1、1 专题专题四四：动词的时态：动词的时态 时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语中的时态按动作发生的时间分为 现在时态、过去时态、将来时态和过去将来时态；按动作的进行形式分为一般性动作、进行性动作、 完成性动作和完成进行性动作。这两种动词结构结合为16种时态（以 do为例） 。 时 态 种 类 构成形式 现在过去将来过去将来 一 般 时 态 do/doesdidshall/will+doshould/would+do 进 行 时 态 am/is/are+doingwas/were+doingshall/will+be+doingshould/would+be+doing 完
2、成 时 态 have/has+donehad+doneshall/will+have+doneshould/would+have+done 完 成 进 行 时 态 have/has+been +doing had+been+doingshall/will+have+been+doingshould/would+have+been +doing 其中常用的有11种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、一般过去将来时、现在进行时、过 去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成时和将来完成时。下面分别进行介 绍。 一、一般现在时的用法：一、一般现在时的用法： 1. 构成：do/doe
3、s 2. 常用词：常与always, often, sometimes, usually, never, seldom, every morning, in the morning, once a month, now and then等连用。 3. 用法： 表示经常性或习惯性发生的动作，常与常用词连用。 I usually get up at six oclock. 我通常六点钟起床。 He goes to school every day. 他每天去上学。 They go to the cinema twice a month. 他们一个月去看两次电影。 表示客观事实、真理和自然现象。 T
4、he earth moves around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。 Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。 2 It is hot in summer and cold in winter. 夏天热冬天冷。 表示现在的特征或状态。 I live in Lianyungang. 我居住在连云港。 They are students. 他们是学生。 表示正在进行的动作，用于倒装句中。 Look! Here comes the bus. 看！公共汽车来了。 Listen! There goes the bell. 听！铃响了。 在when, before, until,
5、as soon as, the moment等引导的时间状语从句和if, unless, even if等引导的条件 状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。 I will go with you as soon as I finish my work. 我一完成工作就和你一起去。 If it rains tomorrow, we wont go there. 如果明天下雨，我们就不去那儿了。 一些动词用一般现在时表示按规定、计划（主要指按时刻表、日程表）或安排将要发生的动作。常 见的动词有：come, go, leave, depart, start, begin, stay, return, r
6、un, arrive, open, close, take, take off等。 The plane takes off at 8 a.m. tomorrow. 飞机明天上午 8 点钟起飞。 The meeting begins at 2:00 and ends at 5:00 in the afternoon. 会议下午两点钟开始，五点钟结束。 He comes here tonight. 他今晚来这儿。 书报的标题，小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。 Beckham Takes Football Movie Role 贝克汉姆出演足球电影。 （新闻标题） 练习： 1) When will y
7、ou come to see me, Dad? I will go to see you when you _ (finish) the training course. 2) Do you know when Tom _ from abroad? Perhaps it will be a long time before he _. (come) 3) Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 1026 _ (take) off at 18: 20. 4) This machine _ (not work). It hasnt worked for ye
8、ars. 5) The chemistry teacher told us that water _ (boil) at 100. 6) I _ (play) ping-pong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year. 7) The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people _ (persuade) to eat more fruit and vegetables. 8) Listen! There _ (go)
9、the ring. 二、一般过去时的用法：二、一般过去时的用法： 1. 构成：did 2. 常用词：常与yesterday, last week, two days ago, just now, the other day, in the past, in 2000, at that time 等连用。 3. 用法： 表示在过去某一时间里发生的动作或存在的状态，常与常用词连用。 I saw her in the street yesterday. 昨天在大街上我看见她了。 He went home just now. 刚才他回家了。 表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作或状态，常与always, of
