1、句子成分句子成分 WELCOME UNIT 句子成分句子成分 定义 ： 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成 分； 主要成分：主语和谓语 次要成分： 表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语 01 1. I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday. 主主 语语 谓谓 语语 定定 语语 宾宾 语语 同同 位位 语语 状状 语语 中英文语序差异 英语：孔雀型尾重 要求把字数较多或语法结构较复杂的句子、成分至于 句末。 Elements of a sentence: S - subject V - verb P - pred
2、icative O - object Attri.-attribute Adv.- adverb Oc - object complement 主主 谓谓 表表 宾补宾补 定定 状状 宾宾 造句规则 英语句法 that, pass, ruler, me, yellow _. you, tea, like, some, would _? bike, on time, Kate, the, returned _. Would you like some tea Pass me that yellow ruler Kate returned the bike on time 主语（subject）：
3、 一般位于句首，是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的”是什么”或是“是谁”.由名词， 代词，不定式，动名词，从句等或者是相当于名词的词或者是短语充当 Jane is good at playing the piano. She went out in a hurry. Four plus four is eight. To see is to believe. Smoking is bad for health. The young should respect the old. What he has said is true. （名词）（名词） （代词）（代词） （数词）（数词） （不定式）（不定
4、式） （动名词）（动名词） （名词化的形容词）（名词化的形容词） （句子）（句子） 找出句中主语 The sun rises in the east. Twenty years is a short time in history. The poor are now living in the shelter.、 Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. He likes dancing. What he needs is a book. It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall lik
5、e a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）形式主语，主语从句是真正主语） 谓语 说明主语的动作、状态和特征 简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill? He looked after two orphans. 复合谓语 由情态动词或助动词+动词; He can speak English well. She doesnt seem to like dancing 英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，分成不及物动词与和及物动 词。 及物动词(vt.) ： 及物动词后必须跟有动作的对象（即宾语）， 并且可直接跟宾语。 如：
6、He reached Paris . 不及物动词（vi. ）：不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象 （即宾语）。若要跟宾语，必须先在其后加上某个介词。 如: Look! She is singing. Look at me carefully! 类似的还有：agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed. 易误用作及物动词的易误用作及物动词的9个不及物动词个不及物动词： 误：deal a problem 正：deal with
7、a problem 处理问题 误：depend sb. 正：depend on sb. 依靠（依赖）某人 误：insist doing sth. 正：insist on doing sth. 坚持要做某事 误：knock the door 正：knock on at the door 敲门 误：operate sb. 正：operate on sb. 为某人做手术 误：participate sth. 正：participate in sth. 参加某事 误：refer sth. 正：refer to sth. 查阅（参考)某物 误：rely sb. / sth. 正：rely on sb.
8、/ sth. 依靠（依赖）某人 /某物 误：reply a letter 正：reply to a letter 回信 (三三)宾语宾语 动作的对象、承受者或结果动作的对象、承受者或结果及物动词或介词的及物动词或介词的 宾语宾语 由名词，代词，不定式，动名词，从句等或者是相当于名词的词或者是 短语充当 （句子）（句子） Show your passport, please. She didnt say anything. How many do you want? - I want two. They sent the injured to hospital. They asked to se
9、e my passport. I enjoy working with you. Did you write down what he said? （名词（名词 ） ( 代词）代词） (数词数词) (名词化的形容词名词化的形容词) （不定式）（不定式） （动名词）（动名词） 宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语. He gave me some books. 间接间接 宾语宾语 直接直接 宾语宾语 please pass me the book. He bought his girlfriend some flowers. 常见跟双宾语动词 可接双宾语的38个常用动词 (1) 双宾语易位时需借助介词to
10、的常用动词 award sb. sth. = award sth. to sb. 颁奖给某人 bring sb. sth. = bring sth. to sb. 把某物带给某人 hand sb. sth. =hand sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人 lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb. 把某物借给某人 mail sb. sth. = mail sth. to sb. 把某物寄给某人 offer sb. sth. = offer sth. to sb. 将某物给某人 owe sb. sth. = owe sth. to sb. 欠某人某物 pass sb.
