1、近六年阅读理解的盾和矛近六年阅读理解的盾和矛 高考阅读理解的题目大概分为两个：直接信息题（learn, know）；间接推断题（infer, indicate），包含词义推测，主旨大意，推理判断（含观点题，写作目的等）。而第二类占 大头。其中，主旨大意题，推理判断又是核心。主旨大意题，是有一定的规律的，基本上 要读懂文章结构，掌握不同结构的 topic sentence 在哪里。 请大家观察近五年的主旨大意题的觃律，首句为主旨，占 90%；这几年科普文章 的段落或文章结构大概如下： 比较式（先说 A，再引出话题 B），第 1 题； 概念式 （先说一个概念话题， 基本是某个专有名词， 然后具体解
2、释， 最后建议等） ， 第 2 题； 论证式（先说观点，然后说实验或例子或列举，最后总结），第 3-8 题； 还有一些常见的分类，如问题建议；现象分析等等，基本都可以简化成上面的。 对于记叙文，最后一题，另当别论吧。 很多结构并非如此分明，往往三种结构混合，需要特别说明的。 命题的盾：主题句本来很清晰，但干扰项扑朔迷离，干扰项替换或增加词（文章 说预防，它说抗击），减少高频词或限定语（文章说对孩子的影响，它只说影响）， 错位句（本来第一句主题句说错误看法，第二句说错误看法原因，干扰项把第二句原 因细节当主题句。类似的还有因果倒置） 解题的矛：始终抓住结构，把握主题句和高频词。 下面题目答案说明
3、： 第 5 题，首段就说 influence，其余都是具体解释，末段才说建议，但 D 项没有提 到 children 这个高频核心词。 对比：第 6 题，首段说 seriousness，然后大段说解决措施，因此作者的写作目 的就是在于解决措施。 再对比：第 4 题，先说厄尔尼诺现象，然后解释影响，再重点说如何觃避影响： prepare in advance，末段具体说预防措施。主题在于预防这种现象的措施。干扰项说 抗击现象措施。 1 （2016 江苏 B） 3 Human children, on the other hand are extremely cooperative. From t
4、he earliest ages, they decide to help others, to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with
5、 hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help. 5 The core of what childrens minds have and chimps dont is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But beyond that, even very young children w
6、ant to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal. The passage is mainly about _. A. the helping behaviors of young children B. ways to train childrens shared intentionality C. cooperation as a distinctive human nature D. t
7、he development of intelligence in children 2 （2019 江苏 B） Most of us，when we talk about volcanoes，think of the classic cone（圆锥体） shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro，which are created when erupting magma（岩浆） piles up. These can form remarkably quickly. In 1943，a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke r
8、ising from a small part of his land. In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high. Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across. Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all but a few hundr
9、ed of them extinct. There is，however，a second less known type of volcano that doesnt involve mountain building. These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack，leaving behind a vast hole，the caldera. Yellowstone obviously was of this second type，but Christiansen couldnt f
10、ind the caldera anywhere. What does the second-paragraph mainly talk about？ A. The shapes of volcanoes. B. The impacts of volcanoes. C. The activities of volcanoes. D. The heights of volcanoes. 3（2018 江苏 B） 5 Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spendingbad tables, crowding, high pr
11、ices dont necessarily. Diners at bad tables next to the kitchen door, say spent nearly as much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not be overly concerned about bad tables, given that theyre profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased
12、a restaurants reputation, suggesting great food at fair prices. And doubling a buffets price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier. What does the last paragraph talk about? A. Tips to attract more customers. B. Problems restaurants are faced with. C. Ways to improve restaurants
13、reputation. D. Common misunderstandings about restaurants. 4 (2016 江苏) But such Nio come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past tw
14、o decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction. 5 Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施）can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers (下水道）mak
15、e it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Nio harmful effectsan
16、d the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their lo
17、sses from disasters linked to El Nio, reducing their losses needs to be the priority. What is the authors purpose in writing the passage? A. To introduce El Nio and its origin. B. To explain the consequences of El Nio. C. To show ways of fighting against El Nio. D. To urge people to prepare for El N
18、io. 5（2018 江苏） Children as young as ten are becoming dependent on social media for their sense of self-worth, a major study warned. The Childrens Commissioner said schools and parents must now do more to prepare children for the emotional minefield(雷区）they faced online. And she said social media com
19、panies must also take more responsibility. They should either monitor their websites better so that children do not sign up too early, or they should adjust their websites to the needs of younger users. What does the passage mainly talk about? A. The influence of social media on children. B. The imp
20、ortance of social media to children. C. The problem in building a healthy relationship. D. The measure to reduce risks from social media. 6 (2015 江苏卷) 1 Suppose you become a leader in an organization. Its very likely that you want to have volunteers to help with the organizations activities. To do s
21、o, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work. What is the best title of the passage? A. How to Get People to Volunteer B. How to Study Volunteer Behaviors C. How to Keep Volunteers Interest D. How to Organize Volunteer Activities 7（201
