1、新高一新高一语法专练三语法专练三： 定语从句（定语从句（8.17 日）日） 一、 定语从句的概念 定语从句是指在句子中起定语作用、修饰句中名词或代词的从句，其中被修饰的名词或代词成 为先行词。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，在先行词和定语从句之间起到连接作用的就被称为关 系词。 *关系词又分为关系代词和关系副词两种。 *定语从句就其与先行词的关系，可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句 与先行词关系十分密切，如果去掉该从句，主句意思就不能表达完整。通常情况下，朗读中间没有 停顿，从句和主句也不用逗号分开。 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句与先行词关系松散，如果去掉从句主句仍能保
2、持完整意思，从句仅作附加说明。 朗读时中间一般有停顿，从句和主句之间用逗号分开。 而应试中技巧： e.g. Yesterday I met one of my friends,who seemed to be very busy. They want to set up a country of their own,where they can be their own masters. 而限制性定语从句限制性定语从句使得被修饰的词代表一个、或者一类特定的人或者事物，定语从句与被修饰词构 成了一个完整的意思，如果拿掉定语从句则会舍得剩下的主句失去特定意义，变得莫名其妙，意思 残缺。 关系代词：
3、that ；which ；who ；whom ；whose ；as 等。 关系副词：when ；where ；why 等。 二、基础语法讲解二、基础语法讲解 （一）关系代词（一）关系代词 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关关 系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 （主谓一致是无 论在哪个类型的语法中都应当注意的语法点） 1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。 e.g.Is he the m
4、an who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that 在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。 （whom/that 在从句中作宾 语） 2）which, that 所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。 e.g.Aprosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。 （which / that 在句中作宾语）
5、The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。 （which / that 在句中作宾语） 3）whose 用来指人或物（只用作定语只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同 of which 互换） 。 e.g. They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书
6、。 （二）关系副词（二）关系副词 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。在从句中作状语。 1）关系副词 when, where, why 的含义相当于介词介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构 交替使用（可互换（可互换） 。 e.g.There are occasions when （on which） one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born.北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reaso
7、n why （for which） he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ 2）that 代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代 when, where, why 和 介+which引导的定语从句，在口语中 that 常被省略被省略。例如： His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which） h
8、e lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 * 如何判断 选用关系代词 还是关系副词？ 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），正确选择出关系代词准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。关系副词。 例 1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one 例 2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. whereB
9、. thatC. on whichD. the one 例 1 变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago. 例 2 变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句 1 中，所缺部分为宾语，而 where, that, on which 都不能起到宾语的作用，只有 the one 既 做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选 D。 而句2中, 主、 谓、 宾俱全， 从句部分为句子的状语表地点， 既可用副词where， 又因 in the museum 词
10、组，可用介词 in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词 on 用的不对，所以选 A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分， 先行词在从句中做主、 定、 宾语时， 选择关系代词 （who, whom, that, which, whose） ； 先行词在从句中做状语时先行词在从句中做状语时， 应选择关系副词应选择关系副词 （where 地点状语地点状语， when 时时 间状语，间状语，why 原因状语原因状语） 。 （三）非限制性定语从句 1）定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意 思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也
