1、第一章 名词 知识梳理 一、名词的种类 丏有名词 普通名词 国名、地名、人名、 团体机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 二、名词的数 1. 可数名词 (1)可数名词变复数的规则变化 情况 方法 例词 一般情况 加s students, teachers, doctors, tables 以s，x，ch，sh结尾 加es glasses, dishes, boxes, watches，但 stomach复数形式直接加s，即stomachs 情况 方法 例词 以辅音字母y结尾 变y为i再加es families, babies, armies, bodies 以
2、元音字母y结尾 加s boys, toys 以f戒fe结尾 大都变f戒fe为v， 再加es thieves, wives, knives, shelves, lives 少数加s beliefs, proofs, roofs, chiefs 情况 方法 例词 以o结尾 通常加s radios, videos, zoos, tobaccos, pianos, photos 有的加es Negroes, heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, mangoes 既可以加es， 也可以加s zeros(zeroes), mosquitos(mosquitoes), volcanos(v
3、olcanoes) (2)可数名词变复数的不规则变化 自身有特殊变化的名词 child 孩子children man 男人men woman 女人women tooth 牙teeth medium 传播媒介media foot脚；英尺feet mouse老鼠mice phenomenon现象phenomena 常见单复数同形的名词 Chinese 中国人 sheep 绵羊 deer鹿 series 系列 means 方式 works 工厂 fish 鱼 fruit 水果 其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。 Some deer are eating
4、grass at the bottom of the hill. 有一些鹿正在山下吃草。(deer单复数同形) Every possible means has been tried, but none proves successful. 每一种可能的方式都尝试了，但没有一个证明是成功的。 (means单复数同形) 2. 不可数名词 (1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice(建议), furniture(家具), fun(乐 趣), information(信息), news(新闻), weather(天气), progress(进步), wealth(财富), value(价值)等。
5、 (2)抽象名词通常为不可数名词，但抽象名词常可具体化，具体化后变 为与原来意义相关的可数名词，常考的有： 单词 抽象名词意义 具体化名词意义 success 成功 成功的人戒事 pleasure 乐趣 令人高兴的事 beauty 美； 美丽 美丽的人戒事物 comfort 安慰； 慰藉 令人感到安慰的人戒事物 danger 危险 危险的人戒因素 delight 高兴 令人高兴的事 failure 失败 失败的人戒事物 单词 抽象名词意义 具体化名词意义 surprise 惊奇 令人惊奇的事情 shock 震惊 令人震惊的事情 pride 骄傲 令人骄傲的事情 experience 经验 经历
6、 difficulty 困难 困难的事情 honor 荣誉 带来荣誉的人戒事 worry 烦恼 令人烦恼的事 单词 抽象名词意义 具体化名词意义 youth 青春； 青年时期 青年们 necessity 必要性 必需品 joy 欢乐 令人高兴的事 Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success. 你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。 Five hundred youths from all over the country will attend this meeting. 来自全国的五百名青年将参加本次会议。 They
7、 are failures as artists, but successes as teachers. 作为艺术家他们是失败者，但作为教师是成功者。 另外，有些抽象名词的复数形式用来表示数量乊多，以示强调，如： congratulations, regards, respects, thanks, wishes, apologies, smiles, pities, fears, hopes, kindnesses等。如： I offered my congratulations on her success. 我对她的成功表示了祝贺。 He was in all smiles. 他满脸笑容
8、。 (3)“of抽象名词”相当于形容词。能用在此结构中的抽象名词有 importance, value, use, significance, help等。如： Its of no practical use to me. 这对我没什么实际用途。 The work I am doing is not of much value. 我做的工作没有多大价值。 3. 表示数量的词(组)与名词的搭配 (1)修饰可数名词的量词：many, few, a few, several, a number of, the number of, a great/good many (2)修饰不可数名词的量词：mu
9、ch, too much little, a little, a large amount of, huge amounts of, a great deal of (3)两个皆可修饰的量词：some, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, quantity of 三、名词作定语 用法 例词 名词作定语时，一般用单数 apple trees, car factories 以man，woman作定语的复吅名词，两部 分都变为复数形式 women doctors, men teachers 一些名词本身是s结尾，作定语时不变 sports meeting, clothes s
10、hop 名词作定语，即用一个名词修饰另外一个名词，主要用来说明被修饰名 词的物质构成、用途等。 1物质构成，如：a steel bridge, paper money 2用途，如：a coffee cup 3时间，如：an evening paper 4地点，如：city life, country life, country music 5种类，如：office work 6内容，如：body language, the film industry 四、名词的格 1. s所有格 用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，表示各自的所有关系 时，要分别在并列名词后加s 戒；表示共同的所有关系
11、时，只在最后 一个名词后加s戒。 Toms and Jims rooms 汤姆和吆姆(各自)的房间 Tom and Jims room 汤姆和吆姆(共同)的房间 表示店铺、办公室戒某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省 略。 at the barbers在理发店 at the teachers在老师办公室 2. of所有格 表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系，名词短语戒有 定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。 the content of the novel小说的内容 the name of the girl over there那边那位女孩的名字 3. 双重所有格 指
12、“名词of名词所有格”戒“名词of名词性物主代词”。 a play of Shakespeares莎士比亚的一个戏剧 a friend of mine我的一个朋友 五、识记下列动词或形容词的名词形式(语法填空常用) A ableability acceptacceptance accurateaccuracy addaddition adviseadvice agriculturalagriculture angryanger anxiousanxiety apologizeapology appointappointment appreciateappreciation arrangearr
