1、 十年高考真题分类汇编（十年高考真题分类汇编（2010-2019） 英语英语 专题专题 22 科普类说明文阅读理解科普类说明文阅读理解 (2010安徽安徽阅读理解阅读理解 B) Have you ever wondered? 1. Why do airplanes take longer to fly west than east? It can take five hours to go west-east from New York(NY) to London bur seven hours to travel east-west from London to NY. The reason
2、 for the difference is an atmospheric phenomenon known as the jet(喷射) stream. The jet stream is a very high altitude wind which always blows from the west to the east across the Atlantic. The planes moving at a constant air speed thus go faster in the west-east direction when they are moving with th
3、e wind than in the opposite direction. 2. What would happen if the gravity on Earth was suddenly turned off? Supposing we could magically turn off gravity. Would buildings and other structures(建筑物) float away? What happened would depend on how strongly the things were attached to the Earth. The Eart
4、h is moving at quite a speed, moving at over a thousand miles per hours. If you turn something around your head on a string（细绳）, it goes around in a circle until you let go of the string. Then it flies off in a straight line. Switching off gravity would be like letting go of the string. Things not a
5、ttached to the Earth would fly off in a straight line. People in buildings would suddenly shoot upwards at a great speed until they hit the ceiling. Most things outside would fly off into space. 60.What information can we get from the first passage? A.It is jet stream that affects how fast airplanes
6、 fly B.Planes go slower when they are moving with the wind C.It takes more time to fly from NY to London than from London to NY D.The yet stream always blows from the east to the west across the Atlantic 61.The word”shoot”underline in the 2nd passage probably means “ ” A.send for B.move quickly C.co
7、me out D.grrow quickly 62.It can be inferred that without gravity . A.buildings and other structures would float away B.trees and buildings would not easily fly off C.something around your head would not fly away D.everything outside buildings would fly off into space 63.Where can we most probably r
8、ead in the text A.In a reseach paper B.In a short story C.In a travel magazine D.In a students book 【解析】本文是科普说明文，主要介绍了飞机为什么向西面飞比向东面飞花的时间更长的原因是本文是科普说明文，主要介绍了飞机为什么向西面飞比向东面飞花的时间更长的原因是 气流的方向从纽约飞往伦敦要花气流的方向从纽约飞往伦敦要花 5 个小时，而从伦敦飞往纽约则要花个小时，而从伦敦飞往纽约则要花 7 小时花费时间不同的原因小时花费时间不同的原因 大气现象，大气现象，喷射气流是一个高空风，这种喷射气流总是穿过太
9、平洋上空从西往东吹还介绍了没有了喷射气流是一个高空风，这种喷射气流总是穿过太平洋上空从西往东吹还介绍了没有了 地球引力会发生什么地球以一种极快的速度移动，一个小时会移动超过地球引力会发生什么地球以一种极快的速度移动，一个小时会移动超过 1000 英里，地球引力消失就英里，地球引力消失就 会像松开甩动的细绳一样，在建筑里的人们将会突然以一种极快的速度被发射出去，直到撞到天花会像松开甩动的细绳一样，在建筑里的人们将会突然以一种极快的速度被发射出去，直到撞到天花 板许多外面的东西都将飞进太空板许多外面的东西都将飞进太空 60A 归纳总结题根据短文第一段归纳总结题根据短文第一段The planes m
10、oving at a constant air speed thus go faster in the west-east direction when they are moving with the wind than in the opposite direction主要讲述了飞主要讲述了飞 机为什么向西面飞比向东面飞花的时间更长的原因是气流的方向，故选机为什么向西面飞比向东面飞花的时间更长的原因是气流的方向，故选 A 61 B 词意猜测题 根据第二段词意猜测题 根据第二段People in buildings would suddenly shootupwards at a great
11、 speed until they hit the ceiling （=topsurface of a room） ） Most things outside would fly off into space描述描述 在建筑里的人会突然以一个巨大的速度向上移动直到他们撞上天花板很多东西会飞到外太空故选在建筑里的人会突然以一个巨大的速度向上移动直到他们撞上天花板很多东西会飞到外太空故选 B 62B 推理判断题根据第三段推理判断题根据第三段What happened would depend on （依靠）（依靠） how strongly the things were attached （吸附
12、）（吸附） to the earth 描述发生了什么将取决于东西连接到地球上有多结实 再描述发生了什么将取决于东西连接到地球上有多结实 再 根据后面描述根据后面描述Then it flies off in a straight line Switching offgravity would be like letting go of the stringThings not attached to the Earth would fly off in a straight line可知，树以及建筑不像其他物品那可知，树以及建筑不像其他物品那 样容易飞出故选样容易飞出故选 B 63D 文章出处根
13、据四个选项，文章出处根据四个选项，A 项，研究论文，项，研究论文，B 项小故事，项小故事，C 项旅游杂志，项旅游杂志，D 项学生课本，项学生课本， 这是一篇科普短文，有可能来自学生课本，故选这是一篇科普短文，有可能来自学生课本，故选 D (2010江苏江苏阅读理解阅读理解 D) Imagine，one day，getting out of bed in Beijing and being at your office in Shanghai in only a couple of hours，and then，after a full day of work，going back home t
14、o Beijing and having dinner there Sounds unusual，doesnt it? But its not that unrealistic，with the development of Chinas highspeed railway systemAnd thats not a11China has an even greater highspeed railway planto connect the country with Southeast Asia，and eventually Eastern Europe China is negotiati
15、ng to extend its own high -speed railway network to up to 17 countries in 1 0 to 15 years，eventually reaching London and Singapore China has proposed three such projectsThe first would possibly connect Kunming with Singapore via Vietnam and MalaysiaAnother could start in Urumqi and go through Kazakh
16、stan and Uzbekistan，and possibly to GermanyThe third would start in the northeast and go north through Russia and then into Western Europe If Chinas plan for the high-speed railway goes forward，people could zip over from London to Beiling in under two days The new system would still follow Chinas hi
