1、专题专题 1313 特殊句式特殊句式 一、一、 特殊句式概览特殊句式概览 ( (一一) ) 倒装倒装 倒装分两种:将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,称为全部倒装;有时候只将部分谓语(如倒装分两种:将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,称为全部倒装;有时候只将部分谓语(如 助动词或情态动词)提到主语之前,称为部分倒装。助动词或情态动词)提到主语之前,称为部分倒装。 1 1 部分倒装部分倒装概览概览 特殊句式 倒装 全部倒装 部分倒装 省略 简单句中的省略 并列句中的省略 复合句中的省略 强调句 部分倒装的句子结构:助动词部分倒装的句子结构:助动词/ /情态动词情态动词/be/be+ +主语主语+ +(主要动词)(主
2、要动词) (1)(1)含有否定意义的副词或连词置于句首时引起部分倒装结构。这类词含有否定意义的副词或连词置于句首时引起部分倒装结构。这类词( (组组) )有:有:never, seldom, rarely, little, few, at no time, by no means, no longer, hardly/scarcely . when ., no sooner . than ., not only . but also ., not until, nowhere, neither . nor . 等。等。 Not until I lost my job did I realize
3、 I should improve my working skills. Not sooner had she stepped out of the house than it began to rain. Not only am I interesed in photography, but I took a course at university, so its actually of special interest to me. (2)(2)“onlyonly状语状语”置于句首时,主句要用部分倒装置于句首时,主句要用部分倒装。 Only when you can find peace
4、 in your heart will you keep good relationships with others. Only in this way can we solve this problem. Only then did he realize that he has made a mistake. (3)(3)so/such . that . 结构中的结构中的 so, such 连同它所修饰的成分共同位于句首表示强调时,连同它所修饰的成分共同位于句首表示强调时, 主句要用部分倒装。主句要用部分倒装。 Such great progress did he make that he
5、 was praised. So louldly did she shout that everyone in the distance could hear her. (4)(4)表示前面所说的情况也适用于后者时,用倒装结构表示前面所说的情况也适用于后者时,用倒装结构“so/neither/nor助动词助动词/ /系系 动词动词/ /情态动词主语情态动词主语”( (so 表示肯定意义,表示肯定意义,neither/nor 表示否定意义表示否定意义) )。 I saw the film Harry Potter last week; so did she. Neither could we g
6、et rid of the smell of fish. (5)(5)在在 as/thoughas/though 引导的让步状语从句中,从句的表语引导的让步状语从句中,从句的表语/ /状语状语/ /动词原形要位于句首,动词原形要位于句首, 部分倒装 only+状语置于句首,主谓部分需要部分倒装 only+ 副词/介词短语/状语从句+助动词/情态动 词/be+主语 具有(半)否定意义的副词及含否定词的介词短语置 于句首作状语时 否定副词/含否定词的介词短语+助动词/情态动词 /be+主语 so,neither/nor置于句首,后面的谓语需部分倒装, 表示:.也/也不.,It is/was the
7、 same with. 和so it is/was with.也可表示此意 so/neither/nor+助动词/情态动词/be+主语 将“so.that”和“such.that”中的so.和such. 置于句首,以示强调 so./such.+助动词/情态动词/be+主语 在含有were,had,should,的if虚拟条件句从 句中,将if省略,把were/had/should提到从句主 语之前 were/had/should+助动词/情态动词/be+主语 构成倒装结构。如果位于句首的是单数可数名词,其前不加冠词。构成倒装结构。如果位于句首的是单数可数名词,其前不加冠词。 Strange a
8、s it may sound, if youre unsatisfied, the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires. (6)(6)在非真实条件句中,条件句中的在非真实条件句中,条件句中的 ifif 省略时,助动词省略时,助动词 had, were, shouldhad, were, should 要提到要提到 主语前面。主语前面。 Had you come with us, I think you would have enjoyed Europe too. Were I you,
9、I would take her advice. Should it rain tomorrow, I would have to stay at home (7)(7)“maymay动词原形动词原形”表示祝愿时,通常将表示祝愿时,通常将 maymay 置于句首,构成倒装语序。置于句首,构成倒装语序。 May you succeed. 2 2 全部倒装全部倒装概览概览 全部倒装句子结构:谓语全部倒装句子结构:谓语+ +主语主语 全部倒装 以 there 引 出 倒 装 句 , 其 谓 语 动 词 常 常 是 be,appear,come,exsit,happen,lie,live,occur,