11、不会影响主句的意思，它与主句它与主句 之间通常用逗号分开之间通常用逗号分开。 （重要特征）（重要特征） e.g. This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。 （限制性） The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。 （非限 制性） 2）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired la
12、st year. 查理.史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。 3）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称第三人称 单数单数。 e.g.He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which
13、greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思， 这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 非限制性定语从句的 2 大注意： 第一，关系代词第一，关系代词 that 不可引导非限制性定语从句；不可引导非限制性定语从句； 第二，关系副词第二，关系副词 why 不可引导非限制性定语从句。不可引导非限制性定语从句。 高频考点：高频考点： 1.介词+关系代词介词后面只能用 which 指物，whom 指人，不可用不可用 that。 e.g. He is the pers
14、on_we should learn. （from whom） The bag_he put his books is lost.(in/into which) The man_she is taling is a doctor.(to/about/with whom) 2.当定语从句中存在插入语时 常见插入语 I think，you know，I believe，I thought 等，做题时应先去除插入语，再选择正确关系词。 e.g. This is the school_where_you know I once studied. He made a discovery,_which_i
15、s very important. 3.只能用只能用 that 或或 which 的情况的情况 只能用只能用 that 的场合：的场合： 1当先行词既指人又指物时。 e.g. The professor and his achievement that I heard about are admired by them. 我听说的那位教授和他 的成就得到了他们的赞美。 2当先行词是不定代词 anything、noting、everything、all、some、little、few、much、none 或被不 定代词修饰时。 （但 something 则可以用 which） e.gI have
16、 nothing that is worth reading。 我没有值得一读的东西。 当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。 e.g. You are the first person that I want to ask for. 你是我要见的第一个人。 This is the moust interesting film that I have ever seen. 这是我见过的最有趣的电影。 4当先行词被 the only 和 the very、 the last 修饰时。 e.g. This is the very pen that I am looking for.这正是我要找的笔
17、。 The only book that I want to read is missing. 我唯一想看的书不见了。 5当先行词被 all every no some few little much both 等修饰时 e.g. This is all that I want to say at the meeting. 这就是我在会上要说的。 6避免重复，避免重复，在双重定语从句中，如果一个从句已经用 who 或者 which 引导，那么另一个用 that 引导。 e.g. He is the student that I have ever seen who can jump highe
18、st. My brother studies in the school which is the most beautiful in our city that isnt far from here. 我弟弟 在我们城市的最美丽的学校读书，并且离这儿不远。 几个句型： A、It is （high）time +that 定语从句e.g It is （high）time that we should have a rest. B、当先行词为主句的表语或者关系代词为从句的表语时 e.g. This is the book that was bought yesterday.Our school i
19、s no longer the school that it used to be. C、there be 句型句型中，句子的主语是先行词，而且又是物。 There are two novels that I want to read.There is no work that can be done now. 只能用只能用 which 场合：场合： 1.介词+which，指物；2.非限制性定语从句中；3.防止重复 4.关于 as 的用法 用于限制性定语从句中：当先行词被 so 、as、 the same 修饰时，关系代词用 as 指代人或物，而不 用 which. 用于非限制性定语从句中：非
20、限制定语从句，特别是先行词是整个主句时，由 which 和 as 引导的非 限制性定语从句，是高考的热点。 注意：注意：as 引导的非限制性定语从句与引导的非限制性定语从句与 which 引导的非限制性定语从句的区别：引导的非限制性定语从句的区别： As 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前主句前、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾插在主句中间或放在主句末尾，而 which 引导的非限 制性定语从句，只能放在主句后面只能放在主句后面；as 引导的从句有“正如正如”之意，而 which 则没有。 跟踪训练：跟踪训练： .在空白处填入适当的内容(1 个单词) 1The App WeChat provide
