1、 定语从句定语从句 一 定语从句的定义: 所谓定语从句, 就是用一个句子来做定语来修饰一个名词, 其中被修饰的名词叫做先行词,连接先行词和从句之间(或者说引导定语从句) 的词语叫做关系词,关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。其中常见的关系代词有: that,which,who,whom,whose,as,but,than;常见的关系副词有: why,when,where. (注意:what,how,whether,if 和特殊疑问词+ever 不能引导定语从句) 。 二 如何选择定语从句的连接词: 首先明确先行词是什么, 然后找到后面的从句, 把从句单独拿出来分析,看一看先行词在句子中做什么成分,根
2、据语法选择连接 词。 Eg:He tried to escape from the prison that/which was built in the Middle Age . 分析:1.找先行词:prison 2.把 prison 放入从句中可以看到 prison 在从句中 是做主语,即 the prison was built in the Middle Age .而在定语从句 中能充当主语的连接词一般情况下是 that 和 which,于是就能选出连接词了。 三连接词的用法: 1.that:可以修饰人和物,在从句中作主语或宾语,表语,做宾语的时候一般情 况下可以省略。 Eg: She
3、is a girl who/that has long hair.(在从句中做主语) Is this the news (that)/which you wanted to tell me yesterday?(在从句中做宾语,可以省略 that) He is no longer a kind-hearted man that he used to be(在 从句中做表语) 注意: 1) that 可以用于表示时间、 地点、 方式、 理由的名词后取代 when, where, why 和介词+ which引导的定语从句,在口语中 that 常被省略,例如: His father died in
4、 the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他 父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 延伸:the way that /where /不填+定语从句:的方式 Eg:I dont like the way that /where/不填 you were talking to me. 我不喜欢你对我说话的方式。 2)不用 that 的情况: a) 在引
5、导非限定性定语从句时。 (错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. (需把 that 改成 which) b) 介词后不能用。 Eg:We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. 3)只能用 that 作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a) 在 there be 句型中,只用 that,不用 which。 b) 在不定代词,如:anything,
6、nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little 等作先行词时,只用 that,不用 which。 c) 先行词有 the only, the very 修饰时,只用 that。 d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用 that。. e) 先行词既有人,又有物时。 f) 当先行词为 that(that 这里指代一件事)的时候,连接词不能用 that Eg: All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he
7、 had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察. 2.which: 具体地指一群事物中的一个物体;在从句中可做主语或宾语等 Eg: He dosent think the theory is right which/ that is put forward recently.(在从句中做主语) Tom lost his favorite pen which/that his father bought for him.(在从句中做宾语) 注意:1)which 可以引导非限制性定语从句,而 that 不能。当引导非限制性定 语从句的时候 which 的用法
8、见下面的归纳。 2)只能用 which 的情况: a)非限制性定语从句中。 E.g. Mary has a book, which is very precious. b)在介词之后。 E.g. This is a house in which lives an old man. c)当主句中的主语被 that 修饰时。 E.g. That dog which I found in the street belongs to Mary. 3)定语从句中常出现“介词+which”来表示相应的关系副词的结构,具体 情况见下面的归纳。 3.who: 指某个人,在从句中可做主语和宾语等。 Eg: Is
9、 this the man who/ that/whom you are searching for?(在从 句中做宾语) The murderer who/ that had killed the man was finally sentenced to death .(在从句中做主语) 4.whom: who 的宾格形式,在从句中做宾语 Eg:The little kid who/ that/whom I saw playing near the river is still missing now (在从句中做宾语) 注意:与 who 的区别:whom 在从句中只能做宾语,而 who 可
10、以做主语和宾语。 5.whose:指某个人或物的某件东西,需与名词连用,连用后在从句中可做主语 和宾语等,可以与 of which 互换。 Eg : The tiger whose tail was cruelly cut out lost its life finally.(在从句中做定语) The tiger of which tail was cruelly cut out lost its life finally. The tiger tail of which was cruelly cut out lost its life finally. 6.as:可以指代一件事或者物品、人
11、,在从句中可以充当主语和宾语,引导非限 制性定语从句的时候多见于 suchas和 the sameas的结构中。 Eg:As we know , we need food every day.(as 指代我们需要食物这件 事,在从句中作主语) Have you seen such a watch as I lost yesterday.(在从句中做 宾语) 注意:1)suchas结构与 suchthat结构的区别:前者说明从句中的 as 所指代的东西是和主句中先行词同一类型的事物;而后者 that 所指代的东西就 是先行词。当选择题遇上这两种结构时,应结合具体语境来选择正确选项。 Eg: Ha
12、ve you seen such a watch as I lost yesterday? Have you seen such a watch that I lost yesterday? 分析: 前一句说明你看到的手表和我昨天丢的手表是同一类型的,但你看到的手 表并不一定是我丢的那一架, 但后一句则说明你看到的手表就是我昨天丢的那一 架。 7.but:可被看作关系代词,引导定语从句时多见于否定句中,在从句中作主语。 意义上相当于 who not 或 that not,即用在否定词或具有否定意义的词后,构 成双重否定。 如: There is no mother but loves her
