1、Unit1 Learning About Language Discover useful structures 复习定语从句复习定语从句 两个简单句：两个简单句： A man is standing there. The man is my brother. = 主从复合句：主从复合句： The man who is standing there is my brother. 先行词先行词： 被定语从句所修饰的词被定语从句所修饰的词 先行词一般是名词；代词或句子先行词一般是名词；代词或句子 关系词关系词：引导定语从句的词：引导定语从句的词 在复合句中，主句中的名词和代在复合句中，主句中的名词
2、和代 词可以由从句来修饰。这种用来词可以由从句来修饰。这种用来 修饰主句中的名词和代词的从句修饰主句中的名词和代词的从句 就叫做就叫做定语从句定语从句。 关系代词关系代词 关系副词关系副词 起着起着代词和连词代词和连词的作用，的作用， 在从句中充当在从句中充当主语，宾语主语，宾语 或定语或定语 起着起着副词或介词短语和连副词或介词短语和连 词词的作用，在从句中充当的作用，在从句中充当 状语状语 The man ( who is standing there) is my brother. 关系词的作用：关系词的作用： 代替前面的先行词在从句中代替前面的先行词在从句中充当一定的成分充当一定的成分
3、 把两个句子把两个句子连接连接起来构成一个复合句起来构成一个复合句 1、 当先行词指物时，关系代词可用当先行词指物时，关系代词可用 ，当关系，当关系 代词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系代词可代词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系代词可 ； 2、 当先行词指人时，关系代词在定语从句中作主语时当先行词指人时，关系代词在定语从句中作主语时 可用可用 ， 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可用关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可用 _,并且可并且可 ； 3、 当关系代词在定语从句中作定语修饰名词时可当关系代词在定语从句中作定语修饰名词时可 用用 。 which/that 省略省略 who/that who/whom/that
4、 省略省略 whose The relative adverb (关系副词关系副词) Referring toFunction where (=in/at which) when (=at/in/on which) why (= for which) place 修饰地点修饰地点/ / 抽象地点抽象地点 time 修饰时间修饰时间/ / 抽象时间抽象时间 reason修饰原因修饰原因 用适当的关系词填空。用适当的关系词填空。 1. Do you still remember the earthquake _ happened ten years ago? 2. It is a good cho
5、ice for tourists _ prefer visiting places of historical interest. 3. This is the pilot with _ my brother has worked for ten years. 4. Could you please pass me the book _ cover is green? 5. Jackson likes the bike _ his uncle gave him as a birthday gift. that/which that/who whom whose that/which 6. Pr
6、ofessor Yang is a person from _ I have learned a lot. 7. Lucy called her brother _ she hadnt seen for five years. 8. It is the most interesting story _ I have ever heard. 9. There was a time _ my daughter was crazy about pop music. 10. The restaurant _ I have eaten a wonderful meal is going to close
7、 down. 11. There are two main reasons _ this situation has been allowed to continue. whom that/whom/who that when where why This is the place _ he works. This is the place _we visited last year. where which/that 关系副词与关系代词的区分关系副词与关系代词的区分 penicillin flee circumstance novelist novel flow chart flow cha
8、rt n. 青霉素；盘尼西林青霉素；盘尼西林 vi.逃跑逃跑 n. 条件；环境；状况条件；环境；状况 n. 小说家小说家 n. （长篇）（长篇）小说小说 n. 流；流动；流畅；供应流；流动；流畅；供应 vi. 流；流动流；流动 n. 图表图表 vt. 记录；制订计划记录；制订计划 流程图流程图 Have a 1. This years Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou (co-winner), whose research led to the discovery of artemisini
9、n, a crucial new treatment for malaria. 2. In the beginning, Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients. 3. Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered. 4. Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize, which is considered one of the hig
10、hest international honours a person can receive. Focus on 基本用法基本用法 1. 了解非限制性定语从句中关系了解非限制性定语从句中关系 词的使用规则及其与限制性定语词的使用规则及其与限制性定语 从句的异同从句的异同; 2. 能够正确理解并运用非限制性能够正确理解并运用非限制性 定语从句。定语从句。 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 Non-restrictive attributive clausesNon-restrictive attributive clauses (1) St Petersburg, which is a ver
11、y beautiful city, was once called Leningrad. (2) Yesterday I met Li Ping, who seemed to be very busy. (3) He came to the United States in 1914, when World War broke out. (4) Singapore, where I have lived for ten years, is a nice place. (5) The Queen will visit the town in May, when she will open the
12、 new hospital. 1. 同限制性定语从句一样，同限制性定语从句一样，非限制性定语从句可非限制性定语从句可由由关系代词关系代词/关系副关系副 词词引导，但从句中的关系词不可省略，引导，但从句中的关系词不可省略，关系代词关系代词that和关系副词和关系副词 why不可用于非限制性定语从句不可用于非限制性定语从句。 (1) Beijing, is the capital of China, has a very long history. (2) This is New York, I have visited for several times. (3) He was late aga
