
13、vocation 暑假; Chinese lesson 语文课; 5. 作同位语: Li Hua, Chairman of the Students Union, has been invited to attend the activity. He didnt tell the truth to Jane, his wife. 6. 作补足语(主补或宾补) : We call him Tom. 我们都叫他汤姆。 (Tom 在句中作宾补) He is called Tom by us. 他被我们叫做汤姆。 (Tom 在句中作主补) They made Mary chairman of the
14、Students Union. 他们选玛丽为学生会主席。 (作宾补) Mary is made chairman of the Students Union by them. 玛丽被他们选为学生会主席。 (作主补) 五、名词的构词法五、名词的构词法 主要分为合成法,转化法,缩略法和派生法四种。 合成法:adj. + n. 如:Bluetooth 蓝牙, blackboard 黑板, superhero 超级英雄, supermarket 超市 n. + n. 如:basketball 篮球, self-service 自助, play-list 播放单, footprint 脚印, hairs
15、tyle 发型 bookstore 书店 brainstorm 头脑风暴, snowman 雪人, fisherman 渔夫 v.-ing +n. 如:parking lot 停车场 prep. +n. 如:overcoat 大衣 n. + v.-ing 如:human being 人类 n. + prep. 如:passer-by 路人 转化法: v.n. 如:surprise (vt.) 使惊讶surprise (n.) 惊讶 缩略法:examination exam 考试, advertisement ad 广告 laboratory lab 实验室 gymnasium gym 体育馆
16、identity ID 身份 number No. 数字 the Peoples Republic of China PRC 中华人民共和国 the Communist Party of China CPC 中国共产党 the Peoples Liberation Army PLA 中国人民解放军 the United States of America the USA 美国 练习题练习题: 1. ( ) 1 She was very happy. She_in the maths test. A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes C. m
17、ade few mistakes D. makes few mistake ( ) 2 We need some more_. Can you go and get some, please? A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe ( ) 3 _are_for cutting things. A. Knife/used B. Knives/used C. Knife/using D. Knives/using ( ) 4 What big_ the tiger has! A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothe
18、s ( ) 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree_. A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave ( ) 6 -Can we have some _? - Y es, please. A. banana B. oranges C.apple D. pear ( ) 7 On the table there are five_. A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato 2 . ( ) 1 They got much _ from those new
19、 books. A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories ( ) 2 He gave us_ on how to keep fit. A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice ( ) 3 When we saw his face, we knew_ was bad. A. some news B. a news C. the news D.news ( ) 4 What_ lovely weather it is! A. / B. the C. an D. a 3 . ( )
20、1 -Would you like_tea? -No, thanks. I have drunk two_. A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange C. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges ( ) 2 He is hungry. Give him _ to eat. A. two breads B. two piece of bread C. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads ( ) 3 It really
21、took him:_ to draw the nice horse. A. sometimes B. hour C. long time D. some time ( ) 4 I would like to have_ A. two glasses of milk B. two glass of milk I C. two glasses of milks D. two glass of milks ( ) 5 Can you give me _? A. a tea B. some cup of tea C. a cup tea D. a cup of tea ( ) 6 Please giv
22、e me _ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of ( ) 7 John bought_for himself yesterday A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes 4 . ( ) 1 -How many _ have you got on your farm? -Ive got five. A. sheeps B. sheep C. pig D. chicken ( ) 2 Some _ came to our s
23、chool for a visit that day. A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D. Germanies ( ) 3 In the picture there are many_ and two. A. sheep; foxes C. sheeps; foxes B. sheeps; fox D. sheep;foxs ( ) 4 A group of_ will visit the museum tomorrow. A. Hungarian B. Australian C. Japanese D. American 5 . ( ) 1 This tab
24、le is made of_. A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass ( ) 2 -What would you like to have for lunch, sir? -Id like_. ! A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken ( ) 3 Children should make_ for old people in a bus. A. room B. a room C. rooms D. the room 6 . ( ) 1 Tables are made o
25、f_. A. wood B. some woods C. wooden D. woods ( ) 2 I wonder why _ are so interested in action (武打片) films. A. people B. peoples C. the people D. the peoples ( ) 3I have read_ of the young writer. A. works B. work C. this works D. the works 7 . ( ) 1 Lets meet at 7: 30 outside the gate of_? A. the Pe
26、oples Park B. the Peoples Park C. the People Park D. Peoples Park ) 2 _ Chinese people are _ hard working people. A. /; a B. We; the C. The; the D. The; a ( ) 3 How many were there in the street when the accident happened? A. policeman B. polices C. police D. peoples 参考答案: 1. 1-7 C C B B B B C 2. 1-4 C B C A 3. 1-7 B C D A D D A 4. 1-4 B A A C 5. 1-3 D A A 6. 1-3 A A D 7.1-3 A D C