10、seem, remain,stand等 there+谓语+主语 表地点的副词there,here,或介词短语置于句首,主 语是名词,谓语是be或不及物动词 there,here或介词短语+谓语+主语 表时间的副词now,then或表示方位的副词out, in,up,down, away等置于句首,主语是名词, 谓语是不及物动词 now,then或表示方位的副词+谓语+主语 为了保持句子平衡或强调表语部分,将作表语 的形容词、分词、介词短语。such置于句首, 谓语动词为be 形容词/分词/介词短语/such+be+主语 在as,though引导的让步状语从句中 副词/形容词/(零冠词)名词/分
11、词/动词+名词 1. 1. 以引导词以引导词 therethere 开头的倒装句开头的倒装句 1there be 句型中的句型中的 be 可以有不同的时态,可以和助动词或情态动词连用。可以有不同的时态,可以和助动词或情态动词连用。 There have been many great changes in our country since then. There must be a mistake somewhere. 2there be 句型中的句型中的 be 有时可用有时可用 seem to be, appear to be, happen to be, used to be, have
12、 to be, remain, live, stand, lie, exist等替换。等替换。 There seems to be an announcement about the project. There happened to be a man walking by. 3there be 结构的常用句式结构的常用句式 There is no point/sense (in) doing sth. 做某事没有意义。 There is no doubt about ./that . 毫无疑问 There is no need (for sb.) to do sth.(某人)没有必要做某事
13、。 There is (no) difficulty/trouble in doing sth./with sth. (做)某事(没)有困难/麻烦。 There is (no) possibility of (doing) sth./that . (做)某事(没)有可能性。 This doesnt mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing. 2. 2. 以方位副词或介词短语开头的倒装句以方位副词或介词短语开头
14、的倒装句 here, there, now, then, out, in, up, down, away, below, inside, outside, on the wall, in the room 等表示地点、时间或等表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语置于句首,且主语为名词时,句子用全方位的副词或介词短语置于句首,且主语为名词时,句子用全 部倒装。部倒装。 John opened the door. There stood a girl he had never seen before. South of the river lies a small factory. 3. 3. 有
15、时为平衡句子结构或突出、强调,将作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词有时为平衡句子结构或突出、强调,将作表语的介词短语、形容词、副词或分词 提到句首,构成提到句首,构成“表语系动词主语表语系动词主语”的完全倒装结构。的完全倒装结构。 Present at the party were Mr Green and many other guests. Seated on the grass are a group of young students. (二)(二)强调强调句型句型 (1)强调句型的基本结构:强调句型的基本结构:It is/was被强调的部分被强调的部分that/who句子其他部分。
16、该句句子其他部分。该句 型可对句子的主语、表语、宾语、状语等进行强调。当被强调部分是人,且作主语时,可型可对句子的主语、表语、宾语、状语等进行强调。当被强调部分是人,且作主语时,可 强调句型是高考经常考到的语法项目。主要考点:1.it;2.that; 3.notuntil 结构。做题时要特别注意:被强调部分为状语从句或含有定 语从句时,一定要分析句子,看清楚缺少的成分。 高考分析 用用 who 或或 that,其他情况下一律用,其他情况下一律用 that。 It is only by listening to and understanding each other that problems
17、 between parents and children can be settled. 特别注意特别注意 强调主语时,要注意连接词和谓语的一致性。强调主语时,要注意连接词和谓语的一致性。 It is our teacher who/that helps us make great progress. (2)(2)强调句型的一般疑问句结构:强调句型的一般疑问句结构:Is/Wasit被强调的部分被强调的部分that/who句子其他部句子其他部 分?分? Was it in the park that he met our new teacher? (3)强调句型的特殊疑问句结构:特殊疑问词强调
18、句型的特殊疑问句结构:特殊疑问词is/wasitthat句子其他部分?句子其他部分? When was it that he made up his mind to take this course? 特别注意 由疑问词引导的强调结构在句中作宾语从句时,从句必须使用陈述语序。 She doesnt know who it was that saved her son. (4)not . until的强调句型结构:的强调句型结构:It is/was not until . that句子其他部分。句子其他部分。 It was not until then that I realized the i