10、ten, sometimes, usually, never, seldom, every (答案： 1. finish 2. will come/comes 3. takes (will take) 4. doesnt work 5. boils 6. play 7. are persuaded 8. goes ) 3 day等连用。 Their children often went hungry in the old days. 在旧社会，他们的孩子经常挨饿。 He played football nearly every day last year. 去年他几乎天天踢足球。 She w
11、as always late last term. 上学期她总是迟到。 用“used to+动词原形”或“would+动词原形”也可表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。 He used to go fishing. 他过去常常去钓鱼。 He would sit under the tree and read English every morning. 每天早上他总是坐在树下读英语。 在时间、条件状语从句中表示过去将要发生的动作。 She would ring me up as soon as she arrived. 她一到达就给我打电话。 They would come if we promis
12、ed to wait for them. 如果我们答应等他们，他们会来的。 一般过去时可与today, this week, this month等时间状语连用。 I met him today. 今天我遇见他了。 He came here late twice this week. 本周他迟到两次。 练习： 1) On Saturday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market, _ (buy) some bananas and visited her cousin. 2) The teacher, with some students of her
13、class, _ (be) visiting a museum when the earthquake struck. 3) She _ (change) her hairstyle in her hometown before she came to Chongqing for a better job. 4)After a fire broke out in the lab, a lot of equipment _ (damage). 5)Nancy is not coming tonight. But she _ (promise)! 6) He _ (work) in Yunnan
14、for five years and now he _ (work) in Jiangsu. 7) She used to _ with her parents, but now she is used to _ with her classmates at school. (live) 8) My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He_ (work) there for a few months and then went to America. 9) We _ in the yard every evening and listened to hi
15、s story. 每天晚上我们总是坐在院子里，听他的故事。 三、一般将来时的用法：三、一般将来时的用法： 1. 构成： shall/will+do（shall用于第一人称,will 可用于各种人称。 ） 2. 常用词： 常与tomorrow, tomorrow morning, next week, this afternoon, the day after tomorrow, in 2060等 连用。 3. 用法： 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与常用词连用。 We will visit the Great Wall tomorrow. 明天我们要去参观长城。 I will be bac
16、k in a week. 一周后我将回来。 表示将来的看法、假定或推测。常用于由think, believe, suppose, expect, know, hope, doubt, wonder, be afraid等引导的宾语从句中。 (答案：1.bought 2. was 3. changed 4. was damaged 5. promised (have promised) 6. worked/is working 7. live/living 8. worked 9. would sit) 4 I think he will visit his teacher. 我认为他会去看望他
17、的老师的。 We hope they will pass the exam. 我们希望他们将通过考试。 常和时间状语、条件状语从句连用。 When it gets warmer, the snow will start to melt. 天气变暖，雪就开始融化。 If you go there, you will see him. 如果你去那儿，你将看见他。 用于“祈使句/名词短语+and/or+陈述句”中。 Use your head, and you will find a way. 动动脑筋，你就会想出办法的。 Hurry up, or you will be late. 快点，否则你会
18、迟到的。 One more step further, and I will beat you flat. 再往前走一步，我将把你揍扁。 一般将来时除了一般将来时除了“shall/will +动词原形动词原形”外，还有以下几种形式：外，还有以下几种形式： “be (am/is/are) going to+动词原形”可以表示将来。表示打算、准备干某事或有迹象要发生的事。 Im going to play football tomorrow. 我打算明天踢足球。 The play is going to be put on next week. 这部戏下周将上演。 Look at the dark
19、 clouds. It is going to rain. 看天上的乌云，要下雨了。 “be (am/is/are) to+动词原形”可以表示将来。表示计划、安排将要发生的动作。 We are to meet our professor at the station this afternoon. 今天下午我们要去火车站接教授。 Am I to wait here till their arrival? 我要在这儿一直等到他们抵达吗？ “be (am/is/are) about to+动词原形；be on the point of +doing”可以表示将来，表示正要干某事或即 将干某事。 不
