1、Unit 4 Exploring literature Welcome to the unit & Reading (I) Ways of developing paragraphs How to organize a paragraph? Ways Example Time Classification Comparison and contrast A Cause and effect Paragraph development by time 2. heard 1. walked 3. explained Tip: Signal words such as immediately, so
2、on, after a while, finally, then, later, previously and formerly are often used to show the order of time. Paragraph development by example Example Paragraph development by example Tip: Signal words such as for example, for instance, like and to illustrate are often used to indicate an example. Exam
3、ple Paragraph development by classification permanence 1 2 Tip: Sentence structures such as be divided into, be classified according to and be categorized by are often used to show classification. Words like elements, categories, kinds, aspects can also be find in this type of paragraph development.
4、 Paragraph development by comparison and contrast Comparison and contrast Similarities Differences For everyone, home is a place to be offstage. But the comfort of home can have opposite and incompatible meanings for women and men. For many men, the comfort of home means freedom from having to prove
5、 themselves and impress through verbal display. At last, they are in a situation where talk is not required. They are free to remain silent. But for women, home is a place where they are free to talk, and where they feel the greatest need for talk, with those they are closest to. For them, the comfo
6、rt of home means the freedom to talk without worrying about how their talk will be judged. “Put down that paper and talk to me!”, by Deborah Tannen Paragraph development by comparison and contrast women: free to talk men: free to remain silent Tip: Signal words such as but, yet, on the other hand, h
7、owever, nevertheless, on the contrary, by comparison and compared to are often used to indicate comparison and contrast. Paragraph development by cause and effect Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living. For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm and sin
8、king-stomach profession. Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. Sweaty-palm, because Im always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that I will be found out for the fool I am. Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced t
9、hat I was even more boring than usual. Tip: Signal words such as because, for, since, for the same reason, therefore and as a result are often used to show cause and effect. There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take
10、 up ball games. For another example, for those who prefer to exercise alone, they can go running or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sport that is suitable for them. Example Identify the patterns used to
11、organize the following paragraphs. Practice Every year more and more students are seeking admission to Blake College and there are several reasons for its popularity. The campus is beautiful. In addition, it has excellent facilities, such as a new gymnasium, computer labs and a large library. But th
12、e major reason is its outstanding faculty. The professors classes are always interesting and informative. Cause and effect Identify the patterns used to organize the following paragraphs. Can a hero and a villain ever be alike? Strangely, it would seem like the answer to that question would be no. H
13、owever, when it comes to Draco Malfoy and Harry Potter, the two are more alike than you realize. Harry Potter is destined to be the “Chosen One”. He did not choose this destiny, but it was thrown on him as a child because of how events unfolded for his family. On the other hand, Draco Malfoy has fam
14、ily expectations of siding with and supporting the death eaters because of his fathers affiliation. Failure to follow Voldemort could lead to not only his death but that of his family. Comparison and contrast Identify the patterns used to organize the following paragraphs. Yesterday was one of those
15、 awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. In the morning, I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didnt read my schedule properly and forgot to attend an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lun
16、chtime, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. What a day! Time Identify the patterns used to organize the following paragraphs. There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets and best-sellersunread, untouched. (This individual owns wood pulp and i
17、nk, not books.) The second has a great many booksa few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought. (This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.) The thir
18、d has a few books or manyevery one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back. (This man owns books.) Classification Identify the patterns used to organize the following paragraphs. Write a paragraph by using the proper way of
19、paragraph development. Write a paragraph to introduce your favourite Chinese work of literature by using the ways we learnt in this class to organize the paragraph. Summary A paragraph can be developed by a single method or by a combination of methods. Regardless of which methods you use, a well-written paragraph should contain four elements: unity, order, coherence and completeness.
