1、UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTSSection BLearning About LanguageGrammarBy the end of this period, you will be able to1. master the usage of predicative；2. use the predicative patterns flexibly.AimsUnderstanding science and pushing the boundaries of science is what makes me immensely satisfied. Bill Gat
2、esThe doctor has been taught to be interested not in health but in disease. What the public is taught is that health is the cure for disease. Asheley MongaguResearch is what Im doing when I dont know what Im doing. Wernher von BraunLead inRead the quotes and find the clauses in the sentences. 用法总结用法
3、总结以上以上3个句子都包含表语从句，分别由个句子都包含表语从句，分别由what，that，what引导引导判断依据：在系动词后，且后面是个完整的句子判断依据：在系动词后，且后面是个完整的句子系系动词分类：动词分类：状态类：状态类：be 动词，动词，seem,appear,keep,remain,stay感官类：感官类：look,smell,taste,sound,feel变化类：变化类：become,get,turn,grow,fall,come,goOne theory was that bad air caused the disease. Another was that cholera
4、 was caused by an infection from germs in food or water. The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. Task 1Find all the examples in the reading passage where noun clauses are used as the predicative. Then state their meaning and functions.表语从句在一个句子中充当表语成分，说明主语
5、的状态、性质、特征等。表语从句在一个句子中充当表语成分，说明主语的状态、性质、特征等。 EXAMPLE 例子例子What was it that John Snow showed to the world? 约翰斯诺向世界展示了什么？ What John Snow showed to the world was how cholera could be overcome. 1 What was Snows discovery in two particular streets in London? Snows discovery in two particular streets in Lon
6、don was that _. 2 What was Snow determined to find out during the 1854 outbreak of cholera in London? What Snow was determined to find out was why_. Task 2Answer the following questions using the information from the reading passage as well as the predicative clauses.more than 500 people died in ten
7、 days caused over 500 deaths within ten days the outbreak of cholera had the cholera outbreak was so severe that EXAMPLE 例子例子What was it that John Snow showed to the world? 约翰斯诺向世界展示了什么？ What John Snow showed to the world was how cholera could be overcome. 3 What were the exact places Snow marked on
8、 the map? The exact places Snow marked on the map were where _ _. 4 What was the finding that Snow announced? Snows finding was that_.Task 2Answer the following questions using the information from the reading passage as well as the predicative clauses.all those who died had lived /all the dead peop
9、le had lived the pump water carried cholera germs/ the water pump was toblame for the spread of cholera/water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste A Absolutely. You may not believe it，but that was _ happened at the initial stage of our groups research on developing a vaccine for mal
10、aria. B Yes，it is. And it seemed _all the theories were useful，but the fact was _ we couldnt persuade one another that one theory was better than another. Task 3David is talking to Maria about their scientific research project. First complete Davids lines （A-E），），using the words in the box. Then put
11、 Davids lines in the correct order and practise the conversation.as if that what who when how why whose which whether whatas ifthat C Exactly. The problem was not about _ all our theories were equally good，but in deciding _ theory to depend upon. D We realised that what we cared about was not _ aspe
12、ct we needed to develop a theory in，but rather _ we can reduce the cost of a vaccine without reducing its effect! E Youre right. At last，we became focused on the key issue，which was _ we had to carry out the research in the first place. Task 3David is talking to Maria about their scientific research
13、 project. First complete Davids lines （A-E），），using the words in the box. Then put Davids lines in the correct order and practise the conversation.as if that what who when how why whose which whether whetherwhich/what/whosewhich/whathow why 为了使整个语篇在意义上具有连贯性(coherence),无论是口头语篇还是书面语篇都需要使用一些衔接手段， 这些衔接手