22、5 江苏卷） 1 In the United States alone, over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year. Cell-phones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants. The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole
23、. 8 From the governments point of view, a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers. What does the passage mainly talk about? A. The increa
24、se in e-waste. B. The creation of e-waste. C. The seriousness of e-waste. D. The management of e-waste. 8 (2019 年 D） The 65-year-old Steve Goodwin was found suffering from early Alzheimers（阿 尔楚海默症）. He was losing his memory. After the concert, Naomi told the family that Steves music was beautiful an
25、d professional. It needed to be shared in public. The family rented a former church in downtown Portland and scheduled a concert. By the day of the show, more than 300 people had said they would attend. By then, Steve was having a hard time remembering the names of some of his friends. He knew the p
26、ath his life was now taking. He told his family he was at peace. Steve arrived and sat in the front row, surrounded by his family. The house lights faded. Naomi took the stage. Her fingers. His heart. What can be a suitable title for the passage? A. The Kindness of Friends B. The Power of Music C. T
27、he Making of a Musician D. The Value of Determination 其它练习 1 We know the famous onesthe Thomas Edisons and the Alexander Graham Bellsbut what about the less famous inventors? What about the people who invented the traffic light and the windshield wiper （雨刮器） ? Shouldnt we know who they are? Today we
28、 benefit from countless inventions and innovations. Its hard to imagine driving without Garrett A. Morgans traffic light. Its equally impossible to picture a world without Katherine J. Blodgetts innovation that makes glass invisible. Can you picture life without clear windows and eyeglasses? Which o
29、f the following can best serve as the title of this passage? A. How to Help Students to Sell Their Inventions to Producers? B. How to Design a Built-in Device for Cleaning the Window? C. Shouldnt We Know Who Invented the Windshield Wiper? D. Shouldnt We Develop Invention Courses in Universities? (20
30、11 江苏卷) 2 That day, the boys from both teams helped bring a piece of true love and humanity into this world. Shay didnt make it to another summer and died that winter, having never forgotten being the hero and making his father so happy and coming home and seeing his mother tearfully hug her little
31、hero of the day! What do you think is the theme of the story? A. True human nature could be realized in the way we treat each other. B. Everyone has his own strength even if mentally or physically disabled. C. Everyone can develop his team spirit in sports and please his parents. D. The results of t
32、he game should not be the only concern of the players. (2011 江苏卷) 3 Of course, markets and queues are not the only ways of allocating things. Some goods we distribute by merit, others by need, still others by chance. However, the tendency of markets to replace queues, and other non-market ways of al
33、locating goods is so common in modern life that we scarcely notice it anymore. It is striking that most of the paid queue-jumping schemes weve consideredat airports and amusement parks, in call centers, doctors offices, and national parksare recent developments, scarcely imaginable three decades ago
34、. The disappearance of the queues in these places may seem an unusual concern, but these are not the only places that markets have entered. The passage is meant to_. A. justify paying for faster services B. discuss the morals of allocating things C. analyze the reason for standing in line D. critici
35、ze the behavior of queue jumping (2013 江苏卷) 4 Mark Twain has been called the inventor of the American novel. And he surely deserves additional praise: the man who popularized the clever literary attack on racism. Was Twain a racist? Asking the question in the 21st century is as wise as asking the sa
36、me of Lincoln. If we read the words and attitudes of the past through the “wisdom” of the considered moral judgments of the present, we will find nothing but error. Lincoln, who believed the black man the inferior of the white, fought and won a war to free him. And Twain, raised in a slave state, br
37、iefly a soldier, and inventor of Jim, may have done more to anger the nation over racial injustice and awaken its collective conscience than any other novelist in the past century. What does the author mainly argue for? A. Twain had done more than his contemporary writers to attack racism. B. Twain
38、was an admirable figure comparable to Abraham Lincoln. C. Twains works had been banned on unreasonable grounds. D. Twains works should be read from a historical point of view. (2014 江苏卷) 答案：C。文章第一段就呼吁我们要关注那些易被忽略的小发明及其 发明者，结尾段重申这些小发明的意义。 答案：A。文章最后一段的第一句话已经概括了主旨，即“爱和人性”。 与此最接近的是 A 项，为正确答案。 答案：B。文章的写作目的主要在首尾两段，文章首段是引出话题， 末段具体论述事物分配的原则，重点分析了排队原则和市场原则。请注意 however 后的描述：other non-market ways of allocating goods 可以看出 答案。 答案： A。 第 1 段， 作者点明了观点， 即认为马克 吐温是“the man who popularized the clever literary attack on racism”。从这句话可以看出两 个方面：一是作者对于马克 吐温持正面评价，二是马克 吐温是反种族主 义的立场。结合末段的首句提问，确定本文的核心就是谈他对种族主义的 批判。