13、children没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。 There was no one present but knew the story already在场的人都知道这 个故事。 8.than:than 在定语从句中作关系代词,在从句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语, 但仍以充当主语为多。在定语从句中,它与关系代词 that 所起的语法作用是差 不多的,只是在翻译或解释时,要比 that 多一层比较的意味。另外,由 than 含有比较意味可知,该类定语从句的先行词前 通常要有形容词的比较级形式。 例如: You make more money than is intended to make.(主语) 你挣
14、得的钱比预计的 要多。 There was more casualties than was reported. 伤亡人数比报道的要多。 During the winter holidays, I made much more money than Li Ming did.(宾 语) 在寒假期间,我挣的钱比李明多得多。 He got to know a famous writer who knew much more knowledge than his own (knowledge was). 他认识了一位比自己有更多知识的优秀作家。 9.where:在从句中充当地点状语,有时可用“介词+w
15、hich”来表示。 Eg: He decided to move from the place where/at which no one lived any longer.(在从句中做地点状语) Can you show me around the house where/ in which you live ? 注 意 : 1 ) where常 用 于 修 饰 下 面 的 一 些 抽 象 名 词 case,point,situation,scence,condition,stage,degree,activity,dance,pa rt 等: a) where 定语从句修饰抽象名词 poi
16、nt You reach a point where medicine cant help. 你已到了药物无法治疗的地 步。 The crisis has reached a point where the receiver will have to be called in. 危机已达到非把破产管理人叫来不可的地步。 We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的 地步。 注意:有时 point 也可以是具体的地点: Let the point where AB cuts CD be called E. 设 AB 线与
17、 CD 线的相交点为 E。 The accident happened at the point where the A15 joins the M1. 事故发 生在 A15 与 M1 交叉的十字路口。 b) where 定语从句修饰抽象名词 case There are cases where the word “mighty” is used as an adverb. 在一些 情况下,mighty 一词可用作副词。 Today, well discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the langua
18、ge properly. 今天,我们将讨论一些英语初学者对英语使用 不当的问题。 c) where 定语从句修饰抽象名词 activity Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing. 那些失聪的成功舞蹈演员们认为,舞蹈是 一种让人看胜过让人听的活动。 D)where 定语从句修饰抽象名词 situation He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right
19、 and wrong. 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。 If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it. 你如果拿重要的东西去冒险,那你就是 将它置于一种可能会失去它的危险境地。 e)where 定语从句修饰抽象名词 position Its put me in a position where I cant afford to take the job. 这使 我陷入一种不能接受此工作的境地。 f)where 定语从句修饰抽象名词 job
20、She wants a job where her management skills can be put to good use. 她 想找一份能将她的管理技能派上用场的工作。 I dont want a job where Im chained to a desk all day. 我不想找一份 整天坐在办公桌前的工作。 g)where 定语从句修饰抽象名词 way I dont like the way that /不填/where you were talking to me .我不喜欢你对我说话的方式。 2) from where 引导的定语从句: from 后面可以跟介词短语,
21、如 fron behind the tree。当出现这个结构的时候,需引起注意。 Eg: She climbed up to the top of the hill from where she could have a good view of the whole city.她登上山顶,从那里她可以一 览全城风光。 分析:from where 相当于 from on the top of the which(which 指代 hill),也可以直接用 where 引导,但语义较为含糊,不如直接用 from where 更加生动形象,具体,不能改成用 from which,因为这样做会形成歧义
22、,让人 搞不懂到底是指 from the top 还是 from the town。 China is the birthplace of kites, from where kiteflying spread to Japan and Thailand. 分析:这里的 from where 与下面的 spread to 构成一个整体,可以理解为 from near/around this place。显然把 from where 改成 where 是说不通的。改成 from which 讲得通,但英语中通常不这么用。 迁移:from where 也可以引导状语地点状语从句: Eg The c
23、ar stopped suddenly only a few inches from where I stood. 分析:这里的划线部分中 where 引导的是宾语从句,与 from 一起做地点状语从 句。 10.when:在从句中做时间状语,有时可用“介词+which”来代替 Eg: Do you still remember the weekday when/on which we got to know each other?(在从句中做时间状语) 注意:1)when 常用语修饰 occasion 等抽象名词: Eg: Occasions are very rare when I sta
24、y with my family .(我 和家人呆在一起的机会/时间很少) 2)当从句的先行词是 time 时,有如下规则: a.当 time 前有序数词修饰时,关系词用 that 或者不填 b当 time 前无序数词修饰时,关系词用 that 或者 when Eg: The first time that/不填 we saw her was in 1998. 11.why:在从句中做原因状语,可用“for which”来代替,经常与先行词 reason 连用。 Eg: Can you tell me the reason why/for which you were absent from
