1、 现在完成时现在完成时 have/has done + v-ed 表示说话时已经完成的动作，而且这个动表示说话时已经完成的动作，而且这个动 作的结果对现在仍有影响作的结果对现在仍有影响; 表示动作发生在过去，但一直持续到现在，表示动作发生在过去，但一直持续到现在， 并且有可能继续持续下去。并且有可能继续持续下去。 Do you know the structures and meanings of the present perfect tense and passive voice? 被动语态被动语态 助动词助动词be +及物动词的过去分词及物动词的过去分词 be随主语的人称、数和时态的变化
2、而变化。随主语的人称、数和时态的变化而变化。 当强调动作承受者，不必说出执行者或含当强调动作承受者，不必说出执行者或含 糊不清的执行者时，多用被动语态糊不清的执行者时，多用被动语态。 Present perfect passive Look at the sentences from the reading passage and answer the questions. a I guess you have been asked about the title of your book before. b New inventions like 3D printers have been
3、used to make replacement hearts and bone parts. 1 What has happened to “you” in sentence (a)? “You” have been asked about the title of “your” book. a I guess you have been asked about the title of your book before. 2 Who has used new inventions to make replacement hearts and bone parts in sentence (
4、b)? Who has used new inventions to make replacement hearts and bone parts is not mentioned in the sentence, because the speaker dont know that exactly. b New inventions like 3D printers have been used to make replacement hearts and bone parts. Compare them with the following sentences and answer the
5、 questions. c I guess someone has asked you about the title of your book before. d People have used new inventions like 3D printers to make replacement hearts and bone parts. 3 What is the difference between the two groups of sentences? The first group of sentences use passive voice while the second
6、 group of sentences use Active Voice. c I guess someone has asked you about the title of your book before. d People have used new inventions like 3D printers to make replacement hearts and bone parts. a I guess you have been asked about the title of your book before. b New inventions like 3D printer
7、s have been used to make replacement hearts and bone parts. 4 Why does the author choose to use the passive form instead of the active form in the reading passage? Often in writing, we dont want to focus on who is doing an action, but on who is receiving or experiencing the action. c I guess someone
8、 has asked you about the title of your book before. d People have used new inventions like 3D printers to make replacement hearts and bone parts. a I guess you have been asked about the title of your book before. b New inventions like 3D printers have been used to make replacement hearts and bone pa
9、rts. The passive voice is thus extremely useful in academic writing because it allows writers to highlight the most important participants or events within sentences by placing them at the beginning of the sentence. In addition, in writing sometimes it is obvious, irrelevant or repetitive to state w
10、ho the doer of the sentence is: thus the passive voice is a useful way to construct these types of sentences. It is also a way that the use of informal personal pronouns can be avoided; Now look for more sentences with the present perfect passive in the reading passage. 1. The New Age of Invention h
11、as just been published. 2. In addition, important advances have been made in medicine and environment science thanks to increasing computer power. 3. New inventions like 3D printers have been used to make replacement hearts and bone parts. Verb form Active Passive have / has + been + v-ed How do we
12、form the present perfect passive voice? Fill in the blank. have /has + v-ed 现在完成时的被动语态意义及结构现在完成时的被动语态意义及结构 表示动作发生在过去表示动作发生在过去, 到现在已经完成或对到现在已经完成或对 现在产生的影响。动词和被修饰主语构成被现在产生的影响。动词和被修饰主语构成被 动关系。动关系。 肯定式：肯定式：have/has + been + v-ed 否定式：否定式：have/has + not + been + v-ed 一般疑问句：一般疑问句： Have/Has +主语主语+ been +v-e
13、d? 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问句： 疑问词疑问词+have/has +been+ v-ed? 现在完成时的被动语态有两种情况：现在完成时的被动语态有两种情况： 1) 表过去开始的被动动作一直持续到现在表过去开始的被动动作一直持续到现在，常，常 连用的时间状语有：连用的时间状语有：for+段时间，段时间，since +时时 间状语间状语(从句从句)，these days, so far, up to now, in the last/ past few years等。等。 如：如： This class have been taught by Mr. Brown for two years. His
