1、潘长江潘长江 马云马云 邓小平邓小平 What do they have in common? The concentration is the essence. 浓缩的都是精华浓缩的都是精华 original passage summary What is a summary(摘要摘要)? A summary is a short statement that gives only the main points of sth, not the details 牛津高阶英汉双解词典牛津高阶英汉双解词典 length: about 60 words, 1/4 of the original t
2、ext main points: cover all of them logical order: remain unchanged paraphrase: use your own words tense: in the third person connection between sentences:linking words Requirements of a summary 1. Read the original passage 2. Find main ideas 3. Paraphrase main ideas 4. Polish up 5. Check Read the li
3、nes; read between the lines, read beyond the lines. cut out unnecessary details use your own words add linking words How to write a good summary? correct grammar and spelling mistakes 60字概要写作指导字概要写作指导 2019年年6月月普通高等学校招生普通高等学校招生全国全国 统一考试统一考试（浙江卷）（浙江卷） 第四部分第四部分 写作（共两节，满分写作（共两节，满分40分）分） 第一节 应用文写作（满分15分）
4、 第二节 读后续写（满分25分） 阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60 词左右的内容概要。 Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, - - - Styles of Passages Narration( 记叙文记叙文) to describe a person or an event Argumentation(议论文议论文) to show the writers point of view E
5、xposition(说明文说明文) to introduce something, eg. a phenomenon 明确主题：明确主题： Praise 确定体裁：确定体裁： 议论文特征：议论文特征： 1. Topic sentence: 2. supporting sentences: 3. Concluding sentence: the first sentence; the last sentence; sometimes the middle sentence. facts, examples, datas,figures,statistics, sayings, quotation
6、s (引语引语)- to repeat the topic or express a final idea Step 1. Reading Tips:划主题句与关键信息划主题句与关键信息 Underline the important sentences of each paragraph，such as the topic sentence, important arguments and conclusion. A Review of Robinson Crusoe- This is a novel by the English author Daniel Defoe, published
7、 in 1719. It is one of the most popular adventure novels in all literature. It is the story of Bobinson Crusoe, an Englishman who is shipwrecked in a lonely tropical island. He builds himself a hut, grows his own food, and becomes self -sufficient. After 23 years he meets with a group of cannibals a
8、nd rescues one of their prisoners, a young native whome he calls Friday.Crusoe and his“ man”Friday become close friends, and when they are finally rescued four years later, both return to England. Robinson Crusoe was partly based on the actual deeds of Alexander Selkirk, an 18th-century Scottish sai
9、lor who spent almost five years alone on a desert island. This novel is famous for its lovely details and its expression of belief in mans ability when left alone in nature. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Para.1: Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confi
10、dent Kids, says, Weve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict. By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think theyre building their childrens confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way t
11、hats insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents praise has put them. Step 2. finding main points _ _ _ 去枝干，留主干去枝干，留主干 破解长难句之谜破解长难句之谜: (去掉三长两短）去掉三长两短） 1. cut out all kinds of clauses(从句从句); Non-predicate verbs(非谓语非谓语to do
12、/-ing/-ed); Prepositional phrases(介词介词短语短语) 2. cut out adj. and adv. Para.2 Still, dont go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like theyre not good enough or that you dont care and, as a result, may see no point in tryin
13、g hard for their accomplishments. _ _ _ _ _ _ Tip 2:Add some necessary arguments 适当添加重要论据内容适当添加重要论据内容 Tip1: The linking sentence is not necessarily the topic sentence Para.3: So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise
14、is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. “We should especially recognize our childrens efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal, says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting
15、 Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters.” One thing to remember is that its the process not the end product that matters. _ _ _ _ _ _ Tip 4：Cut out the quotation(引用引用): unnecessary details Tip 3:If the concluding sentence is similar to the topic sentence, cut it out. Para.4 Your son may not
16、 be the best basketball player on his team. But if hes out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner
17、, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate(相称的相称的)to the amount of effort your child has put into it. 【 】 Tip 5: Cut out the example: detailed information Concluding sentence _ _ _ _ Step3 Paraphrase /rewrite 01 02 change some w
18、ords and phrases change sentence structure Rewrite main points of Para.1: Too much praise can backfire( (产生不良结果产生不良结果) )and make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk . =_ Praising kids too much can have negative effects/impacts/influence and make kids frightened/fearful to challenge. tip 1:词
19、性转换词性转换 Tip2:语义转换语义转换 Tip 3:非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 Praising too much can have negative effects on kids,_ will feel frightened to challenge. who 变换句型优化整合：变换句型优化整合： A better version Excessive(过度的过度的) praise can bring about negative influence , damaging kids confidence or even decreasing kids challenge seeki
20、ng. “The world doesnt lack beauty of life only the eyes to see it.” -Auguste Rodin “世界并不缺少美“世界并不缺少美,而是缺少发现美的眼睛而是缺少发现美的眼睛.” -罗丹罗丹 Rewrite main points of Para.2 Not giving enough praise can be damaging. Kids will feel like theyre not good enough or that you dont care and may see no point in trying har
21、d for their accomplishments. =_ =Too little praise can be damaging.Kids will feel Lacking praise Lack of praise terrible , ignored and feel useless to work hard. Tip 4:正话反说正话反说 =Too little praise can be damaging,_kids feel terrible , ignored and feel useless to work hard. making Tip 5:非谓语动词非谓语动词(to
22、do/-ing/-ed) 句型优化：句型优化： Rewrite main points of Para.3: Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. Praise should be sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome. =_ Experts suggest that the quality of praise outweighs （胜过）（胜过） the quantity. Praise should be since
