1、Unit 1 Grammar and usage Design by Harry 主语是谓语所表示动作或状态的执行者，一般位于句子开头,且不能省略。 但在某些特定的句式里,如:疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等,句子的主 语也可以位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、 主格代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。当主语为从 句时,为避免头重脚轻,可用it作形式主语。 The patient expressed their gratitude to the press in letters for the money raised. (名词) Three wer
2、e absent from this lecture. (数词) We should take more care of our historic buildings. (代词) Keeping the garden tidy all year round can be a laborious task. (动名词短语) To teach them English is my job. (不定式短语) It is my job to teach them English. (it 作形式主语) What precisely caused yesterdays riot is still unc
3、lear. (从句) 谓语用来描述主语的行为动作、状态或具有的特征,常位于主语之后。 谓语可由动词、动词短语、系表结构或“助动词/情态动词+实义动词”充 当，有时态、语态和语气的变化，同时又受到主语人称和数的制约。 谓语的构成如下谓语的构成如下: *简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成 *复合谓语 ：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成 由连系动词加表语构成 Three days later a rash appeared. (不及物动词) The rumours eventually reached the President. (及物动词) A poor diet ultimately le
4、ads to illness. (动词短语) Nobody could predict the outcome. (情态动词+动词) Stagnation in home sales is holding back economic recovery. (助动词+动词) It appears unlikely that interest rates will fall further. (系表结构) 宾语表示谓语动作、行为的对象，一般位于及物动词及物动词和介词介词的 后面，受到主语的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词(短语)、宾格代词、动名 词(短语)、动词不定式或从句充当,根据需要也可用it作形式宾
5、语。 宾语有直接宾语(direct object)与间接宾语(indirect object)之分。间接宾 语多指人，直接宾语多指物。可以带两个宾语的动词有：bring, give, show, send, pass, tell 等。 The Prime Minister is visiting Japan at the moment. (及物动词后) The new technology was applied to farming. (动词短语后) She spoke without much enthusiasm. (介词后) I was just beginning to wonder
6、 where you were. (动词后从句作宾语) He is not entirely clear on how he will go about it. (介词后从句作宾语) She finds it a strain to meet new people. (it 作形式宾语) The country owes billions of dollars to foreign creditors. (双宾语易位借助于 to) Ill prepare a revised estimate for you. (双宾语易位借助于 for) 修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。定语服
7、务于它 所 修 饰 或 限 定 的 名 词 或 代 词 , 可 由 形 容 词 、 数 词 、 形 容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词(短语)或定语从句等充当。定语 有前置和后置两种情况，如短语结构、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词 之后。 The (beautiful) girl is (her) daughter. (形容词&形容词性物主代词) This (girl) student has completed (six) laps. (名词&数词) With (Bettys) salary they barely made ends meet. (名词所有格) The building
8、(being repaired) is our library. (非谓语动词短语) Surely I didnt have the nerve (to say that to him).(非谓语动词短语) The boy (under the tree) is Jack. (介词短语) He bought (sleeping) bills in the drug store. (现在分词/形容词) (Spoken) language is also important for language learning. (过去分词/形容词) The people (who called yeste
9、rday) want to buy the house. (从句) 修饰动词动词、形容词形容词、副词副词或整个句子整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成 分叫作状语。状语一般表示时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让 步、方式、程度、伴随等意义。状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、 分词、状语从句等充当。 It is highly unlikely that shell be late. (副词/修饰形容词/程度状语) The article accurately reflects public opinion. (副词/修饰动词) I was late, but fortunately the
10、 meeting hadnt started. (副词/修饰整个句子) The work went on quite smoothly. (副词/修饰副词/程度状语) The story happened on a cold morning. (介词短语/时间状语) There are many who will work hard to achieve these goals. (不定式/目的状语) Not knowing your address, I couldnt get in touch with you. (现在分词/原因状语) He lay awake, thinking of
11、the problem. (现在分词/伴随状语) Left at home, Jane didnt afraid at all. (过去分词/让步状语) People began looking across to see where the noise was coming from. (地点状语从句) There was so much homework to do that Tom got tired. (结果状语从句) Unless something unexpected happens, Ill see you tomorrow. (条件状语从句) By using video t
