1、1 M1U1 Grammar 句子成分与句子结构句子成分与句子结构 一句子成分 在英语语法中，句子成分有主语、谓语、宾语、补语、状语、表语和定语，起主要作用的是 主语和谓语。 1.主语主语 主语指句子所谈论的主题，作主语的通常是名词、代词，也可以是数词、doing、to do 或者 主语从句。 The efforts you make are sure to payoff sooner or later. We can take advantage of this opportunity to strengthen the relationship between the two compan
2、ies. Four and five is nine. What you need is more practice. 动词不定式、动名词或者从句作主语时，常用 it 作形式主语，而把真正的主语后置。 To see such a serious man play jokes on us is amazing. =It is amazing to see such a serious man play jokes on us， 单句语法填空 Some_(position) require students to be15to24orup to 29 for persons with a disa
3、bility. _you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes. _(get)up at five oclock every morning is a great challenge to her. _is not easy to balance his family with work as a researcher. It is no use_(try)to persuade him to give up smoking.He wouldnt listen. _he will come here or not is none
4、of my business. _(detail) are listed on the report. 答案：positions What To get/Getting It trying Whether Details 2.谓语谓语 谓语用来说明主语所做的动作或主语的特征状态，由行为动词的时态语态充当。 2 He succeeded at last by working hard. He didnt focus his attention on his study last night， 【学法点拨】 谓语动词要注意与主语保持一致。 单句语法填空 2019全国卷 The polar bear
5、_ (find) in the Arctic Circle and some big landmasses as far south as Newfoundland. He_(take) advantage of the opportunity to get promoted last year. Finishing the task ahead of time_(give)him a lot of confidence. 答案：is foundtookgives 3.宾语宾语 宾语通常指动作的对象，有的动词后面有两个宾语间接宾语(人) 和直接宾语(物) 。 可作宾语的词通常有名词、代词、do
6、ing、to do 或者宾语从句。 I love English. His teacher praised him for his courage to take up the challenge. He enjoys reading some books. I dont know whether I can make a difference to these boys. 动词不定式、动名词或者从句作宾语时，常用 it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语后置。 I find it not easy to improve the situation in a short time. 我发现在短时间内改
7、善这种状况是不容易的。 单句语法填空 2019全国卷 You also need to judge the quality and_(deep)of your motivation. 2019全国卷 Our hosts shared many of their_(experience) and recommended wonderful places to eat， shop， and visit. 2019 全 国 卷 In the cafe ，customers will enjoy_(they) in the historical environment that is created
8、for them. 2019天津卷 I had hoped_(send) Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage， but I couldnt manage it. 2019天津卷 Edward， do you mind_(give) me a ride to the railway station? 3 答案：depthexperiencesthemselvesto sendgiving 4.补语补语 补语分为主语补足语和宾语补足语，用来补充主语或者宾语的动作或者状态， 可作补语的 词有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、to do、doi
9、ng、done 和从句。 I find China Daily a useful tool to learn English. He intends his son to have a positive attitude towards life. Make yourself at home. 单句语法填空： Im afraid I cant make myself_(understand) because of my limited English. He noticed someone_(stare)at him in the distance The captain of the shi
10、p was advised_(turn)back due to a sudden heavy storm. 答案：understood；staring；to turn 5.状语状语 状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或者整个句子，通常由副词、介词短语 to do、doing、done 或者状语从句来充当。 He works very hard. He was born in1999 in a small village. To realize your potential， you should make an effort. He lost the opportunity because he
11、was late. 【学法点拨】 形容词有时候也可以作状语，说明主语的状态。 He returned home after a whole days work， tired and hungry. 工作一天回到家，他又累又饿。 单句语法填空 2020-1 月卷 The salt lowers waters freezing point，_(cause) ice to melt. 2019天津 Adogs eating habit requires regular training before it is 4 _(proper)established. 2019天津 3 月卷 Even tho
12、ugh we live in a high-tech age， its still impossible to predict the weather_(accurate) . 2018 北 京 卷 Susan had quit her well-paid job and was working as a volunteer in the neighborhood_I visited her last year. 【解题指导】 causingproperlyaccuratelywhen 6.表语表语 表语是系动词后面的成分， 用来说明主语的身份、 特征和状态， 作表语的可以是名词、 代词、 形