13、in, made the teacher very unhappy. 注注1：which引导的非限制性定语从句，其引导的非限制性定语从句，其先行词先行词可以是可以是 主句中的主句中的一个名词（指物）一个名词（指物），也可以是，也可以是整个句子整个句子； which在从句中可作在从句中可作主语、宾语或定语等主语、宾语或定语等，不可省略不可省略。 which which which (1) Taiwan belongs to China, as is known. (2) As the saying goes, “A years work begins with spring.” 注注2：as可以
14、像可以像which 一样引导一个定语从句一样引导一个定语从句修饰整个先行主句修饰整个先行主句， 而不是某一个单词，常常可以译为而不是某一个单词，常常可以译为“正如，正像；这正如，正像；这”，而，而which 一般译为一般译为“这这”；as是关系词中是关系词中唯一可以置于句首唯一可以置于句首的关系词。的关系词。 (1) The car, for I paid a lot of money, is now out of date. (2) I suggest you go to a specialist, from you can get answers to most of your quest
15、ions. (3) In this chapter, one of our problems is to discover the principles on these tests are based. 2. 介词介词 + 关系代词关系代词也可引导也可引导非限制性定语从句，非限制性定语从句，但在这种定语但在这种定语 从句中，从句中，介词通常前置，介词通常前置， 关系代词也不可省略关系代词也不可省略。 which whom which (1) Many young people, most of whom were well-educated, headed for remote region
16、s to chase their dreams. (2) This is the house, the window of which broke last night. (3) The people, all of whose homes had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross. 3. 名词名词/代词代词/ 数词数词+ of + whom/which引导的非限制性定语从句。引导的非限制性定语从句。 注：注：whose+ n. (人人/物物) = the + n. + of whom/which = of
17、whom/which + the + n. restrictive relative clausesnon-restrictive relative clause 1. I saw the guy who delivers my mail in town yesterday. 2. Ill always remember the river where we learned to swim. 3. Do you know the reason why the sky is blue? 4. Shes the person whose daughter goes to Harvard. 1. P
18、aris, where I spent six months studying, is the most beautiful city in the world. 2. The woman down the street, whose children are the same age as yours, invited us over for dinner next week. 3. The movie, which is my favorite comedy of all time, is being shown on TV tomorrow night. which guy? which
19、 river? the reason for what? which person? 若去掉，句子含义若去掉，句子含义 不明确不明确 若去掉，若去掉，不影响不影响句句 子含义子含义 无逗号无逗号与主句隔开与主句隔开有逗号有逗号与主句隔开与主句隔开 How restrictive relative clauses differ from non-restrictive relative clauses? Translate the following sentences and compare. (1) Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, reti
20、red last year. (2) They rely on themselves, which is much better. (3) My sister who works in Shanghai sends me an email almost every day. (4) He is the man whose car was stolen. Charles Smith 去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。 他们依靠自己，这样好的多。他们依靠自己，这样好的多。 我在上海工作的姐姐几乎每天都给我发电子邮件。我在上海工作的姐姐几乎每天都给我发电子邮件。 他就是汽车
21、被窃的那个人。他就是汽车被窃的那个人。 Translate the following sentences and compare. (1) Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. Charles Smith 去年退休了，去年退休了， 他曾经是我的老师。他曾经是我的老师。 (2) They rely on themselves, which is much better. 他们依靠自己，这样好的多。他们依靠自己，这样好的多。 (3) My sister who works in Shanghai sends me
22、 an email almost every day. 我在上海工作的姐姐几乎每天我在上海工作的姐姐几乎每天 都给我发电子邮件。都给我发电子邮件。 (4) He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。他就是汽车被窃的那个人。 翻译对比小结翻译对比小结 1)1)非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 通常译成通常译成主句的并列主句的并列 句句； 2)2)限制性定语从句译限制性定语从句译 成先行词的定语：成先行词的定语： “的的 ”。 (1) This is the photo_ I took. (2) This is the pen _ he bou
23、ght yesterday. (3) She is the woman _ I know. (4) This is the book _ you asked for. (5) Thats the reason _ he is leaving so early. (6) The shed in our garden, _ my father built many years ago, has lasted for a long time. (7) She married Joe, _ surprised everyone. (8) The river, _ is now clean enough
24、 to swim in, was polluted several years ago. (9) The author of the book, _ I met at a party last week, proved to be a well-known journalist. Fill in the blanks and compare.Fill in the blanks and compare. (which/that) (which/that) (who/whom/that) (that/which) why which which which whom (1) This is th
25、e photo_ I took. (2) This is the pen _ he bought yesterday. (3) She is the woman _ I know. (4) This is the book _ you asked for. (5) Thats the reason _ he is leaving so early. (which/that) (which/that) (who/whom/that) (that/which) why (6) The shed in our garden, _ my father built many years ago, has
