1、Unit 1 Laugh out loud! To know the usage of non-defining attributive clauses To write with non-defining attributive clauses Non-defining attributive clauses 1 Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions. a I walk through the doors into the waiting area, where theres famil
2、iar atmosphere of boredom and tension. b . laughter produces chemicals to make people feel better, which means clown doctors can be helpful. c I spent much of the time when I was there feeling frightened. 1. What do “where”, “which” and “when” refer to in each sentence? “where” refers to in the wait
3、ing area, “which” refers to the fact that laughter produces chemicals to make people feel better, “when” refers to the time. 2. Which sentences contain clause with essential information and which with extra information? If you take away the clauses, do the sentences still make sense? The last one co
4、ntains clause with essential information, and the other two contain clauses with extra information. If you take away the clauses, the last sentence makes no sense. 3.Which clauses are separated by a comma, the ones with essential information or the ones with extra information? The clauses with extra
5、 information are separated by a comma. We may conclude: Non-defining attributive clauses contain extra information that is not so essential. Non-defining attributive clauses are separated by a comma. Now look for more sentences with non- defining attributive clauses in the reading passage, and summa
6、rise their uses in your own words. People sit uncomfortably on plastic chairs, looking through old magazines, all of which have been read hundreds of times previously. I speak with the on-duty nurse, who tells me that Laras parents rushed her to the hospital after she fell off her bicycle. We have t
7、o be very sensitive and work closely with the doctors and nurses, who keep us updated on each patient. the usage of non-defining attributive clauses Teachers who are kind are popular with the students. 友善的老师受学生欢迎。友善的老师受学生欢迎。 Mr. Wang, who is kind, is popular with the students. 王老师很受学生欢迎，他很友善。王老师很受学生
8、欢迎，他很友善。 Teachers who are kind are popular with the students. Mr. Wang, who is kind, is popular with the students. 分析两种定语从句省略后的结果分析两种定语从句省略后的结果: : 限制性定语从句限制性定语从句省略省略 后主语所指就不明确后主语所指就不明确， 所以不能省略所以不能省略。 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句省省 略后意义略后意义 仍然完整，仍然完整， 所以可以省略。所以可以省略。 形式形式 作用作用 能否能否 省略省略 翻译翻译 限制性限制性 定语定语 从从 句句 非限制
9、非限制 性定语性定语 从句从句 逗号逗号 隔开隔开 修饰修饰 限定限定 补充补充 解释解释 能能 不能不能 的的 两个两个 句子句子 无无 逗逗 号号 非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明, 去掉去掉 了也了也 不会影响主句意思不会影响主句意思, 它与主句之间通常用它与主句之间通常用 逗号分开。逗号分开。 引导“非限定”的关系词有：引导“非限定”的关系词有： 1. 指人时：指人时： 2. 指物时：指物时： which （可指某个词也可指整个主句可指某个词也可指整个主句，从句只，从句只 能位于主句之后能位于主句之后） as （表示（表示正如正如，可位于主句前或主句
10、后），可位于主句前或主句后） 非限制性定语从句的用法非限制性定语从句的用法 who, whom, whose which, as 3. 指地点时：指地点时： 4. 指时间时：指时间时： 5. 指原因时：指原因时： where = 相应介词相应介词 + which when = 相应介词相应介词 + which for which （切不可用（切不可用why） 在在 of which / whom 之前可以使用表达数量之前可以使用表达数量 或定位的数词或代词或定位的数词或代词 1. I am doing different types of exercises, all of _ are qui
11、te helpful to my health. 2. Many people, some of _ are not overweight, are going on diets. 3. There are 54 students in my class, three of _ come from US. which whom whom “非限定”使用须知非限定”使用须知 1. 从句中所有的关系词都不可省略从句中所有的关系词都不可省略 2. 从句通常不能用从句通常不能用that引导引导 3. 在“非限定”中在“非限定”中, 指人的关系代词作宾语时指人的关系代词作宾语时, 只只 能用宾格能用宾格
12、whom, 不能用不能用who替换替换, 也不能省略。也不能省略。 4. 从句不能用从句不能用why引导引导, 要用要用 for which 代替代替why 5. 从句置于句首时从句置于句首时, 不能用不能用which引导引导; 而要用关而要用关 系代词系代词 as 引导引导 (as可放主句前可放主句前, 也可放主句后也可放主句后) 1) I have a sister who works in a hospital. 我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。我有一位在医院工作的姐姐。 （不只一位姐姐）（不只一位姐姐） 2) I have a sister, who works in a hospital.
