1、1 常见词性缩写常见词性缩写 名词名词 n. 可数名词可数名词 C 不可数名词不可数名词 U 复数复数 pl. 动词动词 v. 及物动词及物动词 vt. 不及物动词不及物动词 vi 系动词系动词 linking v. 形容词形容词 adj. 副词副词 adv. 代词代词 pron. 介词介词 prep. 连词连词 conj. 数词数词 num. 冠词冠词 art. 一、句子成分一、句子成分 （一）句子成分的定义：（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分 有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 （二）主语（二）主语(
2、S )：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在 there be 结构、疑问句（当主语不 疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、 动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） We often speak English in class.（代词） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim i
3、n the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it 作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） （三）谓语（三）谓语( V )：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语
4、，一般放在主语之后。 谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、 复合谓语： （1） 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。 如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students. （四） 表语（四） 表语( P )： 表语用以说明主语的身份、 特征和状态， 它一般位于系动词 （如 be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem
5、等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词 及表语从句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine mu
6、st be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） （五）宾语（五）宾语( O )：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如： They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you
7、have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） 基础语法基础语法 复习复习 2 I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） 宾语种类宾语种类： （1）双宾语间接宾语( IO )+直接宾语( DO )，例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2） 复
8、合宾语（宾语+宾补） ，例如：They elected him their monitor. （六）宾语补足语（六）宾语补足语( OC )：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使 句子的意义完整。 带有宾语补足语的一般句型为： 某些及物动词 （如 make 等+宾语+宾补） 。 宾补可由名词、 形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如： His father named him Dongming.（名词） They painted their boat white.（形容词） Let the fresh air in.（副词） You mustnt f
9、orce him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语） We saw her entering the room.（现在分词） We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句） （七）定语（七）定语( )：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; Ameri
10、ca is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn
11、English.（介词短语） （八）状语（八）状语 ：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可 由以下形式表示： Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词）
12、 Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） 状语种类如下：状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six?（时间状语） Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式
13、状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语） 二、简单句、并列句和复合句二、简单句、并列句和复合句 （一）句子种类两种分类法 1、按句子的用途可分四种：
14、 1）陈述句（肯定、否定） ：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before. 2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意） ：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is! 2、按句子的结构可分三种： 1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语） 。 3
15、He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or, so, for 等）或分号（； ）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。 You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。 3）复合句：含
16、有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从 句和同位语从句） 、定语从句和状语从句等。(从句必须使用陈述句语序从句必须使用陈述句语序) She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons. Whatever (= No matter what ) you say, Ill never change my mind. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised. Please let me know wheth
17、er you want to go. I have no idea when he will be back. The question was who could go there. The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. （二）简单句的五种基本句型 1、主语+系动词+表语(S+V+P)：e.g. He is a student. 2、主语+不及物动词(S+V)：e.g. We work. 3、主语+及物动词+宾语(S+V+O)：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary. 4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接
18、宾语+直接宾语）(S+V+IO+DO)：e.g. My father bought me a car. 5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）(S+V+O+C)：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh. 注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。 （三）并列句的分类 1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用 and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then 等连接。 e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John. 2、表示选择，常用的连词有 or, eit
19、heror, otherwise 等。 e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train. 3、表示转折，常用的连词有 but, still, however, yet, while, when 等。 e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting. 4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有 so, for, therefore 等。 e.g. August is the time of the
20、year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. 练练 习习 一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning. 6.
21、His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice. 13. He found
22、 it important to master English. 14. Do you have anything else to say? 15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good. 16. Would you please tell me your address? 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 19. He noticed a man enter the room.
23、20. The apples tasted sweet. 二、判断下列短文中各句是简单句、并列句还是复合句： 4 I hope you are very well（ ）. Im fine, but tired（ ）. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm（ ）. August is the hottest month here（ ）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until
24、 dark.（ ） Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（ ）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（ ）. We have a lot of machines on the farm（ ）. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him（ ）. But he
25、employs more men for the harvest（ ）. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden（ ）. It doesnt often rain in the summer here（ ）. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden（ ）. Every evening we pump water from a well（ ）. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（ ）. Most
26、Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（ ）. These parties often make us very happy（ ）. We cook meat on an open fire outside（ ）. Its great（ ）! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion（ ）. Some of my friends drink beer（ ）. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party
27、（ ）. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States（ ）. There are five different time areas in the States（ ）. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time（ ）. How many different time areas do you have in China（ ）? Well, I must stop and get some sleep（ ）. Please giv
28、e my best regards to your parents（ ）. 三、单项选择 1. You have to move out of the way the truck cannot get past you. A. so B. or C. and D. but 2.Someone wants you on the phone. nobody knows I am here. A. Although B. And C. But D. So 3. Bicycling is good exercise; _, it does not pollute the air. A. neverth
29、eless B. besides C. otherwise D. therefore 4. Find ways to praise your children often， youll find they will open their hearts to you . A. till B. or C. and D. but 5. Tom looked upon the test as an obstacle his classmates regarded it as a challenge. A. while B. because C. unless D. if 6. Napoleons st
30、ory proves that to be a hero has nothing to do with size with a smart mind and a brave heart. A. and B. so C. or D. but 7. I thought wed be late for the concert, we ended up getting there ahead of time. A. but B. or C. so D. for 8. The sun is bigger than the moon, we all know it. A. as B. which C. a
31、nd D. that 9. Yesterday，I forgot to pick my son up, he waited in the kindergarten for nearly two hours. A. for B. while C. when D. so 10. hard you try; it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat. A. However B. Whatever C. Whichever D. Whenever 11. _I always felt I would p
32、ass the exam, I never thought I would get an A. A. While B. Once C. If D. Until 12. I dont believe weve met before， I must say you do look familiar. A. therefore B. although C. since D. unless 13. He smiled politely Mary apologized for her drunken friends. A. as B. if C. unless D. though 14. If a lo
33、t of people say a film is not good， I wont bother to see it， or Ill wait it comes out on DVD. A. whether B. after C. though D. until 15. It is hard for the Greek government to get over the present difficulties it gets more financial support from the European Union. A. if B. unless C. because D. sinc
34、e 16. Our holiday cost a lot of money. Did it？ Well, that doesnt matter you enjoyed yourselves. A. as long as B. unless C. as soon as D. though 17. The police officers in our city work hard the rest of us can live a safe life. A. in case B. as if C. in order that D. only if 5 18. The old man asked L
35、ucy to move to another chair he wanted to sit next to his wife. A. although B. unless C. because D. if 19. Today, we will begin we stopped yesterday so that no point will be left out. A. when B. where C. how D. what 20. Let me see _. A. that can I repair the radio B. whether -I can repair the radio
36、C. I can repair the radio D. whether can I repair the radio 21. Keep in mind _. A. that the teacher said B. what did the teacher say C. that did the teacher say D. what the teacher said 22. Could you advise me _? A. which book should I read first B. what book should I read first C. that book 1 should read first D. which book I should read first 6 参考答案： 三、 BCBCA DACDA ABADB ACCBB DD