21、s a networking platform _ communication is faster and easier. 2In some countries, many students participate in various programs, _ they learn about the sense of responsibility by volunteering their services. 3 Running Man is such funny reality show _ has the gravity to pull you in front of your tele
22、vision. 4 Each graduate standing on the playground, _was accompanied by a parent, would be awarded a diploma by the headmaster. 5The old pictures bring them to the days _ they spent together, _ life was hard but happy. 6Lenovo has brought out a new laptop _ low cost will make it attractive to studen
23、ts. 7 Guess what！ I came across my primary school teacher this morning, with _ I have lost touch for almost 20 years. 8He is confident, _， in my opinion, is most important in modern society. 9I wish to thank Professor Smith, without _ help I would never have got this far. 10Overseas Chinese are part
24、icularly sought out for positions _ a high degree or leadership is required. 11What do you think of the reason _ he gave at the meeting yesterday? 12This is a very convenient place to live in, 20 km northwest of _ is an airport connecting all the big cities. 13This restaurant has an inviting, homeli
25、ke atmosphere _ many others are short of. 14The living standard of the people in China, _ is shown in the report, has improved over the past decades. 15The mother thanked the young man again and again, without _ kindness her son would have been killed by the passing car. 16.We will put off the picni
26、c in the park until next week,the weather may be better.（2016 天津） 17.American women usually identify their best friend as someone _ they can talk frequently. （2004 上海） 18.Care of the soul is a gradual processeven the small details of life should be considered. （2012 湖南） 19.I love going to Cape Cod,I
27、 can relax, swim and have a couple of beers. （2017 山师附中） 20.When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the houseI would be staying. 21.The watch,parts are too small to be seen, was made in Switzerland.（2017 省实验） 22.That evening,I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late. 23.Mo Yan was
28、awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012,made one of the Chinese peoples long-held dreams come true. 24.Mr. Jackson is a generous manyou can turn for help at any time.（2017 省实验） 25.The prize will go to the writerstory shows the most imagination. .语法填空 If you are interested in both Chinas ancie
29、nt finance and architecture, Pingyao is a place you cant miss. Pingyao Ancient City, located in the central Shanxi Province, China, is a well-preserved example of a traditional Han Chinese city. 1._ (found) in the 14th century, its wall is ten meters high, 6，163 meters around, and three to five mete
30、rs wide at the top.The west and east sides of wall have two gates 2._ the southern and northern walls each have one gate only. From the 19th century to the early 20th century, Pingyao, 3._ (control) almost half of the economy of the country at its booming period, was a financial center for the whole
31、 of China.There 4._ (be) once over twenty draft banks head offices, 5._ branches were distributed 6._ (wide) around the whole country, even in some western and southeastern countries. Today when other Chinese 7._ (city) have been more than happy to bury their history under skyscrapers, this 8._ (ori