20、能与具体的时间连用， 但可以和 when 引导的时间状语连用。即： am/is/are about to do sth. when ; am/is/are on the point of doing sth. when意为“正要干这时” 。 We are about to leave. 我们即将动身。 I am about to go out when the phone rings. 我正要出去，这时电话响了。 She is on the point of leaving when I arrive. 她正要出去，这时我到了。 “be (am/is/are) +doing”可以表示将来。这些
21、动词有：come, go, leave, arrive, start, open, return, stay 等。 I am coming in a minute. 一会儿我就来。 They are going there tomorrow. 明天他们要去那儿。 She is leaving for Beijing. 她要动身去北京。 有些动词可以用一般现在时表示将来。这些动词有：be, come, go, leave, arrive, take off等。 Tomorrow is Sunday. 明天是星期天。 The meeting starts at five oclock. 会议将于五
22、点钟开始。 The plane takes off at five p.m.飞机下午五点钟起飞。 练习： 1) Your job _ (keep) open for your return. Thanks. 2) Lets keep to the point or we _ (never reach) any decisions. 3) _ (turn on) the television and you will often see advertisements showing happy families. 4) Because the shop _ (close down), all t
23、he T-shirts are sold at half price. 5)Is everybody here? No. The speaker _ (come) soon. 6) Look at the lightning. It _ (rain). 7) Our English teacher _ (leave)Shanghai in a few days. 8) I feel it is your husband who _ (blame) for the spoiled child. 5 9) I am about _ (go) out when it begins to rain.
24、10) It is reported that a space station _ (build) on the moon in years to come. 四、一般过去将来时的用法：四、一般过去将来时的用法： 1. 构成： should/would+do（should仅用于第一人称, would可用于各种人称。 ） 2. 常用词：常与the next day, later, the following day等连用。 3. 用法： 表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。 I wondered when we should leave for Paris
25、. 我想知道我们什么时候动身去巴黎。 He said that he would help with my work the next day. 他说第二天他要帮我干活。 用于非真实的动作或状态。 I wish you would never tell of it before any others. 我希望你永远不要在其他任何人面前提起此事。 If it should rain tomorrow, we would not hold the sports meeting. 如果明天下雨的话，我们就不举行运动会。 “was/were going to+动词原形”可以表示过去将来。表示过去曾打算
26、、准备干某事。 She said she was going to buy a new computer. 她说她打算买一台新的电脑。 He told me they were going to visit the Summer Palace. 他告诉我他们打算参观颐和园。 Alice, why didnt you come yesterday? 爱丽丝，昨天你为什么没有来？ I was going to, but I had an unexpected visitor. 我本打算来的，但我一位不速之客。 “was/were to+动词原形”可以表示过去将来。表示过去计划、安排将要发生的动作。
27、 He said they were to marry the next week. 他说下周他们要结婚了。 She told me that she was to plant some trees in the yard. 她告诉我她要在院子里栽些树。 “was/were about to+动词原形; was/were on the point of +doing”可以表示过去将来。表示过去正要 干某事或即将干某事。不能与具体的时间连用，但可以和when引导的时间状语连用。即：was/were about to do sth. when ; was/were on the point of
28、doing sth. when意为“正要干这时” 。 The bus was about to start. 公共汽车马上就要开了。 We were about to go out when the phone rang. 我们正要出去这时电话响了。 She was on the point of leaving when I arrived. 她正要出去这时我到了。 “was/were+doing”可以表示过去将来。这些动词有：come, go, leave, arrive, start, open, return, stay 等, 多用于宾语从句中。 He didnt know that
29、you were coming. 他不知道你要来。 I was told that the train was leaving in a few minutes. 我被告知火车几分钟后就要开了。 练习： 1) We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _ (leave) office soon. 2) In a room above the store, where a party _ (hold), some workers were busily setting the table. 3) He _ (speak) at the
30、 meeting, but his heart attack prevented him. 4) I was on the point _ (go) out when it began to rain. (答案：1. will be kept 2. will never reach 3. Turn on 4. is closing down 5. is coming 6. is going to rain 7. is leaving 8. is to blame 9. to go 10. will be built) (答案：1. would leave 2. was to be held (