19、mportance of health.直到那时我才意识到了健直到那时我才意识到了健 康的重要性。康的重要性。 2 2强调谓语动词强调谓语动词 It is/was .who/that .结构不能强调谓语动词。可用助动词结构不能强调谓语动词。可用助动词 do, does 或或 did 来强调谓语来强调谓语 动词,用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定的陈述句中,动词,用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定的陈述句中,do 还可以用于祈使句。还可以用于祈使句。 She did tell me her address, but I forgot all about it. (三)省(三)省略略 为了使语言简洁或
20、避免重复,省略居中的一个或几个句子成分,这种语法现象称为省略。为了使语言简洁或避免重复,省略居中的一个或几个句子成分,这种语法现象称为省略。 被省略的部分 例句 主语 (I) Beg your pardon. (It) Sounds like a good idea. 谓语或谓语的一部分 (Is there) Anything I can do for you? (Is) Anybody here? 宾语 A: Where has Mr Smith gone? B:Sorry, I dont know (where he has gone) 主语和谓语,或主语和谓语的一部分 (Are you)
21、 Hungry? (I want) Orange juice, please. 不定式 to 后省略动词 A: Would you like to come to the party? B: Id love to(come to the party.) 一、一、 简单句中的省略简单句中的省略 1.1. 陈述句中的省略陈述句中的省略 (1 1) 情景省略情景省略 根据说话的情景省略某些词语,这种情况在日常交际用语中大量存在。 (There is) No problem. (Do you) Mind if I sit down? (2) 应答语省略应答语省略 在应答语中,常可根据问句内容省略某些词
22、语。 省略 省略成分简单句中的省略 陈述句中的省略 疑问句中的省略 祈使句中的省略 感叹句中的省略 复合句中的省略 省略谓语动词 省略宾语 省略“主语+系动词” 省略“主语+谓语动词” 省略“系动词+表语” 省略“主语+谓语+宾语” 复合句中的省略 宾语从句中的省略 定语从句中的省略 状语从句中的省略 Diane: Oh really? So have I. Which language you studying? Rob:(I am studying) Chinese. (3 3) 结构省略结构省略 根据惯常语法结构省略某些词语。 Ive lived here (for) ten years
23、. Two weeks (from) now is New Years Day. Today I met her at the tailors (shop). 2.2. 疑问句中的省略疑问句中的省略 在疑问句中有时根据语境可以省略主语、谓语、主语在疑问句中有时根据语境可以省略主语、谓语、主语+ +助动词助动词/be/be、主语、主语+ +谓语等。谓语等。 (Have you) Been here before? (I beg your) Pardon? 3. 祈使句中的省略祈使句中的省略 (Be)Quick! (Wait) Just a moment! (Pay) attention, ple
24、ase! 4. 感叹句中的省略感叹句中的省略 (Thats)excellent! What a lovely autumn day (it is)! How amazing (it is) ! 二、二、并列句中的省略并列句中的省略 在并列句中,后面分句中与前面分句相同的部分,常可省略,以避免重复。在并列句中,后面分句中与前面分句相同的部分,常可省略,以避免重复。 1. 省略谓语动词省略谓语动词 They learn French and we (learn) Enlgish. John won the first race and Jimmy (won) the second. 2. 省略宾语
25、省略宾语 My father planned (all these houses) and they built all these houses. 3. 省略“主语省略“主语+系动词”系动词” Coral is not a plant but (coral is) a variety of animal life. 4. 省略“主语省略“主语+谓语动词”谓语动词” She tried to persuade her husband to give up smoking, but (she tried) in vain. 5. 省略“系动词省略“系动词+表语”表语” John was the
26、winner in 2005, but Bob (was the winner) in 2006. 6. 省略“谓语动词省略“谓语动词+宾语”宾语” I will buy a new car, and he will (buy a new car) too. 7. 省略“主语省略“主语+谓语谓语+宾语”宾语” South Korea has increased trade with China and (it has increased trade) with other East- Asian countries too. 三、三、 复合句中的省略复合句中的省略 1. 宾语从句中的省略宾语从
27、句中的省略 (1) 在在 which,when,where,how 和和 why 引导的宾语从句中,常可省略与主句相同的引导的宾语从句中,常可省略与主句相同的 部分,仅保留一个连接词。部分,仅保留一个连接词。 She cant come, but I dont know why (she cant come). She will go to Paris, but I dont know when ( she will go to Paris). (2)在对话中在对话中,答语有时是一个包含宾语从句的句子,但常常省略。,答语有时是一个包含宾语从句的句子,但常常省略。 - - Will it rai
28、n tonight? - - I hope (it will) not (rain tonight). - - Is Mr King in his office? - - Sorry, I donk know (whether he is in his office or not). (3) 在两个或两个以上并列的宾语从句中,引导第一个宾语从句的连接词在两个或两个以上并列的宾语从句中,引导第一个宾语从句的连接词 that 可以省略,可以省略, 其余的则不可省略。其余的则不可省略。 The girl told him (that ) they were on a train trip acros