17、ghspeed railway standard And the trains would be able to go 346 kilometers an hour，almost as fast as some airplanes Chinas bullet train(高速客车)，the one connecting Wuhan to Guangzhou，already has the Worlds fastest average speedIt covers 1,069 kilometers in about three hours Of course，there are some tec
18、hnical challenges to overcomeThere are so many issues that need to be settled，such as safety，rail gauge(轨距)，maintenance of railway tracksSo，its important to pay attention to every detail But the key issue is really moneyChina is already spending hundreds of billions of yuan on domestic railway expan
19、sion China prefers that the other countries pay in natural resources rather than with capital investmentResources from those countries could stream into China to sustain development It11 be a win-win project. For other countries，the railway network will definitely create more opportunities for busin
20、ess，tourism and so on，not to mention the better communication among those countnes For China，such a project would not only connect it with the rest of Asia and bring some much-needed resources， but would also help develop Chinas far west We foresee that in the coming decades， millions of people will
21、 migrate to the western regions， where the land is empty and resources unused With high-speed trains， people will set up factories and business centers in the west once and for a11 And they11 trade with Central Asian and Eastern European countries 67Chinas new high-speed railway plan will be a win-w
22、in project because AChina will get much-needed resources and develop its western regions BChina and the countries involved will benefit from the project in various ways CChina will develop its railway system and communication with other countries D the foreign countries involved will develop their r
23、ailway transportation，business and tourism 【解析】选 B 在文章倒数第二段中有明确答案 68According to the passage，the greatest challenge to the new high-speed railway plan is Atechnical issues Bsafety of the systemCfinancial problems Dmaintenance of railway tracks 【解析】 选 C . 在文章第 8 段看到 There are so many issues that need
24、 to be settled.及第 9 节中 But the key issue is really money 69Which of the following words best describes the authors attitude towards Chinas high-speed railway plan? ACritical BReserved CDoubtful D. Positive 【解析】选 D . 尽管在文章第 8，9 段中 提到存在的问题，但从最后两段中不难看出作者是持支 持的态度 70Which of the following might be the be
25、st title for the passage? ANew Railway Standards BBig Railway Dreams CHighspeed Bullet Trains DInternational Railway Network 【解析】选 B. 贯穿全文须知这只是一个梦想 (2010全国卷全国卷阅读理解阅读理解 C) Along the river banks of the Amazon and the Orinoco there lives a bird that swims before it can fly, flies like a fat chicken, ea
26、ts green leaves, has the stomach of a cow and has claws(爪)on its wings when young .They build their homes about 4.6m above the river ,an important feature(特征)for the safety of the young. It is called the hoatzin. In appearance， the birds of both sexes look very much alike with brown on the back and
27、cream and red on the underside .The head is small, with a large set of feathers on the top, bright red eyes, and blue skin. Its nearest relatives are the common birds, cuckoos. Its most striking feature ,though, is only found in the young. Baby hoatzins have a claw on the leading edge of each wing a
28、nd another at the end of each wing tip .Using these four claws ,together with the beak(喙),they can climb about in the bushes, looking very much like primitive birds must have done. When the young hoatzins have learned to fly ,they lose their claws. During the drier months between December and March
29、hoatzins fly about the forest in groups of 20 to 30 birds, but in April, when the rainy season begins, they collect together in smaller living units of two to seven birds for producing purposes. 63What is the text mainly about? AHoatzins in dry and rainy seasons. BThe relatives and enemies of hoatzi
30、ns. CPrimitive birds and hoatzins of the Amazon. DThe appearance and living habits of hoatzins. 64Young hoatzins are different from their parents in that Athey look like young cuckoos Bthey have claws on the wings Cthey eat a lot like a cow Dthey live on river banks 65What can we infer about primiti
31、ve birds from the text? AThey had claws to help them climb. BThey could fly long distances. CThey had four wings like hoatzins. DThey had a head with long feathers on the top. 66Why do hoatzins collect together in smaller groups when the rainy season comes? ATo find more food. BTo protect themselves