25、the class today?(在从句中做原因状语) 注意: 当 reason 在从句中做主语或者宾语的时候, 连接词还是要用 that 或 which 的,不能一看到 reason 就选择 why。 Eg:Do you know the reason that/which may explain his absence.(在 从句中做主语) 四限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 1.定义:定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,其在形式上最 大的区别就是从句是否与主句有用逗号隔开:如果隔开了,则为非限制性定语从 句;反之则为限制性定语从句。所有的关系词中除了 that,but,th
26、an 不能引导 非限制性定语从句外,其他的都能引导。 Eg: As is known to us ,the earth turns around the sun.(as 做主语, 指代地球绕太阳旋转这一事实) He went home ,where he had lived for 20 years.(where 做地点状语) 2. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句之间的区别: 1)限制性定语从句代表描写对象是不确定的,范围很大,而后者是确定的。 Eg:He has a son , who lives abroad.只有一个儿子,范围明确。 He has a son who lives abr
27、oad.有一个住在国外的儿子,但儿子可能 有好几个,范围不明确。 非限制性定语从句是对主句的一种补充说明: Eg: My wife who is a nurse is studying in Beijing now.这一句是错的, 妻子有好几个,这与事实不符,所以应将主句与从句分开。 2)非限制性定语从句可修饰前面的整个句子 Eg:The bishop wears no dress which makes him different.这一句千万不能 用非限制性定语从句,如果用了的话原句的意思就变成大主教不穿衣服,这件事 让他与众不同; 而用限制性定语从句的话的意思则是大主教不穿那些令他与众不
28、同的衣服。 3)有时为了舒缓语气,也使用非限制性定语从句 Eg:The bishop wears no dress, which makes him different. 大主教不穿 衣服,这件事让他与众不同。 3.非限制性定语从句中 as 和 which 的区别 1).定义:as 引导非限制性定语从句,只代表主语或主句的一部分所表达的意 思(不能指代某个名词或代词),可以放在主句前,后或中间,在从句中作主语或 宾语、例如: Eg:As is known to all, he is the best student in our clas s.(as 指代整个句子,作主语,置于句首) He o
29、pposed the idea, as could be expected. (as 指代整个句 子,作主语,置于句末) As we all know, he studies very hard. (as 指代整个句子, 作 宾语,置于句首) Taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part of China. (a s 指代整个句子,作宾语,置于句中) 2).在非限制性定语从句中,which 和 as 引导定语从句时的区别: a. which 引导的从句不能放在主句前,而 as 引导的从句则既可以放在主句前, 也可以放在主句后: Eg: As ( 正 确
30、 ) is often the case, he is absent. Which ( 错 误) He saw the girl, as (正确) He had hoped. Which (正 确) b.做关系代词时,as 和 which 都可以指代一个句子,但 as 有“正如” 、 “就像” 之意,which 则没有此含义。 Eg: He is a foreigner, as I know from his accent. (as 指代 一个句子,意为“正如” 、 “就像”) He has to work on Sunday, which he does not like. (which 指
31、代一个句子,没有“正如” 、 “就像”) c.当从句的谓语动词是 be 或相当于联系动词的 seem, become 等时,可用 as 或 which 作主语。但当从句的谓语是行为动词时,只能用 which 作主语: Eg: He married her, as (正 确) was / seemed natural. Which (正确) He saw the girl, as (错误) delighted him. Which (正确) d.as 不能跟复合结构使用,而是多与被动句使用。 Eg: As is important to me , I can pass the final exa
32、ms. 注意:当定语从句的动作尚未发生时,可用“介词+特殊疑问词+to do“的复合 结构来做定语修饰先行词。 Eg:75 cents, with which to buy Jim a present ,stands for the friendship.给 Jim 买礼物的动作还未发生。 五隔离式定语从句:有时为了避免句子“头重脚轻” ,会将定语从句与先行词 分开,置于句末的现象。 Eg:The theory proved right which was put forward by him. Occasions are very rare when I stay with my famil
33、y. 六定语从句的一些辨析: 1.与同位语从句的区别:定语从句所修饰的名词(即先行词)在从句中有充当成 分;而同位语从句则不充当成分,整个从句是对所修饰名词的一种说明。 Eg: I have no idea where the meeting will be held.同位语从句,idea 不在从句中充当成分。 I have no idea that is better than his.定语从句,idea 在从 句中做主语。 2.与地点状语从句和时间状语从句的区别: 地点状语从句和时间状语从句的引导 词修饰的是整个主句或主句的动词。如果引导词跟在主句的名词后面,这时它们 与定语从句的区别是:
34、地点/时间状语从句前面的名词不在从句中充当成分,而 定语从句前面的名词(即先行词)在从句中是有充当成分的。 Eg; Please put the medicine where the little kid cannot reach out.地点状语从句,medicine 不在从句中充当成分。 Please pass me the medicine that I need to take.定语从 句,medicine 在从句中做宾语。 3.与强调句的区别:有时强调句会把句子的时间/地点状语拿来强调, 这样就造成 强调句的形式和某些定语从句很相似, 此时判断一个句子是否是强调句还是定语 从句的方法就是:先把 it is /was that去掉,然后看一看剩下的部分是否 能组成一个成分完整的句子, 如果能, 那么句子就是强调句; 反之则为定语从句。 Eg:It was in a winter that we met each other.强调句,去掉 it is /was that之后句子变为 we met each other in a winter,句子成分 完整。 It was a winter when we met each other.定语从句,去掉 it is /was when之后句子变为 we met each other a winter,句子成分不 完整。