31、would be held) 3. was going to speak 4. of going) 6 五、现在进行时的用法：五、现在进行时的用法： 1. 构成：am/is/are+doing 2. 常用词：常与now, right now, at present, at the moment, for the present等连用。 3. 用法： 表示现在正在进行的动作，常与常用词连用。 I am talking and you are listening. 我正在讲话，你们正在听。 We are having an English class now. 现在我们正在上英语课。 She is
32、 doing her homework at present. 现在她正在做家庭作业。 表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但说话时不一定正在进行。 The workers are building a new factory. 工人们正在新建一个工厂。 He is writing a novel. 他正在写一部小说。 有些动词如 come, go, leave, arrive, start, open, return, stay, die, lose, take off 等用现在进行时表示将来。 I am coming in a minute. 一会儿我就来。 They are going there
33、 tomorrow. 明天他们要去那儿。 She is leaving for Beijing. 她要动身去北京。 现在进行时常与always, often, usually, forever, constantly, continually, frequently, all the time等副词连 用，表示反复发生的或习惯性的动作，常表示不满、厌恶、抱怨或赞赏等感情色彩。 Dont believe him. He is always telling lies. 别相信他，他老是撒谎。 He is always thinking of others. 他总是想着别人。 The childre
34、n are constantly disturbing us. 孩子们老是打扰我们。 Tom is usually leaving things about. 汤姆总是丢三落四。 表示一个动作刚刚开始。 The tulip is opening. 郁金香刚刚开放。 Im forgetting my English. 我的英语开始忘了。 一些表示感觉、感情、存在、占有与从属、思考与理解等的动词通常不可以用于进行时态。 see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, look, appear; （感觉） hate, love, like, fear, want, wi
35、sh, prefer, refuse, forgive; （感情） be, exist, remain, stay; （存在） have, possess, own, contain, belong to, consist of, form; (占有与从属) understand, know, believe, think, doubt, forget, remember（思考与理解） 练习： 1) Whats that terrible noise? The neighbors _ (prepare) for a party. 2) Is this raincoat yours? No, m
36、ine _ (hang) there behind the door. 3) Have you moved into the new house? Not yet. The rooms _ (paint). 4) E-mail, as well as telephones, _ (play) an important part in daily communication. 5)Anew cinema _ (build) here. They hope to finish it next month. 6) Ladies and gentlemen, we _ (arrive) at Chan
37、gzhou Station, please get ready to get off the train. 7)Oh, dear. I forgot the air tickets. You _ always _ (leave) something. (答案：1. are preparing 2. is hanging 3. are being painted 4. is playing 5. is being built 6. are arriving 7. are leaving) 7 六、过去进行时的用法：六、过去进行时的用法： 1. 构成：was/were+doing 2. 常用词：常
38、与at this time yesterday, at that time, at that moment, at 8 oclock yesterday等连用。 3. 用法： 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作，常与常用词连用。 We were having a class at this time yesterday. 昨天这个时候我们正在上课。 He was watching TV at that time. 那时他正在看电视。 What were you doing at ten oclock last night? 昨天晚上十点钟你在干什么？ 表示在过去一段时间内持续进
39、行的动作（有时可以间歇） 。 It was raining last night. 昨晚一直在下雨。 We were discussing the plan the whole morning yesterday. 昨天整个上午我们一直在讨论这个计划。 常用于介绍故事的背景。 Once anArab was traveling in the desert. 有一次一个阿拉伯人在沙漠里旅行。 Amother crocodile was looking for food near the bank. 一条母鳄鱼在岸边觅食。 过去进行时常与always, often, usually, foreve
40、r, constantly, continually, frequently, all the time等副词连 用，表示反复发生的或习惯性的动作，常表示不满、厌恶、抱怨或赞赏等感情色彩。 She was always finding fault with him. 她以前总是挑他的毛病。 He was continually asking her questions. 他总是问她问题。 when引导的从句表示一个短暂的时间点, 谓语动词用一般过去时，主句用过去进行时；while引导的 从句表示一段持续的时间，谓语动词用过去进行时，主句用一般过去时。 I was writing a lette