13、容词、副词、介词短语、to do、doing、done 以及表语从句。 常见的系动词有 be， become， feel， get， look，remain， seem， sound 等。 Studying in a foreign country is a big challenge for him. He looks younger than his elder brother. We should remain seated until our teacher returns. 【学法点拨】 系动词不用被动语态，一般不用进行时态。 单句语法填空 2018北京卷 Without his s
14、upport， we wouldnt be _we are now. 2019天津卷 -I guess you want to go play tennis. -You read my mind.Thats exactly_I was thinking too. 2019天津 3 月卷 We are_(determine) that our training should keep pace with the current development in education. 【解题指导】 wherewhatdetermined 7.定语定语 定语是用来修饰名词或者代词的， 通常由名词、 代词
15、、 形容词、 副词、 介词短语、 to do、 doing、 done 以及定语从句来充当。 You should do something in return for your parents. 5 It is a great challenge to me. He looked at the broken vase， not knowing what to do. He put a lot of efforts into the research， which paid off at last. 单句语法填空 2020浙江 1 月卷 Researchers from Brigham You
16、ng University discovered that fathers are in a unique position_(help) their adolescent children learn persistence. 2019天津卷 Most colleges now offer first-year students a course specially_(design) to help them succeed academically and personally. 2019天津卷 Their child is at the stage _she can say indivi
17、dual words but not full sentences. 2018北京卷 She and her family bicycle to work，_helps them keep fit. 【解题指导】 to help designed where which 【学法点拨】 巧记句子成分 主谓宾定状补，句子成分要清楚。 句子主干主谓宾，枝叶部分定状补。 定语用在主宾前，谓前为状谓后补。 还有助词的地得，帮助区分定状补。 二.句子结构 常见的句子结构有八种： (1)主谓：主语+谓语(SV) He is working. (2) 主系表：主语+连系动词+表语(SVP) He is pos
18、itive. (3) 主谓宾：主语+谓语+宾语(SVO) He has acquired a lot of knowledge by teaching himself. 6 (4) 主谓宾宾：主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(SV OO) He gave me a lot of encouragement when I was in trouble. (5) 主谓宾补：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语(SVOC) He encouraged me to keep a balance between family and work. (6) 主谓状：主语+谓语+状语(SVA) The science
19、and technology is advancing rapidly. (7) 主谓宾状：主语+谓语+宾语+状语(SVO A) He focuses his attention on the plants in his garden everyday. (8) 存现句：there be 结构 There will be a lot of challenges ahead in senior high school. 判断下列句子属于哪种句子结构 I want to go shopping. I saw a cat in the tree. My father bought me a book
20、. We found the little girl in the hill. That is a beautiful flower. There are more than twenty trees in our school. He speaks English very well. He is screaming. 【解题指导】 主谓宾主谓宾状主谓宾宾主谓宾补主系表存现句主谓宾状主谓 课堂练习 1.2019 全 国 卷 Modern_(method)for tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the
21、mid-1980s. 2.2020浙江 1 月卷 The state_(produce) 2. 8 billion pounds of cheese last year! 3.2020浙江 1 月卷 Many people suspect that all the rock salt_(use)every winter is harming the environment. 7 4.2020浙江 1 月卷 Todays world is not an easy _(adjust) for young adults. 5.2020浙江 1 月卷 There are relatively few_
22、(study) that stress the unique role of fathers. 6.2019全国卷 I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahls writing and_ gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful worlds. 7.2019全国卷 In that sense， Im pretty sure_ (volunteer) is more of a selfish act than Id freely li
23、ke to admit. 8.2019天津卷 Learning to think_(critical) is an important skill todays children will need for the future. 9.2019天津卷 Katc heard a mans voice in the background，but she couldnt make out _he was saying. 10.2019江苏卷_(enjoy)the convenience of digital payment， many senior citizens started to use s
24、mart phones， 11.2019 天 津 巷 The sign on the wall of the library says ，“No magazine is allowed_(take) out of the reading room”. 12.2018北京卷_we dont stop climate change，many animals and plants in the world will begone. 13.2018北京卷_(travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experienc
25、e. 14.2018北京卷 This is _my father has taught me to always face difficulties and hope for the best. 答案：1.methods 2.produced 3.used 4.adjustment 5.studies 6.it 7.volunteering 8.critically 9.what 10.To enjoy 11.to be taken 12.If 13.Traveling 14.what Language points 一知识点梳理 1.focus (1)n.焦点，重点 成为焦点come int