14、 Chinese has been improved a lot since he came to China. Rowlings novels have been translated into many foreign languages so far. 2) 表某被动动作对现在造成的影响或结果表某被动动作对现在造成的影响或结果， 常与常与already, yet, just, ever, never, recently 等连用。如：等连用。如： The bike has not been repaired yet. I have already been introduced to Mr
15、. Smith. 并不是并不是所有动词都有被动所有动词都有被动语态。语态。 happen, take place, break out, belong to, cost, last等不及物动词或词组无被动语态等不及物动词或词组无被动语态。 误误 Great changes have been taken place in China since 1978. 正正 Great changes have taken place in China since 1978. 【注意注意】 1. 现在完成时的被动语态与现在完成时的被动语态与一般过去时被动一般过去时被动 语态的区别语态的区别。 一般过去时被
16、动语态一般过去时被动语态表示一个被动的动作表示一个被动的动作 发生在过去，发生在过去，其结果对现在没有影响其结果对现在没有影响； 现在完成时被动语态现在完成时被动语态的动作或状态尽管发的动作或状态尽管发 生在过去，但生在过去，但侧重说明该动作或状态对现侧重说明该动作或状态对现 在造成的影响或结果在造成的影响或结果。 e.g. The machine has been repaired 机器已经修好了。机器已经修好了。(说明动作发生在过去，说明动作发生在过去， 对现在有影响，修好了。对现在有影响，修好了。) The machine was repaired yesterday 机器昨天修了。机器
17、昨天修了。(只说明动作发生在昨只说明动作发生在昨 天。天。) 2. 动词动词短语是一个不可分割的整体短语是一个不可分割的整体，在被，在被 动语态中要保持其完整性，动语态中要保持其完整性，其中的介词其中的介词 或副词不可省略或副词不可省略。 e.g. The orphans have been taken good care of here 孤儿们在这里受到很好的照顾。孤儿们在这里受到很好的照顾。 Rewrite the underlined parts using the present perfect passive. Within the next 80 years, our lives
18、may be changed beyond recognition by 3D printing. It has already affected many things in our lives, right down to the food we eat. For instance, some restaurants in London have served 3D-printed hamburgers to customers. Many things in our lives have been affected 3D-printed hamburgers have been serv
19、ed to customers by some restaurants in London. But perhaps the most significant success that people have achieved to date is in machine. They have made human body parts, including a beating heat, with 3D printing technology. And it is not just humans who are benefiting- in Brazil, people have given
20、a new 3D-printed shell to a turtle injured in a forest fire! But perhaps the most significant success that have been achieved to date is in machine. Human body parts have been made, including a beating heat, with 3D printing technology. a new 3D-printed shell has been given to a turtle injured in a
21、forest fire! 3 Imagine you are Dr Moore. Look at the pictures and tell the police about the damage and loss to your lab. Use the present perfect passive where appropriate. The door and window have been damaged. The computers on my desk have been stolen. The robot we made has been taken apart. My fil
22、es in the cupboard have been taken out and thrown. The laboratory equipment on the shelves and desk have been broken into pieces. I dare to say, all these damages have been made by someone on purpose. 1. Paper money _ (use) for over a thousand years. 2. _ the letter _ (give) to Mr. Black? No. Its st
23、ill on the desk. 3. Great changes _ (take) place in my hometown and a lot of factories _ (set) up. has been used Has been given have taken have been set Complete the sentences. 4. How long _ (employ) at this job? Since 1990. 5. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday _ yet. 6. I like these En
24、glish songs and they _ many times on the radio. 7. All the preparations for the task _, and were ready to start. have been taught have been completed has not been decided have you been employed 用现在完成时的被动语态重组下列句子。用现在完成时的被动语态重组下列句子。 1. a new hospital for women and children, build, in Beijing 2. more a
25、nd more trees, cut down, by farmers A new hospital for women and children has been built in Beijing. More and more trees have been cut down by farmers. 3. about 300 buildings and houses, destroy, in the earthquake 4. a lot of money, spend, protect the old temple About 300 buildings and houses have b
26、een destroyed in the earthquake. A lot of money has been spent protecting the old temple. the buildings, destroy, earthquake The buildings have been destroyed by the earthquake. Look at the pictures, first list some key words, then make up sentences using the present perfect passive voice. machine r