41、r when he came. 当他来时，我正在写信。 We were walking in the street when I met my old friend. 当我遇见我的老朋友时，我们正在大街上散步。 While we were having supper, the light went out. 我们正在吃晚饭时，灯熄灭了。 The telephone rang while she was reading. 当她看书时，电话响了。 练习： 1) The reporter said that the UFO _ (travel) east to west when he saw it
42、. 2)Has Sam finished his homework today? I have no idea. He _ (do) it this morning. 3)Did you see a man in black pass by just now? No, sir. I _ (read) a newspaper. 4)I took a picture of you just now. Really? I _ (not look) with attention. 5) I first met Lisa three years ago. She _ (work) at a radio
43、shop at the time. 6) It was a dark night, the wind _ (blow) hard and the rain _ (fall) heavily. 7) When you _ (knock) at the door yesterday, I _ (do) some washing. 8) While my mother _ (watch) TV, I _ (make) a kite. 9) The couple _ always _(quarrel) because of poverty in the past. 10) When I got to
44、his house, I found that the walls _ (paint) (答案：1. was traveling 2. was doing 3. was reading 4. wasnt looking 5. was working 6. was blowing/was falling 7. knocked/was doing 8. was watching/was making 9. were quarreling 10. was being painted) 8 七、将来进行时的用法：七、将来进行时的用法： 1. 构成：shall/will +be+doing（shall用
45、于第一人称, will 可用于各种人称。 ） 2. 常用词：常与at this time tomorrow, at 8 oclock next Sunday等连用。 3. 用法： 表示在将来某一时间内正在进行的动作, 常与常用词连用。 I shall be seeing a friend off at this time tomorrow. 明天这个时候我将送一位朋友。 What will you be doing at 8 oclock this evening? 今天晚上八点钟你将干什么？ 表示稍晚一点儿的安排。 In a few minutes the meeting will be g
46、oing on. 几分钟后会议将继续举行。 We are studying Unit 1 this week, and next week we will be studying Unit 2. 这周我们学习第一单元，下周我们将学第二单元。 表示对将要发生的动作的预测。 The weather report says that it will be raining when we arrive in London. 天气预报说当我们到达伦敦时天将下雨。 The train will be arriving soon. 火车很快就要到了。 用在问句中，表示委婉、礼貌。 Will you be v
47、isiting your uncle in London? 在伦敦你将看望你叔叔吗？ When will you be coming again?你什么时候再来？ 练习： 1)At this time tomorrow we _ (fly) over the Atlantic. 2) Daniels family _ (enjoy) their holiday in Huangshan this time next week. 3) Im afraid I wont be available. I _ (see) a friend off at four oclock this afterno
48、on. 4)Guess what, weve got our visas for a short term visit to the UK this summer. How nice！You _ (experience) a different culture then. 5) Jane cant attend the meeting at 3 oclock this afternoon because she _ (teach) a class at that time. 八、现在完成时的用法：八、现在完成时的用法： 1. 构成：have/has+done 2. 常用词：常与already,
49、 yet, just, ever, now, before, by this time, so far, recently, lately, today, this morning, up to now, all ones life, since, “for+一段时间”,“in the past/last+一段时间”等连用。 3. 用法： 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常与常用词连用。 I have seen the film. 我已看过那部电影了。 China has already made great progress in science and technology. 中
50、国在科技方面已经取得了巨大的进步。 表示开始于过去、持续到现在并可能持续下去的动作或状态。只能用于某些带有延续意义的动词。 常与these days, now, up to now, today, this week, so far, since,“for+一段时间”等时间状语连用。 They have studied English for six years. 他们学英语已有六年了。 He has lived here since 1949. 自从 1949 以来，他一直住在这儿。 (答案：1. will be flying 2. will be enjoying 3. will be s