26、o focus 8 使某事成为焦点bring sth. into focus 焦点对准/没有对准in/out of focus The incident brought the problem of violence in schools into focus. 单句语法填空 With his attention_(focus)on his book， he didnt notice what had happened. I regret not having focused my mind _my study. 答案:focused;on 2.detail n.细节；具体情况 详细叙述，逐一
27、说明go into detail(s) 详细地in detail detailed adj.详细的， 详尽的 单句语法填空 He gave me a_(detail) description of his inner thinking. He makes a list of what is needed_detail in advance at the ceremony. 【解题指导】 detailedin 3.as a result of 由于 因此， 结果as a result 导致， 造成result in 起因于result from He put off his visit to B
28、eijing as a result of the bad weather. as a result of“作为的结果， 由于”， 后接名词、代词或动名词作宾语； 而 as a result“因 此， 结果”单独使用， 一般放在句首， 后面通常加逗号。 He lost this job as a result of making one serious mistake. 他由于犯了个大错而丢了工作。 =He made one serious mistake.As a result， he lost this job. 他犯了个大错，结果丢了工作。 9 e true 实现 His dream o
29、f making a difference to his family came true. My dream came true.() come true 是系表结构， 不能用于动语态 I came true my dream.() My dream was come true.() I realized my dream.() realize 是及物动词， 后接宾语， 可用于被动语态 My dream was realized.() My dream became a reality.() 单句语法填空 With all his attention_(focus) on his resea
30、rch， his dream_(come)true at last. His dream of playing the leading character in a Film_(realize)and his film was a hit 答案：focused， camewas realized 5.refer to 指的是； 提到； 涉及； 参考 refer to.as.称为 Who do you think the teacher is referring to? Dont refer to this matter again. Some scientific stories this b
31、ook refers to have come true now. When reading， youd better avoid referring to your dictionary too often. refer to/turn to/consult the dictionary查词典 look up.in the dictionary在词典中查阅 Do we know how many people this passage refers_? He refers to himself _a foolish person， but in fact， he is wiser than
32、any of us. 答案：toas 6.more than 多于， 超过 (1) “more than+sb.can/could.意为“.超过某人所能，某人难以”。 10 The challenge is more than I can take up all by myself. 这个挑战是我一个人承担不了的。 (2) “more than+(动) 名词”表示“不仅仅是， 不止是”。 It is more than a challenge； it is also an opportunity. 这不仅仅是挑战，还是机会。 (3) “more than+数词”表示“多于， 超过”。 More
33、 than ten senior schools took part in the competition. 多于 10 所高中参加了比赛。 (4) “more than+形容词/副词”表示“非常， 十分”。 He is more than confident about himself. 他对自己非常自信。 【误区警示】 “more than one+可数名词单数”作主语时， 谓语动词用单数形式。 More than one student has read the book. 不止一个学生读过这本书。 7.base v.&n (1)v.以为基础(依据) base.on/upon.以为基础/
34、根据 (be based on/upon 以为基础） One should always base his opinions on facts. Theory should be based on practice. (2)n.根据；基础；基底；总部，大本营 at the base of.在底部 They settled down at the base of the mountain. 【词语积累】 basic adj.基本的， 根本的 basically adv 基本上； 从根本上说 basis n.原因； 基准； 基础 11 单句语法填空 The research group produ
35、ced two reports_(base) on the survey，but neither contained any useful suggestions. _(base)on a true story， the film turned out to be a great hit _(base)an important decision more one motion than on reason，you will regret it sooner or later. In my diary， I set down a series of things that were based
36、_facts. Knowing some_(base) knowledge of first aid can make a great difference sometimes. 答案：basedBasedBasingon/uponbasic 8.remind v.提醒， 使想起 remind sb.of sb./sth.提醒某人某事； 使某人想起某人/某事 remind sb.to do sth.提醒某人做某事 The photos reminded me of the excitement at the party. 【归纳拓展】 warn sb.of sth.提醒/警告某人其事 info
37、rm sb.of sth.通知某人某事 convince sb.of sth.使某人相信某事 cure sb.of sth.治愈某人的疾病 rob sb.of sth.抢某人的某物 rid sb.of sth.使某人摆脱某事 accuse sb.of sth.指控某人犯有罪 suspect sb.of sth.怀疑某人有罪 单句语法填空 Mary， I reminded John _his promise to help you. My father reminded me_(set) off early in case I was caught in traffic. Michael put