13、 我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。我有一位姐姐，她在医院工作。 （只有一位姐姐）（只有一位姐姐） 有时同一个限制性从句变为非限制性从句会改有时同一个限制性从句变为非限制性从句会改 变全句的意思。变全句的意思。 as 和和 which 可指代整个主句可指代整个主句 as 可放在句中或句首可放在句中或句首, which 只放在句中只放在句中 _ we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. The sun heats the earth, _ is very important to us. As which as / which 引导非限定性定语从句的区别引
14、导非限定性定语从句的区别 关系代词关系代词as在定语从句中指代整件事，充当句在定语从句中指代整件事，充当句 中的主语或者宾语，它中的主语或者宾语，它经常和经常和the same, such, as 一起搭配使用，共同构成一个固定词组。一起搭配使用，共同构成一个固定词组。 1. As we all know, he is a famous scientist. 2. As is expected, he is a diligent boy. 3. She has the same book as you have. as 引导非限制性从句，常意为“正如”。引导非限制性从句，常意为“正如”。 可出
15、现在句首、句中、句末。常见结构有：可出现在句首、句中、句末。常见结构有： as is known to all as is often the case as might / could be expected as has been said before as has been mentioned above as has been pointed out as can be imagined as can be seen (from these figures) as often happens as will be shown 这是常有的事这是常有的事 正如人们所预料的正如人们所预料的
16、 正如上面所提到的正如上面所提到的 正如前面所说的正如前面所说的 正如所指出的正如所指出的 正如正如所示所示 1. The earth is round. _ is known to all. 2. The earth is round, _ is known to all. 3. _ is known to all, the earth is round. 4. _ is known to all that the earth is round. 5. _ is known to all is that the earth is round. It which / as As It Comp
17、are: (定从定从) (形式主语形式主语) What （主语从句）（主语从句） 非限制性定语从句和简单句的比较非限制性定语从句和简单句的比较 1. He failed in the exam. _ made his parents angry. 2. He failed in the exam, _ made his parents angry. 3. He has two sons. Both of _ are teachers. 4. He has two sons, both of _ are teachers. This which whom them 2 Read the pass
18、age and rewrite the tips using non-defining attributive clauses. Add more tips to the list if you can. SECRETS TO HAPPINESS Achieving a positive state of mind isnt easy for everyone. But there are ways to maintain a healthy mind even during times of difficulty. Go for a walk in the countryside. Ther
19、e you can enjoy the beautiful views and a peaceful atmosphere. Spend time with your family and friends. This will activate chemicals in your brain to make you feel happier. Try to accept your mistakes. You can learn a lot through them. Close your eyes and picture the future. Youve made your dreams c
20、ome true. Go for a walk in the countryside, where you can enjoy the beautiful views and a peaceful atmosphere. Spend time with your family and friends, which will activate chemicals in your brain to make you feel happier. Try to accept your mistakes, through which you can learn a lot. Close your eye
21、s and picture the future. Youve made your dreams come true. 3 Complete the joke with the sentence parts in the box using who / which and put commas in the correct position. has lost his patience by now he thinks will impress Holmes is lying next to him he finds annoying Sherlock Holmes Dr Watson One
22、 day, Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson go camping. They put up their tent under the stars and go to sleep. Suddenly, in the middle of the night, Watson is woken up by Holmes 1_ “Watson,” Holmes says, “look up at the stars, and tell me what they tell you.” Not quite sure what he means, Watson thinks Hol
23、mes is joking 2_ at this time of night. , who is lying next to him , which he finds annoying Even so, he replies, “I see millions of stars and its quite likely there are some planets like Earth. And if so, this means that there might also be life on other planets. ”Watson is pleased with his answer
24、3 _. But Holmes 4 _ shouts, “Watson, look around you! Use your eyes! Somebodys stolen our tent!” , which he thinks will impress Holmes , who has lost his patience by now 1. We have entered into an age _ dreams have the best chance of coming true. (2019 江苏卷江苏卷 单项填空单项填空) A. which B. what C. when D. th
25、at 2. Their child is at the stage_ she can say individual words but not full sentences. (2019 天津卷天津卷 单项填空单项填空) A. why B. where C. which D. what 3. One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground. (2019 新课标新课标卷卷 短文改错短文改错) 4. Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm
26、daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield， _ she opened with her late husband Les. (2019 新课标新课标卷卷 语法填空语法填空) when where 5. They were well trained by their masters _ had great experience with caring for these animals. (2019 新课标新课标卷卷 语法语法 填空填空) 6. In the cafe, customers will enjoy yourselves in the histori
27、cal environment what is created for them. (2019 新课标新课标卷卷 短文短文 改错改错) who that/ which 7. On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth _ gives off light in the dark. (2019 浙江卷浙江卷 语法填空语法填空) 8. What students do at college seems to matter much more than _ they go. (2019 北京卷北京卷 语法填空语法填空) that/ whic
28、h where 9. The students benefitting most from college are those _ are totally engaged(参参 与与) in academic life. (2019 北京卷北京卷 语法填语法填 空空) that/ who 1. The famous basketball star, _ is an American, came to China yesterday. 2. In those days, she used to go to Mr. Black, with _ she had a wonderful time. 3
29、. I bought a car yesterday, _ cost me a lot. 4. Xian, _ I visited last year, is a nice old city. who whom which which 5. He will come to see me next July, _ he wont be so busy. 6. The school, _ I once studied, was built thirty years ago. 7. John said hed been working in the office for an hour, _ was true. 8. The managers daughter, _ name is Ann, gave me a patient smile. when where which whose Think of a joke you find funny and write it down using non-defining attributive clauses where appropriate. Then share your joke with the class.