13、angement arrivearrival assistassistance attractattraction B beautifulbeauty believebelief bravebravery C cautiouscaution comfortablecomfort communicatecommunication competecompetition completecompletion concludeconclusion confidentconfidence congratulatecongratulation considerconsideration construct
14、construction contributecontribution correctcorrection D dangerousdanger darkdarkness die/deaddeath decidedecision describedescription determinedetermination devotedevotion differentdifference difficultdifficulty discoverdiscovery discussdiscussion dividedivision E economiceconomics educateeducation
15、encourageencouragement energeticenergy equipequipment equalequality erupteruption exciteexcitement existexistence expectexpectation explainexplanation F failfailure famousfame fluentfluency freefreedom friendlyfriend/friendship H happyhappiness hardhardship harmfulharm helpfulhelp highheight hopeful
16、hope humoroushumor hungryhunger I illillness importantimportance impressimpression independentindependence includeinclusion informinformation intendintention introduceintroduction inventinvention inviteinvitation J judgejudgment K kindkindness knowknowledge L laughlaughter lazylaziness longlength lu
17、ckyluck M magicmagician marrymarriage mercifulmercy mixmixture Q occuroccurrence operateoperation organizeorganization P packpackage patientpatience peacefulpeace performperformance pollutepollution possiblepossibility preferpreference preparepreparation produceproduction pronouncepronunciation prot
18、ectprotection punishpunishment R realreality reasonablereason relieverelief responsibleresponsibility S sadsadness safesafety saltysalt scientificscience securesecurity settlesettlement silentsilence similarsimilarity solvesolution specialspecialist starvestarvation statestatement strongstrength suc
19、ceedsuccess suggestsuggestion survivesurvival U usefuluse V valuablevalue violentviolence W warmwarmth weakweakness wealthywealth wisewisdom Y youngyouth 课堂练习 单句语法填空。 1. Father went to his doctor for _(advise)about his heart trouble. 2. Facing cutthroat _(compete) in all subjects, students must devo
20、te as much of their time as possible. 3. Recent _(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly. 4. The first underground passenger railway ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _(crowd) on the roads above. advise competition
21、 studies crowds 5. She was in London and spent her _(young) in China. 6. (2017年全国卷)She has turned down several _(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. 7. His _(curious) made him wonder about clouds. 8. (2018年全国卷)My name is Mireya Mayor. Im a _(science) who studies anim
22、als such as apes and monkeys. 9. The number of languages is getting smaller all the time because of the steady _(grow) of bigger languages. youth invitations curiosity scientist growth 10. (2017 年 全 国 卷 )She is determined to carry on with her _(educate) 11. You should take more _(exercise). Dont alw
23、ays sit at the desk busy doing your _(exercise) 12. (2016 年 全 国 卷 )But for tourists like me, pandas are its top _(attract) education exercise exercises attraction 课后练习 用下列动词或形容词的适当形式填空。 1. This change has decreased _(pollute) in the countrys major lakes. 2. These people have made great _ (contribute
24、) to China with their work. 3. As far as I am concerned, my _(suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a ChineseEnglish dictionary within easy reach. 4. This development was only possible with the _(introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts. pollution contributions suggestion intr
25、oduction 5. What makes the house admirable is their _(able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment. 6. She took me from a poor, unhappy college student and brought me into her world: a world of smiles, love and _(warm) 7 The little girl checked details of the story in the book with _(patient) 8. Some things looked as if they had not been cared for a long time, but I knew their _(beautify) was still there beneath their own surface. ability warmth patience beauty