14、段主要包括三大类:逻辑纽带逻辑纽带( logical connector )、语法纽带语法纽带( grammatical connector )和词汇纽带词汇纽带( lexical connector)。口头语篇还可以通过语音纽带( phonetic connector)衔接。TipsMaria： This mix of theory and data is one of the key characteristics of what we call science. David： _Maria：With your theoretical framework ? David： _Maria：D
15、eciding on a theory is definitely of critical importance . David is talking to Maria about their scientific research project. First complete Davids lines （A-E），），using the words in the box. Then put Davids lines in the correct order and practise the conversation.ACC项中deciding which/what/whose theory
16、 to depend upon和答语中的关键词deciding on a theory属于词汇手段的衔接 A项中的initial一词一般出现在描述事件的开始阶段David：_ Maria： This was when you should have calmed down and got down to doing some solid work. David： _Maria：So what happened in the end? David： _David is talking to Maria about their scientific research project. First
17、complete Davids lines （A-E），），using the words in the box. Then put Davids lines in the correct order and practise the conversation.BEDB项中we couldnt persuade one another that和下文的语句this was when you should have calmed down属于词汇手段的衔接 ，this指代的就是B项所述的情况D项是几个选项中唯一可以用来回答特殊疑问句的选项，属于语法一致E项中的at last一般出现在事件的结束阶
18、段 用法总结用法总结引导词在表语引导词在表语从句中充当的从句中充当的成分成分 引导词引导词 引导词的选择引导词的选择主语who, what, which, whoever,whatever, whichever 宾语、表语whom, who, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever定语whose, what, which状语when, where, why, how不充当成分that, whether, as if, as though, because根据句意选择1 Research is_ Im doing when I dont know wh
19、at Im doing (Werner von Braun)2 The saddest aspect of life right now is _ science gathers knowledge faster than society gathers wisdom.(Isaac Asimov)3 An expert can be _ has made all the mistakes that can be made in a very narrow field.(Niels Bohr)Task 4Complete the following ideas by famous scienti
20、sts with a word or expression that introduces a predicative clause.as though because that what whoever whywhat that whoever4.when different experiments give you the same result, it is no longer subject to your opinion. Thats the good thing about science: Its true whether or not you believe in it. Th
21、ats_ it works. (Neil deGrasse Tyson)5 This applied science, which saves work and makes life easier, brings us little happiness. That is_ we have not yet learnt to make sensible use of it! (Albert Einstein)6 There are only two ways to live your life. One is _ nothing is a miracle. The other is _ ever
22、ything is a miracle.(Albert Einstein)Task 4Complete the following ideas by famous scientists with a word or expression that introduces a predicative clause.as though because that what whoever whywhybecauseas thoughas though 1 表语从句概述（1）在句中作表语的从句称为表语从句。表语从句和主语指同一内容，它对主语进行解释、说明，使主语的内容具体化。表语从句可由从属连词、连接代
23、词或连接副词来引导。连词：that，whether连接代词：what，which，who，whom，whose，whoever，whatever，whichever连接副词：when，where，why，how其他连接词：as if/though，becauseThe fact is that we should depend on ourselves.事实就是我们必须依靠自己。（2）常见的可以接表语从句的连系动词有：be，feel，seem，look，appear，sound，remain，prove。At that time，it seemed as though I couldnt th
24、ink of the right word.当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。单元语法 表语从句附：单元语法精讲精练附：单元语法精讲精练单句语法填空单句语法填空(1) What surprised us most is _ he spoke English so well.(2) The problem is _ has got away with the document.(3)That is _ mice ruin many stores of grain every year.(4) At that time，it seemed as _ I couldnt think of t
25、he right world.(5) I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. Thats _ I got wet through.(6) He failed the exam again. The reason was _ he was too careless.thatwhohowif/thoughwhythat2 that 与 whether 引导表语从句（1）that 在从句中不充当句子成分，无实际意义，一般不能省略。The fact is that I was on the scene when the theft happened.事实上，
26、盗窃发生的时候我就在现场。（2）连接词 whether 起连接作用，意为“是否，究竟，到底”，在句中也不作任何成分。if 不能引导表语从句。What the doctor really doubts is whether my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.医生真正怀疑的是我母亲是否能很快从这场重病中康复。单句语法填空单句语法填空(1) My idea is _ you shouldnt have left the country.(2)The question is _ the composer will turn up