23、re and concentrated on the effort rather than the outcome Tip 6: 单词代替词组单词代替词组 Tip 7：高级词汇：高级词汇 Experts claim （声称）（声称）that praise of quality outweighs（胜过）（胜过） the quantity .Praise should be sincerely and frequently _ to kids efforts rather than the outcome. Tip 8: 主动变被动主动变被动 变换句型：变换句型： given We should
24、 give praise to kids efforts. A better version Insufficient(不充分的不充分的) praise can be unfavorable( 不不可赞同可赞同的的) ,making kids feel unconfident , ignored and have no motivation (动机动机) to work hard. Rewrite main points of Para.4 praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate(相称的相称的)to
25、 the amount of effort your child has put into it. =_ =Praise should be given depending on/based on different cases and be equal to the amount of effort your child has made. The efforts (that) kids have devoted in the process do deserve equal praise. 变换句型：变换句型： 赞扬应该与孩子付出的努力的量相称。赞扬应该与孩子付出的努力的量相称。 = 孩子
26、付出的努力确实值得等量的赞扬。孩子付出的努力确实值得等量的赞扬。 Conclusion:1 Tip 1:词性转换词性转换 Tip2:语义转换语义转换 Tip 3:非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 Tip 4:正话反说正话反说 Tip 5:非谓语动词非谓语动词(to do/-ing/-ed) Tip 6: 单词代替词组单词代替词组 Tip 7：高级词汇：高级词汇 Tip 8: 主动变被动主动变被动 Main points of each paragraph： Praising too much can have negative effects on kids,who will feel fri
27、ghtened to challenge. Too little praise can be damaging, making kids feel terrible , ignored and feel useless to work hard. Experts claim that praise of quality should be sincerely and frequently given to kids efforts rather than the outcome. Praise should depend on different cases and be equal to y
28、our childs effort. Which of the following is the best structure of the passage? A B C D Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, Weve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more stric
29、t. By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think theyre building their childrens confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way thats insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top
30、where their parents praise has put them. Still, dont go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like theyre not good enough or that you dont care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments. S
31、o what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward. We should especially recognize our ch
32、ildrens efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal, says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. One thing to remember is that its the process not the end product that matters. Your son may not be the best basketball player
33、on his team. But if hes out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But
34、whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate(相称的相称的)to the amount of effort your child has put into it. Point.1: Praising too much can have negative effects on kids,who will feel frightened to challenge. Point.2 Too little praise can be damaging, making kids fe
35、el terrible , ignored and feel useless to work hard. Point.3: Experts claim that praise of quality should be sincerely and frequently given to kids efforts rather than the outcome. Point.4 Praise should depend on different cases and be equal to your childs effort. coordinating relation 并列关系并列关系 caus
36、e and effect relation 因果关系因果关系 coordinating relation 并列关系并列关系 Which of the following is the best structure of the passage? A B C D similarly /additionally/ besides/meanwhile/ equally therefore,consequently similarly /additionally/ besides/meanwhile/ equally coordinating relation 并列关系并列关系 cause and e
37、ffect relation因果关系因果关系 coordinating relation 并列关系并列关系 Step 4 polish up Tips: add linking words to make your summary coherent ( 连贯的连贯的) 表示递进的表示递进的: furthermore, moveover 表示转折的表示转折的: however, nevertheless, nonetheless, rather, instead, although 表示对比的：表示对比的：while, unlike,whereas comparatively,Contrary
38、to 表示总结的表示总结的: in conclusion,to summarize More linking words 全文整合：全文整合： Praising too much can have negative effects on kids,who will feel frightened to challenge.（要点（要点1） _,too little praise can _be damaging, making kids feel terrible , ignored and feel useless to work hard.（要点（要点2）_, experts claim
39、that praise of quality should be sincerely and frequently given to kids efforts rather than the outcome.（要点（要点3）_, praise should depend on different cases and be equal to your childs effort.（要点（要点4）(68 words) Equally also Therefore, Additionally, 全文整合：全文整合： Excessive(过度的过度的) praise can bring about n
40、egative influence , damaging kids confidence or even decreasing kids challenge seeking. Insufficient(不充分的不充分的) praise can be unfavorable( 不不可赞同可赞同的的) ,making kids feel unconfident , ignored and have no motivation (动机动机) to word hard. The efforts (that) kids have devoted in the process do deserve equ
41、al praise. Experts claim that praise of quality should be sincerely and frequently given to kids efforts rather than the outcome. Another possible version : Contrary to parents intention, excessive praise can have negative effects, damaging kids confidence or even decreasing their challenge - seekin
42、g. (要点要点1) Similarly, insufficient praise is unfavorable, which may reduce their motivation to work hard. (要要 点点2) Consequently,experts claim that praise of quality should be sincerely and frequently given to kid s efforts. (要点要点3) Meanwhile, however big or small the case is, the efforts kids have d
43、evoted in the process, not the result, do deserve equal praise. (要点要点4) (71 words) 全文整合：全文整合： Step 5 check 2. tense: present tense/ present perfect tense/ past tense 3. the third person 4. punctuation（标点符号）（标点符号） 1. avoid repetition 6.handwriting 5.spelling mistakes Factors Requirements clear concise coherent correct objective 2. No details , about 60 words 1. Cover all the main points 4. No grammatical mistakes 5. No personal opinion 3. Use transitional words if possible Conclusion: 4C+1O Thank you!