11、sth. = pass sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人 (2) 双宾语易位时需借助介词for的常用 动词 book sb. sth. = book sth. for sb. 为某人预定某物 buy sb. sth. = buy sth. for sb. 为某人买某物 choose sb. sth. = choose sth. for sb. 为某人选某物 cook sb. sth. = cook sth. for sb. 为某人煮某物 fetch sb. sth. = fetch sth. for sb. 为某人去取某物 find sb. sth. = find sth. for sb
12、. 为某人找到某物 fix sb. sth. = fix sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物 get sb. sth. = get sth. for sb. 为某人拿来某物 make sb. sth. = make sth. for sb. 为某人做某物 order sb. sth. = order sth. for sb. 为某人订购某物 pick sb. sth. = pick sth. for sb. 为某人采摘某物 prepare sb. sth. = prepare sth. for sb. 为某人准备某物 save sb. sth. = save sth. for sb. 为
13、某人留某物 sing sb. sth. = sing sth. for sb. 为某人唱某物（歌） spare sb. sth. = spare sth. for sb. 为某人让出某物 steal sb. sth. = steal sth. for sb. 为某人偷某物 （四）表语 表语：系动词内容上的延伸，和系动词一起表明主语的性质特征表语：系动词内容上的延伸，和系动词一起表明主语的性质特征, 由 名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、表语从句、分词、形容词、介词短语、副词充 当。 1. I am a teacher. 1. I am a teacher. 2. 2. I I am ten.
14、am ten. 3. He became rich and successful. 3. He became rich and successful. 4. Everyone is here. 4. Everyone is here. 5. They are at home now. 5. They are at home now. 6. My job is to teach them English. 6. My job is to teach them English. My job is teaching them English. My job is teaching them Eng
15、lish. 名词名词 不定式不定式 介词短语介词短语 副词副词 形容词形容词 数词数词 动名词动名词 系动词 1）状态系动词（be动词） 例如： He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词 keep, remain, stay 例如： He always kept silent at the meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 3）表像系动词 seem, appear, look, 例如： He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 注意：系动词不注意：系动词不 用于被动语态用于被动语态. . 4）感官系动词 feel, smell, sound, taste 例如： This
16、kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 5）变化系动词 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如： He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。 6）终止系动词 prove, turn out, 表 达“证实”，“变成”之意 例如： The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 系动词是联系动 词!后面要接形 容词！ 类别动词 1. be动词类 4.延续性动词 3.感官动词类 2.表示变化类 prove 、turn out to be remain、 s
17、tay、 keep look、 sound、 smell 、 taste 、feel become、 get 、 turn 、 grow 、 go am、 is 、 are、 was、 were 5.结果类 （五）定语 修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句 He is a clever boy. His father works in a steel factory. There are 54students in our class. Do you know bettys sister? He bought some sleeping pills. His
18、 spoken language is good. (形容词形容词) (名词名词) (数词数词) (名词的所有格名词的所有格) (动名词动名词) (过去分词过去分词) 定语后置定语后置 如果定语是由如果定语是由一个单词一个单词表示时，通常要前置。而由表示时，通常要前置。而由一一 个词组或一个句子个词组或一个句子表示时，通常则后置表示时，通常则后置 The girl in red is his sister. The girl standing under the tree is his daughter. Do you know the man who spoke just now? （六）状
19、语 状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、 程度、方式和伴随状况等。 I will be back in a while. They are playing on the playground. He was late because he got up late. He got up so late that I missed the train. I waited to see you. He often went to school by bus. His parents died, leaving him an orphan. Please call me if
20、 it is necessary. This book is very interesting. （七）宾语补足语（七）宾语补足语 有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明 宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。 这类常用的及物动词有这类常用的及物动词有 ：make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let. I found the book interesting. Do you sme
21、ll something burning? He made himself known to them. She asked me to lend her a hand （八）（八）同位语同位语 位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况 We young people should respect the old. He himself will do the experiment. He is the oldest among them four. He told me the news that our team won the game. I me
22、t my best friend Tom at the station yesterday. 主主 语语 谓谓 语语 定定 语语 宾宾 语语 同同 位位 语语 状状 语语 Conclusion The basic components of the sentence. 1. S (subject) 主语2. V (verb) 谓语动词 3. O (object) 宾语4. P (predicative) 表语 5. A (adverbial) 状语6. DO (direct objective) 直接宾语 7. IO (indirect objective) 间接宾语8. C (objecti
23、ve complement) 宾语补足语 9. There be there be 结构 句子成分练习 1、You should study at school. 2、The teacher got very angry. 3、The boy told me his story. 4、We find the task difficult . 5、I told him an interesting story. 6、We watched the train leaving the station. 状语状语 表语表语 间语间语+直宾直宾 宾语宾语+宾补宾补 间宾间宾+直宾直宾 宾语宾语+宾补宾补