26、 lasted for a long time. (7) She married Joe, _ surprised everyone. (8) The river, _ is now clean enough to swim in, was polluted several years ago. (9) The author of the book, _ I met at a party last week, proved to be a well-known journalist. which which which whom 引导词对比小结引导词对比小结 1)1)关系代词关系代词that不
27、能引不能引 导非限制性定语从句；导非限制性定语从句； 2)2)非限制性定语从句的非限制性定语从句的 关系代词关系代词在任何情况下在任何情况下 都都不可省略不可省略； 3)3)关系副词关系副词why不引导不引导 非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句。 Fill in the blanks and compare. 1. I borrow the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, _ my classmates recommended to me. (2020北京卷北京卷) A. who B. which C. when D. wher
28、e 2. Until now, we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children, _ is quite unexpected. (2020四川卷四川卷) A. that B. which C. who D. it 直击高考直击高考 3. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, _ uses it differently. (2020(2020天津卷天津卷) ) A. all of which B. each of which C. all of them D. ea
29、ch of them 4. Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, _ she opened with her late husband Les. (2019(2019全国卷全国卷) ) which 5. She and her family bicycle to work, _ helps them keep fit. (2018(2018北京卷北京卷) ) A. which B. who C. as D. that 6. Kate, _ sister I shared a
30、room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia. (2018(2018天津天津) ) A. whom B. that C. whose D. her Rewrite the sentences using non-restrictive relative clauses. EXAMPLE The book tells us about Alexander Fleming. He discovered penicillin. 1. We were very impressed by the old man. He
31、was not willing to acknowledge defeat. 2. Afterwards, Einstein had to flee Germany. Hitler was in power there. 3. There is nothing we can do to help Linda. Her circumstances are beyond our control. 4. The teacher asked us to listen to a speech by his favourite novelist, J.K. Rowling. It inspired us
32、a lot. 5. The building under construction was designed by I.M. Pei-a famous Chinese-American architect. He was born in Guangzhou, China. 6. I was asked to explain the project with the help of a flow chart. It was a big challenge for me. The book tells us about Alexander Fleming, who discovered penic
33、illin. 1. We were very impressed by the old man. He was not willing to acknowledge defeat. 2. Afterwards, Einstein had to flee Germany. Hitler was in power there. 3. There is nothing we can do to help Linda. Her circumstances are beyond our control. 4. The teacher asked us to listen to a speech by h
34、is favourite novelist, J.K. Rowling. It inspired us a lot. 5. The building under construction was designed by I.M. Pei-a famous Chinese-American architect. He was born in Guangzhou, China. 6. I was asked to explain the project with the help of a flow chart. It was a big challenge for me. Check your
35、answers. We were very impressed by the old man, who was not willing to acknowledge defeat. Afterwards, Einstein had to flee Germany, where Hitler was in power. There is nothing we can do to help Linda, whose circumstances are beyond our control. The teacher asked us to listen to a speech by his favo
36、urite novelist, J.K. Rowling, which inspired us a lot. The building under construction was designed by I.M. Pei-a famous Chinese- American architect, who was born in Guangzhou, China. I was asked to explain the project with the help of a flow chart, which was a big challenge for me. A Reflection fro
37、m a Teenager Whats yours?Whats yours? 1. The famous basketball star, _ is an American, came to China yesterday. 2. They are always smoking, _, of course, will do harm to their health. 3. I bought a car yesterday, _ cost me a lot. 4. Xian, _ I visited last year, is a nice old city. 5. He will come to
38、 see me next July, _ he wont be so busy. 6. The school, _ I once studied, was built thirty years ago. which which who I: Fill in the blanks with proper relative words. which where when II: Complete the passage with relative pronouns and adverbs. where whose which whose which which who which when why