27、eplace computer The machine has been replaced by the computer. in our city, a new bridge, build A new bridge has been built in our city. recently, many trees, plant, along the road Many trees have been planted along the road recently. seven Harry Porter books, J. K. Rowling, so far, write Seven Harr
28、y Porter books have been written by J. K. Rowling so far. 现在完成时被动语态的解题步骤现在完成时被动语态的解题步骤 主语与动词构成被动关系。主语与动词构成被动关系。 说话时已完成的动作或出现的结果。说话时已完成的动作或出现的结果。 1. 圈主圈主：动词的逻辑宾语用作句子的主语；：动词的逻辑宾语用作句子的主语； 2. 找时找时：找与现在完成相对应的时间状语；：找与现在完成相对应的时间状语； 3. 定谓定谓：确定谓动形式：确定谓动形式：have been + v-ed。 Talk about something that has been
29、done. I recently went back to my hometown that I havent been to for a long time. A new shopping mall has been built. the road system has been changed. The library has been moved. Imagine you are returning to a place you havent visited for a long time. What has/have been done to modernize the place s
30、ince you last saw it? 用括号内动词的正确形式填空。用括号内动词的正确形式填空。 1. The same mistake _ (make) many times. 2. More than 100 famous films _ _ (show) in the city since July. 3. Although it _ (play) many times, he still loves it. has been made have been shown has been played 4. Three new schools _ (open) in our city
31、in the past 5 years. 5. Customers are asked to make sure that they _ (have given, have been given) the right change before leaving the shop. 6. When you get the paper back, pay special attention to what _ (have been marked, had been marked). have been given have been marked have been opened 7. If Ne
32、wton lived today, he would be surprised by what _ (has discovered, has been discovered) in science and technology. 8. The girl has a great interest in sport and _ (has been taking, takes) badminton classes twice a week over the last three years. has been discovered has been taking Careers in science
33、 Look at the pictures and answer the questions. physicist mathematician chemist astronomer geographer biologist 1 What do you know about these careers? 2 What famous scientists can you name in these fields? physicist Isaac NewtonAlbert Einstein mathematician Johann Carl Friedrich GaussZu Chongzhi ch
34、emist Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier astronomer Edmond Halley geographer biologist Alfred Lothar Wegener Gregor Johann Mendel Complete the introductions about different scientists with the words in Activity 4. Pay attention to the language that describes their careers. Guo Shoujing (1231-1316) was a f
35、amous Chinese _ of the Yuan Dynasty. He invented twelve new instruments to study stars and planets. He also developed a calendar which is as accurate as the Gregorian calendar. A mountain on the Moon and a minor planet are named after him. astronomer British _ Charles Darwin (1809-1882) is best know
36、n for his work On the origin of Species, in which he explains changes in species due to natural selection. His ideas deeply influence our understanding of the relationship between humans and nature. biologist Li Daoyuan (ca 466-527) was a famous writer and _ of the Northern Wei Dynasty. He did field
37、 research across China and studied more than a thousand rivers and streams, along with the landscape, history and culture of the surrounding areas. geographer Marie Curie (1867-1934) was a world famous _ and was first awarded the Nobel Prize in 1903 for her extraordinary work on radioactivity. She w
38、as also regarded as a brilliant _, and was again awarded the Nobel Prize in 1911 for the isolation of pure radium. chemist physicist Chen Jingrun (1933-1996) was one of the worlds leading _. His work on Chens Theorem made an important advance towards proving Goldbachs Conjecture, the greatest unsolved problem in number theory. mathematician Work in pairs. Think about other careers in science and discuss what interest you most. Im interested in the work of a(n) because Review grammar. Read the text again and underline all sentences of the present perfect and present perfect passive voice.