24、 基本句型 一 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动 词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短 语、状语从句等。 （不及物动词）（不及物动词） 1. Time 2. The moon 3. The man 4. We all 5. Everybody 6. I 7. They 8. He 9.He 10.They flies. rose. cooked. eat, and drink. laughed. woke. talked for half an hour. walked yesterday . is playing. have gone. 基本句型
25、二 此句型句子谓语动词不能独立表达完整的意思，必须加 上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整 的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类： (1)表示状态的连系动词。这些词有：be, look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, keep, remain, 等等。 (2)表示转变或结果的系动词。这些词有：become, get, grow, turn, go, come, prove等。 Link-（系动（系动 词）词） (表语表语) 1. This 2. The dinner 3. He 4. Everything 5. He 6. Th
26、e book 7. The weather 8. His face is smells felt looks is is became turned an English dictionary. good. happy. different. tall and strong. interesting. warmer. red. 基本句型 三 此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义， 都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟 有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类 动词叫做及物动词。 （实义动词）（实义动词）(宾语宾语) 1. Who 2. She 3. He 4. He
27、5. They 6. Danny 7. I 8. He knows laugh at understands made ate likes want said the answer? her. English. cakes. some apples. donuts. to have a cup of tea. Good morning. 基本句型 四 此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有 两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作 的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。 通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的 间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往 被省略。 （
28、及物）（及物）（多指（多指 人）人） （多指物）（多指物） 1. She 2. She 3. He 4. He 5. I 6. I 7. I 8. He passed cooked brought bought showed gave told showed him her husband you her him him me a new dress. a delicious meal. a dictionary. nothing. my pictures. a hand. how to run the machine. that the bus was late. 基本句型 五 此句型的句子
29、的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词， 但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上个 补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。 （及（及 物）物） （宾语）（宾语）（宾补）（宾补） 1. We 2. They 3. They 4. They 5. What 6. We 7. He 8. I keep painted call found makes saw asked saw the table the door supper the house him him me them clean. green. dinner. dirty. sad? out. to come back soon. ge
30、tting on the bus. 基本句型六 此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词必须是不及物动 词。 （不及物动词）（不及物动词）A（状语）（状语） The moon The man We all They He He rose cooked eat, and drink. talked walked is playing evry night . after work . at the party. for half an hour. yesterday . on the playground. 基本句型 七 此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义， 都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意
31、思，必须跟 有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类 动词叫做及物动词。 （实（实 义动义动 词）词） (宾语宾语) A(状语) Who She He Tom want is playing plan wants to go shopping the violin to be an engineer to make an good first impression now? on the stage. in the future . on the first day. 基本句型 八 此句型需要注意的：be动词在人称和数上要和离它最 近的主语保持一致。（就近原则） There be 句型
32、和have 不可以连用。 请找出以下句子的主干请找出以下句子的主干 1. The lady with big eyes is our beautiful English teacher who always teaches us useful knowledge. The lady is our teacher. 2. I was so afraid that I didnt want to ask my teacher questions because of my poor pronunciation. I was afraid. 3. I looked up the words whic
33、h are new to me in a dictionary because I wanted to understand the story I read. I looked up the words.这个问题的一个办法就是在网上查找一些信息。这个问题的一个办法就是在网上查找一些信息。 The lady is our teacher. I was afraid. I looked up the words. 4. Li Wens parents took a 24-hour train ride and a 5-hour bus ride to get to his school whic
34、h is in the countryside. Li Wen parents took a train ride and a bus ride to his school. 5. Different special forms of traditional art usually try to show the things that are important in life, such as love, beauty and family. Li Wenparents took a train ride and a bus ride to his school. Forms try to
35、 show the things. Translate the sentences with the basic sentence structures. 1我们叫她Alice. 2我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 3他们把小偷释放了。 4我要你把真相告诉我。 5 .卫兵命令我们立即离开。 6. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 7他每个月理一次发。 8我们不会让她在晚上外出的。 1. We call her Alice. 2. We all consider him to be honest. 3. They have set the thief free. 4. I want you to tell me the truth. 5. The guards ordered us to leave at once. 6. Every morning we hear him read English aloud. 7. He has his hair cut once a month. 8. We wont let her go out at night.