32、 better. CTo keep themselves warm. DTo produce their young. 【解析】 63.选 D。考查文章主题大意。纵观全文，文章主要讲的是 hoatzin 麝雉，这种鸟类的外貌以及生活习性。 64.选 B。根据第一段 has claws(爪)on its wings when young,和第三段可知，hoatzin 在幼年期是有爪子的， 而长大学会飞之后就没有了。 65.选 A。关键是 primitive“原始的，早期的”的意思。第三段第二句话。 66.选 D。最后一段最后一句话。 (2010湖南湖南阅读理解阅读理解 C) People fro
33、m East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressions and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why. Rachael Jack, University of Glasgow researcher, said that rather than scanning evenly(均匀的) across a face as Westerners do, Easterner
34、s fix their attention on the eyes. We show that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions, Jack said. Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect (忽略) the mouth. According to Jack and her colleag
35、ues, the discovery shows that human communication of emotion is more complex than previously believed. As a result, facial expressions that had been considered universally recognizable cannot be used to reliably convey emotion in cross-cultural situations. The researchers studied cultural difference
36、s in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of. expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral. They compared how accurately partic
37、ipants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies. It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners. The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cu
38、ltural difference in facial expressions, Jack said. Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less. In short, the data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. From here on, examining how cult
39、ural factors have diversified these basic social skills will help our understanding of human emotion. Otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Easterners and Westerners will find themselves lost in translation. 66. The discovery shows that Westerners . A. pay equal attenti
40、on to the eyes and the mouth B. consider facial expressions universally reliable C. observe the eyes and the mouth in different ways D. have more difficulty in recognizing facial expressions 67. What were the people asked to do in the study? A. To make a face at each other. B. To get their faces imp
41、ressive. C. To classify some face pictures. D. To observe the researchers faces. 68. What does the underlined word they in Paragraph 6 refer to? A. The participants in the study. B. The researchers of the study. C. The errors made during the study. D. The data collected from the study. 69. In compar
42、ison with Westerners, Easterners are likely to . A. do translation more successfully B. study the mouth more frequently C. examine the eyes more attentively D. read facial expressions more correctly 70. What can be the best title for the passage? A. The Eye as the Window to the Soul B. Cultural Diff
43、erences in Reading Emotions C. Effective Methods to Develop Social Skills D. How to Increase Cross-cultural Understanding 【解析】本文为科普说明文。主要介绍了最新的科学研究发现：东方人比西方人更难于读懂他人 的面部表情。 66. A 根据第三段 “Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect (忽略) the
44、mouth.” 可以得出答案 67. C 根据第五段 “by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of. expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral.”可以判断选 C 68. A 根据定语从句 “that they show”所修饰的 eye move
45、ments 在研究中为 the participants 所作 （从 the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people”可知）可判断选 A 69. C 根据第六段 “It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than did Westerners.”可判断选 C 70. B 文章首先指出科学研究的最新发现：东方人比西方人更难于读懂人的面部表
46、情。之后更具体 地介绍研究的结构及其研究过程，最后得出结论：文化差异丰富了理解情感的基本社会技巧，即：不 同的文化背景使人理解他人情感的方式也不尽相同。由此判断最佳标题应为 B (2010江西江西阅读理解阅读理解 D) Modern inventions have speeded up peoples loves amazingly. Motor-cars cover a hundred miles in little more than an hour, aircraft cross the world inside a day, while computers operate at lig
47、htning speed. Indeed, this love of speed seems never-ending. Every year motor-cars are produced which go even faster and each new computer boats (吹嘘) of saving precious seconds in handling tasks. All this saves time, but at a price. When we lose or gain half a day in speeding across the world in an
48、airplane, our bodies tell us so. We get the uncomfortable feeling known as jet-lag; our bodies feel that they have been left behind on another time zone. Again, spending too long at computers results in painful wrists and fingers. Mobile phones also have their dangers, according to some scientist; t
49、oo much use may transmit harmful radiation into our brains, a consequence we do not like to think about. However, what do we do with the time we have saved? Certainly not relax, or so it seems. We are so accustomed constant activity that we find it difficult to sit and do nothing or even just one thing at a time. Perhaps the days are long gone when we might listen q