12、echnology, educators and performers can connect with classrooms around the country. (方式状语从句) 补语也叫补足语，主要起补充说明的作用，最常见的是宾语补足语宾语补足语 (OC)和主语补足语主语补足语(SC)。补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式(短 语)、分词、介词短语等充当。 He could hear a dog barking. (宾补/分词) She had her bag stolen. (宾补/分词) Nothing will make me change my mind. (宾补/短语) Th
13、e noise kept him awake. (宾补/形容词) You can find me in the office. (宾补/介词短语) His parents wont allow him to stay out late. (宾补/不定式短语) The boy was caught stealing. (主语补足语) These workers are considered (as) a high-risk group. (主语补足语) 表语一般位于系动词系动词之后，用以说明主语的身份、特征或状态，一般 由名词、名词性代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式(短语)、动名词、介 词短语、
14、副词或表语从句等充当。 常见系动词分类：常见系动词分类：be动词；感官动词；“保持”类动词（keep, remain, stay等）；“变化”类动词（turn, grow, become等）；其它动词（appear, seem, prove等） This argument is very convincing. (be动词/分词) Standing there on stage I felt a complete idiot. (感官动词/名词) We stayed to see what would happen. (保持类动词/不定式) As time went on he grew mo
15、re and more impatient. (变化类动词/形容词) This advice was to prove (to be) valuable. (其它动词/形容词) He appears a perfectly normal person. (其它动词/名词) You two seem very different to me. (其它动词/形容词) The question remains whether they will be able to help us. (从句) 对句子中的名词或代词作进一步解释说明解释说明，与前面的名词或代词在语 法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语
16、。英语句子表达中一般情况下是 没有同位语的，如果要对前面的名词的具体内容作进一步的说明，这时候 就需要同位语，可以用作同位语的有：名词、代词、数词和从句等。 We chinese people are hardworking. They each have their own email address. They received the order to reduce expenses. France, one of my favourite countries, is very amazing. The bus arrived and two men got off- one with
17、black hair, the other with blond hair. Despite the fact that she was wearing a seat belt, she was thrown sharply forward. I had an idea that he joined the army after college, but I may be wrong. SV (不及物动词不及物动词vi) Summer is coming. Fresh groups of guests arrived. SVO (及物动词及物动词vt) He starts to plan a
18、trip. The company needs to improve performance. SVOC (可以跟宾补的动词可以跟宾补的动词) Banks encourage people to borrow money. I supposed his wife a younger woman. SVOO (可以跟双宾的动词可以跟双宾的动词) He told the news to everybody. She showed her friends all the pictures. SVP (系动词系动词) His explanation sounds reasonable. He deci
19、ded to turn professional. SVA (不及物动词不及物动词vi) Medical technology has advanced considerably. I started working in a recording studio. SVOA The medical community continues to make progress in the fight against cancer. You must carry ID at all times. 分析下列句子成分分析下列句子成分 1. People feared that weakening a 21
20、-year-old ban on the sale of ivory would encourage illegal hunting and hurt elephant populations. 2. Economists from the University of Sussex analysed findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. 3. Because it is an area of outstanding natural beauty, the number of boats avail
21、able for hire is limited. 4. Mike found a challenging job as a computer programmer. 5. It is obvious that girls generally do better in examinations than boys. 参考答案参考答案 1.主句主语是主句主语是people ，谓语是，谓语是fear，宾语，宾语that 引导的从句；从句中，主语是动名词短语引导的从句；从句中，主语是动名词短语weakening a 21-year-old ban on the sale of ivory，谓语是谓语
22、是would encouge以及以及hurt，对应的宾语分别是，对应的宾语分别是 illegal hunting, elephant populations。 2. 主语部分是主语部分是Economists from the University of Sussex(from.是短语后置定语修饰主语是短语后置定语修饰主语)，谓语是谓语是 analysed，宾语部分是宾语部分是findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health(from. 是短语后置定语修饰宾语是短语后置定语修饰宾语). 3. 主语部分是主语部分是
23、the number of boats available for hire (the number of 与与 available for hire分别是前分别是前 置与后置定语修饰主语置与后置定语修饰主语)，谓语是谓语是is，limited是表语，是表语，because.是原因状语是原因状语。 4. 主语是主语是Mike，谓语是谓语是found，宾语部分是宾语部分是a challenging job(a chanllenging修饰宾语修饰宾语)，as a computer programmer是宾补是宾补。 5. it 是形式主语，真正的主语是是形式主语，真正的主语是girls generally do better in examinations than boys，is是谓语。是谓语。 Design by Harry