38、 up a picture of his favourite star beside the bed to keep himself_(remind) of his own dreams. _(remind) not to miss the flight at 15：20， the manager set out for the airport in a 12 hurry. 答案：ofto setremindedReminded 9.stick to 坚持； 固守， 维持(to 为介词) stick to ones dream 坚持梦想 stick to ones word履行诺言 Going
39、 over lessons regularly is a good habit. If you stick to it， you will make great progress in your study. 【归纳拓展】 be/get stuck in陷入中， 困在中 be/get stuck in the traffic 遭遇交通阻塞 be stuck in the mud陷入泥里 单句语法填空 In April， thousands of holidaymakers remained_(stick)abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud. I didnt
40、 become a serious climber until the fifth grade， when I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck_the branches of a tree. Good opinions are worth sticking_because they can benefit us all. No matter what happens,you should always stick_your words. 答案：stuckintoto 10.pay off (1)得到回报，奏效 At last， all his e
41、fforts paid off and he was admitted into a key university. (2)偿清，付清 Though working very hard， he couldnt make enough money to pay off his debts. pay off“得到好结果，取得成功”，物作主语 “偿清”，人作主语 pay 短语: 13 Payback偿还； 报复 pay down(分期或部分) 支付； 偿还 pay up付清全部欠款 pay for为付钱； 为付出代价 单句语法填空 They doubted whether all this work
42、 would pay_ He pays a lot of money_ the new house in the downtown. 答案：offfor 二重点句式 1.Setting goals gives you a focus in life. 设定目标能让你专注生活。 本句中 setting goals 为动名词作主语。 动名词作主语动名词作主语 (1) 基本结构：doing(sth.) +V (2)动名词作主语，谓语动词要用第三人称单数单数 (3)动名词作主语，有时用 it 作形式主语，而把动名词后置。 It is no use/good doing.做是没有用/无益的。 It is
43、 a waste of time doing. 做是浪费时间的。 It is worthwhile doing.做是值得的。 Saying is one thing， and doing is another. 说是一回事，而做是另一回事。 It is no good reading without understanding. 读书不求甚解是无益的 单句语法填空 _(take)notes is a good habit for students. Planning so far in advance_(make)no sense so many things will have change
44、d by next year. 2019天津卷_(learn)to think critically is an important skill todays children will 14 need for the future. 答案：TakingmakesLearning 三课堂练习 1.2019全国卷 The coach is able to focus_ the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. 2.2018全国卷 Im now writing to te
45、ll you some relevant_(detail) . 3.2020浙江 1 月卷As_result， there was a lot of leftover cheese brine. 4.2019 江 苏 卷 We have entered into an age when dreams have the best chance of_(come)true. 5.2019 全 国 卷 The trend ，then ，was toward the“penny paper”a term referring _papers made widely available to the pu
46、blic. 6.2019全国卷 Whaley says the project is about_ than just learning to read and speak in public. 7.2020浙江 1 月卷 It was based _a number of large families. 8.2016江苏卷 This work is starting to pay_. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38%in 2000 to 5.4%in 2011. 9.2020浙江 1 月卷 It remi
47、nds her _children dont enter life afraid to take risks or unwilling to try again when they fall down. 10.2019全国卷 Much to the familys surprise， Dennis stuck _his promise! 答案：I.(A)1.on 2.details 3.a ing 5.to 6.more 7.on 8.off 9.that 10.to 四课后练习 （1）语法填空2018全国卷改编 Diets have changed in Chinaand so too ha
48、s its top crop.Since 2011 ，the country 1_(grow) more corn than rice.Corn 2 _ (produce)has jumped nearly 125 percent over the past 25 years， while rice has increased only 7 percent. A taste for meat is 3_ (actual) behind the change：An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens，pigs，and cattl
49、e.Another reason for corns rise：The government 15 encourages farmers 4_ (grow) corn instead of rice to improve water quality.Corn uses less water than rice and creates less fertilizer( 化 肥 ) runoff.This switch has decreased 5 _(pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking wa
50、ter safer for people. According to the World Bank， China accounts for about 30percent of total 6_ (globe) fertilizer consumption.The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 一 when the government 7_ (start) a soil-testing program that gives specific fertilizer farmers 8_ (recommend) a