29、s Canada and that they had only one day in Montreal. (4) 在某些形容词或过去分词(如在某些形容词或过去分词(如 sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied)后所接的宾语从句中,连词)后所接的宾语从句中,连词 that 可省略。可省略。 My parents were very pleased (that) I had passed the exam. 2. 定语从句的定语从句的省略省略 定语从句中可以省略作宾语的关系代词;在非正式文体中,也可省略关系副
30、词定语从句中可以省略作宾语的关系代词;在非正式文体中,也可省略关系副词 when 和和 why;关系代词;关系代词 as 后面的主谓成分或助动词后面的主谓成分或助动词 be 也可省略。也可省略。 She is the one (whom) we say the other day. Her work changed the way (that) people think about chimps. She gave the same answer as (she had given) before. 3状语从句中的省略状语从句中的省略 在在 as if, if, though, when, w
31、here, while, no matter what, until 等引导的状语从句中,若等引导的状语从句中,若 谓语部分含谓语部分含 be 动词,而主语又与主句的主语一致或从句主语是动词,而主语又与主句的主语一致或从句主语是 it 时,状语从句中的主语时,状语从句中的主语 和谓语中的和谓语中的 be 动词可以一起省略。动词可以一起省略。 All the photographs in this book, unless (the photographs are) stated otherwise, date from the 1950s. 4 4动词不定式的省略动词不定式的省略 在主动语态中
32、,感官动词或使役动词后接不定式作补足语时,往往将不定式符号在主动语态中,感官动词或使役动词后接不定式作补足语时,往往将不定式符号 to 省省 略;在同一句话或同一情景对话中,当同一动作再次出现在后面的不定式位置上时,通常略;在同一句话或同一情景对话中,当同一动作再次出现在后面的不定式位置上时,通常 省略该动作而保留不定式符号省略该动作而保留不定式符号 to。 The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police not to. 5so/not 构成替代省略构成替代省略 英语中还常常用英语中
33、还常常用 so/not 等来代替省略的肯定内容或否定内容,等来代替省略的肯定内容或否定内容,so/not 多跟在多跟在 Im afraid, I hope, I think, I guess, I believe 等开头的答句中。等开头的答句中。 Do you think it will rain?你认为会下雨吗? I hope so/not.我希望下/不下。 6常用的常用的 if 相关的省略结构相关的省略结构 if ever 如果曾经发生过的话如果曾经发生过的话 if busy 如果忙的话如果忙的话 if anything 如果有什么不同如果有什么不同 if possible 如果可能的话如
34、果可能的话 if so 如果这样的话如果这样的话 if not 如果不的话如果不的话 if necessary 如果必要的话如果必要的话 特殊句式练习题 单句语法填空单句语法填空 1(2018 天津高考改编)It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house _ we saw Lily in the passenger seat. 2(2017 天津高考改编)It was when I got back to my apartment _ I first came across my new neighbors. 3(2016 天津
35、高考改编)You are waiting at a wrong place.It is at the hotel _ the coach picks up tourists. 4(2018 北京高考改编)In any unsafe situation, simply_ (press) the button and a highly- trained agent will get you the help you need. 5(2017 江苏高考改编)_ (be) it not for the support of the teachers, the student could not ove
36、rcome her difficulty. 6(2016 江苏高考改编)Not until recently _(do) they encourage the development of tourist- related activities in the rural areas. 答案 1.解析:that 句意:直到汽车停在了我们的房子前面的时候,我们才看到莉莉坐在 乘客座上。此处是强调句型“It is(was)被强调部分that其余部分”,本句强调的 是时间状语从句。 2.解析:that 句意:正是当我回到公寓的时候,我第一次偶然遇见了我的新邻居们。 此处为强调句型 its .that
37、.,被强调的是句中的时间状语从句。 3.解析:that 句意:你等错地方了。长途客车是在宾馆接游客。去掉 it is 和空格 处后是一个完整的句子,因此本句是一个强调句,填 that。 4.解析:press 句意:在任何不安全的情况下,只要按一下这个按钮,一个训练有素 的代理人就会给你所需要的帮助。此题为“祈使句and陈述句”结构,所以用动词原形。 5.解析:Were 句意:如果没有老师的支持,这名学生不可能克服她的困难。该句是 省略 if 的虚拟条件句,if 省略后需要将 were 提前构成倒装。 6.解析:did 句意:直到最近他们才鼓励在农村地区发展与旅游相关的项目。not until 放在句首时句子要使用部分倒装,此处指过去所发生的动作,应使用一般过去时。