1、句子成分和句子结构,什么是句子？,句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有标点符号,I am a teacher. Are you a student? How beautiful the girl is !,那什么是成分？,食用油的成分,人体也是由各种成分组成,句子成份, 句子一般由两个部分组成：,主语部分（ subject group）,谓语部分（ predicate group）, 句子成份：,主,谓,宾,表,补,定,状,Members of sentence: S - subject P - predicative O - o
2、bject Attri.-attribute Adv.- adverb Oc - object complement,主,宾,表,宾补,定,状,1) 主语（subject）,I like football.,The boy needs a pen.,句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由 担任,常置于句首。,2) 谓语（predicate）,说明主语的动作或状态。由 担任。 常置于主语后。,The train leaves at 6 oclock.,I want a ticket.,动词不定式,动名词 或从句,名词,主格代词,动词,3) 宾语（object）,4) 表语（predicative）,
3、He won the game. On the desk,表示vt.的动作对象或prep.所联系的对象。 由n.或相当于n.的词担任。置于vt.或prep.后。,Tome lost his life in the big fire.,He is a student.,用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。 由n.或adj.担任。置于系动词之后。,除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词， 1)表感官的动词: 2) 表转变变化的动词: 3)表延续的动词,feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。,become, get, grow, tu
4、rn, go,等,remain, keep, stay等。,5) 宾补（objective complement）,补充说明宾语的情况 。 由n. /adj. /介宾 /分词 /不定式等担任。,They made him king.,? ?,I consider the book too expensive.,? ?,6) 定语（attributive） 对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示,通常位于被修饰的成分前。,The black bike is mine.,( ),说明1：当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing , anything , everything ,
5、 something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语 我告诉他一些有趣的事情。 I tell him something interesting . 说明2：不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。 这间屋子里的男孩子们是10班的。 The students in the room are in Class Nine.,7) 状语（adverbial）,用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句,位置灵活。通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首； 修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前； 表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首， 一些表示不确定时间（如：of
6、ten）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。,I am very sorry. We often help him. When I grow up , I am going to be a teacher . （从句作时间状语),句子类型,简单句,并列句,复合句,.简单句,1. Things changed. 2. Trees are green. 3. We dont beat children. 4. He gave his sister the piano. 5. I found the book easy.,主 + 谓,主 + 谓 +
7、表,主 + 谓 + 宾,主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语,? ?,主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补,Nobody went. She became a doctor. The car caught fire. I will write you a long letter. I will let him go.,Practice,? ?,主 + 谓,主 + 谓 + 表,主 + 谓 + 宾,主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语,主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补,.并列句,This is me and these are my friends. They must stay in water, or
8、 they will die. Its not cheap, but it is very good. It was late, so I went to bed.,and,or,but,so,He knocked at the door; there was no answer. Youre alive! And shes dead.,名词性从句,状语从句,定语从句,主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句,.复合句,A plane is a machine that can fly.,He said that he didnt like her.,状语从句,分为九类：时间、地点、原因、结果
9、、 目的、条件、让步、方式、程度,1) 时间状语从句,Wait until you are called. When spring came, leaves turn green.,常用的关联词有：as, after, before, since, till/ until, when, while, as soon as, whenever等,2) 地点状语从句,Put it where you found it. Sit down wherever you like.,常用的关联词有：where, wherever, anywhere,3) 原因状语从句,As I didnt know th
10、e way, I asked a policeman,常用的关联词有：because, as, since,4) 结果状语从句,I was in the bath so that I didnt hear the telephone.,常用的关联词有：so, so that, such that,5) 目的状语从句,Ill show you so you will see how its done.,常用的关联词有：so, so that, in order that,6) 条件状语从句,If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.,常用的关联词
11、有：if, unless, in case that, on condition that,常用的关联词有：though, although, even if, even though,7) 让步状语从句,Though Im fond of music,I cant play any instrument.,常用的关联词有：as, as if, as though, how,常用的关联词有：so, so that, as far as, so long as,8) 方式状语从句,He did just as you told him.,9) 程度状语从句,So long as you need
12、 me, Ill stay.,名词性从句,1) 主语从句,* What he said is not known. * That we shall be late is certain. * It is certain that we shall be late. * How strange it is that the children are so quiet!,2）表语从句,* That is what he wants to buy. * The problem is that who we can get to replace her? * The reason is that he
13、 has lied to me several times.,3) 宾语从句,* I understand that he is well qualified. * He said that he didnt like her. * I dont know if you can help me.,4) 同位语从句,* Where did you get the idea that I couldnt come? * The question who should do the work requires consideration. * Mother made a promise that she would buy me a new coat.,the idea,The question,a promise,注意！,* that与what都可以引导名词性从句。 * what在从句中充当句子成份（主,宾,表）。 * That在句中只起连接作用，不充当成份。 * that在引导名词性从句时不可省略（宾语从句除外）.,That is what he wants to buy. That we shall be late is certain. He said (that) he didnt like her.,引导词that & what,谢 谢 欣 赏,