32、gin) Chinese Wall Street chooses not to.Ordinary people still live 9._ the citys hundreds of Ming and Qing Dynasty courtyards as they did in the time of emperors.This city is helping China rediscover the value of preserving what little 10._(leave)of the countrys ancient buildings. 参考答案参考答案 .在空白处填入适当
33、的内容(1 个单词) 1where句意：微信提供了一个网络平台，使交流变得更快速和更便捷。 2where句意：在一些国家，许多学生参与不同的项目，在那里他们通过志愿者服务学会了责任 感。先行词为 programs，定语从句中缺少地点状语，故用 where。 3 as句意： 奔跑吧兄弟 是如此有趣的真人秀节目， 好像把你拉到电视机前的引力。 先行词 show 被 such 修饰，定语从句应用 as 引导。 4who句意：站在操场上的每个毕业生，由他们的父亲或母亲陪伴着，都会由校长亲自颁发给毕 业证。先行词为 each graduate，从句中缺少主语，故用 who。 5which/that；wh
34、en句意：那些旧照片使他们回想起他们在一起度过的那些日子，当时生活很苦 但很幸福。 _ they spent together 为定语从句，先行词为 the days，在定语从句中作 spent 的宾 语，故用 which 或 that; _ life was hard but happy 也为定语从句，修饰先行词 the days，关系副 词在从句中作时间状语，故用 when。 6whose句意：联想又出了一种新型笔记本电脑，它低廉的价位会对学生们很有吸引力。先行词 为 a new laptop，在定语从句中作定语。 7. whom句意：你猜怎么着！今天早上我碰见我的小学老师了！我和他失去联
35、系差不多 20 年了。 本空需要关系代词引导定语从句，关系代词在从句中作宾语，且用来指人，在介词后只能用 whom。 8which句意：他很自信，我认为这在现代社会非常重要。in my opinion 为插入语，定语从句修 饰前面整个句子 he is confident，并且从句中缺少主语，故用 which。 9whose句意：我想感谢斯密斯教授，没有他的帮助我就不会有今天。这里使用了定语从句，先 行词是 Professor Smith，定语从句中缺少定语，故要用 whose 引导。 10where句意：海外的中国人特别寻求需要高学位或领导能力的职位。这里含有一个定语从句， 关系副词在从句中作
36、地点状语，故用关系副词 where。 11 that/which句意： 你认为他在昨天的会上给出的那个理由怎么样？定语从句修饰的先行词是 the reason，关系词在从句中作 gave 的宾语，应该用关系代词 that/which。 12which句意：这是一个生活非常方便的地方，西北的 20 千米处，有一个机场连接了所有的大 城市。通过分析句子结构，可知这个句子中包含了一个非限制性定语从句，答案为 which。 13that句意：这家餐馆有一种诱人的、如家般的氛围，这是很多其他餐馆所没有的。这里需要 用关系代词引导定语从句，且指物并在从句中作宾语，故用 that。 14as句意：正如报告所
37、显示的，中国人民的生活水平在过去的几十年里得到了改善。这里用 as 引导非限制性定语从句，表示“正如，像”，关系代词 as 指代主句的内容并在从句中作主语。 15whose句意：这位母亲一次又一次地感谢这个年轻人，如果没有他的好心，她的儿子就被过 往的汽车撞死了。分析句子成分可知，此处应用 whose 修饰名词 kindness，引导非限制性定语从句。 16.【解析】先行词为 next week，定语从句不缺少必要成分，故选择关系副词 when。 17.【解析】先行词为 someone，talk with sb. 为固定词组，故选择 with whom。 18.【解析】先行词为 process
38、。定语从句不缺少必要成分，故选择 in which。 19.【解析】先行词为 Cape Cod，定语从句不缺少必要成分，故选择关系副词 where。 20.【解析】先行词为 the house，定语从句不缺少必要成分，故选择关系副词 where。 21.【解析】先行词为 the watch，定语从句缺少定语，故选择关系代词 whose。 22.【解析】先行词为 that evening，定语从句缺少宾语，且为非限制性定语从句，故用 which。 23. 【解析】 先行词为前面这件事， 定语从句缺少主语， 且为非限制性定语从句， 故用关系代词 which。 24.【解析】先行词为 man，tur
39、n to sb. for help 为固定词组，故选择 to whom。 25.【解析】先行词为 the writer，定语从句缺少定语，故选择关系代词 whose。 .语法填空本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了曾被称作中国的华尔街的平遥古城。 1Foundedfound 在句中作状语，与其逻辑主语 its wall 之间是动宾关系，故填 Founded。 2 while/but句意： 东面和西面各有两座门， 而南北两面都只有一座。 前后句是转折关系， 故 while/but。 3control(l)ing分析句子成分可知，此处应填非谓语动词。control 作定语，与逻辑主语 Pingyao 之间
40、是主谓关系，故填 control(l)ing。 4were此处考查 there be 句型。there be 句型中 be 动词的形式应与后面的名词保持一致，由此根 据空后的复数名词“over twenty draft banks head offices”可知，此处 be 动词用 are 或者 were；又因本 句描述的是过去的事情，故填 were。 5whose分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句；先行词为 banks head offices，引导词在从句 中作定语，指的是“这些总部的分支机构”，故填 whose。 6widely所填词修饰动词 distributed，作状语，所以用副词，故填 widely。 7cities根据空前的 other Chinese 可知，此处指“其他的中国城市”，因此需用复数；且根据空后 的 have 也可以推知此处用复数，故填 cities。 8original所填词修饰名词短语 Chinese Wall Street，要用形容词，故填 original。 9in句意：普通百姓仍然生活在这座城市的数百个明清时期的庭院里。live in 是固定搭配。 10is left句意：这座城市正在帮助中国重新发现所剩无几的中国古建筑的价值。leave 和它的逻 辑主语之间为被动关系，指“被留下的”，所以这里应该用被动语态，故填 is left。