27、in time.(3) The chance is _ one smoker in four will die from cancer.thatwhetherthat3 连接代词引导表语从句连接代词 what，which，who，whom，whose 等除在句中起连接作用外，在从句中还充当主语、宾语、表语或定语，本身具有词义。Tom is no longer what he used to be. 汤姆已不再是过去的他了。The question is which of us should be in charge of the company.问题是我们中谁应该负责公司。The proble
28、m is who is really suitable for the position.问题是谁真正适合这个职位。The important thing is whose name should be put on the top of the list.重要的是谁的名字应该放在名单的最前面。单句语法填空单句语法填空(1) The problem is _ we can get to replace her.(2)As John Lennon once said，life is _ happens to you while you are busy makingother plans.(3)
29、 What puzzled me was _ book I should choose.whowhatwhich4 连接副词引导表语从句连接副词 where，when，why，how 除在句中起连接作用外，在从句中还分别充当地点、时间、原因、方式状语，本身具有词义。Thats where I cant agree with you.那就是我不能同意你的地方。That was when he went to the the grocery store.那就是他去杂货店的时候。This is why Sara apologised to me after the conference.这就是萨拉会
30、后向我道歉的原因。This is how they overcame the difficulties.他们就是这样克服困难的。单句语法填空单句语法填空(1) My strongest memory is _ I attended an American wedding.(2) Thats _ I help brighten peoples days. If you dont，whos to say that anotherperson will?完成句子完成句子(3) He admitted that his father was strict with him. _（那就是为什么）he m
31、ade so many achievements.whenwhyThat was why5 其他连词引导表语从句（1）because 引导表语从句通常只用于“This/That/It is because.”结构中。He fell asleep during the lecture. This was because he got bored with it. 他在讲座期间睡着了。这是因为他已经厌倦了。（2）as if/though 引导的表语从句常置于连系动词 look，seem，sound 等后面。It sounds as if/though somebody was knocking a
32、t the door.听起来好像有人在敲门。It seems to me that you dont have much choice.照我看来，你没有多少选择的余地。完成句子完成句子(1) Jack didnt take part in the sports meeting. _（这是因为）he fell ill suddenly.(2) _ （看起来好像）we will have to walk home.(3)He was taken to the hospital. _ （那是因为） he was ill.This was becauseIt looks as ifThat was b
33、ecause6 表语从句中的虚拟语气（1）在表“建议，劝说，命令”的名词 advice，idea，suggestion，request，proposal 等后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，should 可省略。The bosss request is that we（should） achieve the goal we set.老板的要求是我们要达到我们设定的目标。My suggestion is that we（should） start early tomorrow.我的建议是我们明天早点儿出发。（2）as if/as though 引导的表语从句如果是事实，
34、就用陈述语气；如果与事实不符，就用虚拟语气（与现在事实不符，从句动词用过去式，be 动词用 were；与过去事实不符，从句动词用过去完成时）。Dark clouds are gathering. It looks as if its going to rain.乌云正在聚集。看起来好像要下雨了。（与事实相符）When a pencil is partly put in water，it looks as if it were broken.当一支铅笔放在水中一部分时，它看上去像是折断了。（与现在事实不符）The girl looked as if she had been turned to
35、stone.那女孩看上去好像已经变成了石头。（与过去事实不符）单句语法填空单句语法填空(1)His advice to his grandma is that she _ （make） good use of her spare time.(2)Why doesnt she buy me a drink? It isnt as if she _ （have） no money!(3)The judges proposal is that we _ （find） more evidence.完成句子完成句子(4)He likes to talk big as though _ （他是一位要人）.
36、(5)Everything in my childhood crowded into my mind _（好像它刚刚发生）.（should） makehad（should）findhe were an important personas if/though it had just happenedLanguage points教材原句p.4Targeting the host rather than the infection was a bit non-traditional but made sense. 以宿主而不是感染为目标有点非传统，但有意义核心词汇1make sense 讲得通，
37、有意义I try to make each song make sense for itself.我试图让每首歌都体现出它自己的意义。This sentence doesnt make any sense. 这个句子没有意义。【归纳拓展归纳拓展】in a/one sense 从某种意义上说make sense of sth. 理解某事物（尤指困难或复杂的事物）There is no sense in（doing）sth.（做）某事没有道理。In a sense it doesnt matter any more.从某种意义上说，这事已无关紧要了。I cant make sense of wha
38、t the expert said.我听不懂专家说的话。There is no sense in asking questions if you dont listen to the answer.如果你不听答案，提问毫无意义。题组练领悟方法单句语法填空单句语法填空(1)The teenager tried to make sense _ what the composer was saying，but failed.(2) She claims that the system is at fault and shes right，in _ sense.(3)Theres no sense _
39、 worrying about it now.完成句子完成句子(4)See，your computer has broken down again! It doesnt _ （有意义） to buy the cheapest brand of computer just to save a few dollars.(5) _（从某种意义上说），his teachings are influential in the field of philosophy.ofainmake senseIn a sense教材原句p.4Cold-causing viruses are not only of m
40、ultiple kinds，they also transform rapidly. 导致感冒的病毒不仅种类繁多，而且转化迅速【句式分析句式分析】not only.but also. 是连词词组，用来连接两个并列的句子成分，but 或 also 有时可省略。2 not only.but also. 不但而且They not only talked but also shouted and laughed.他们不只谈话，而且喊叫、大笑。【学法点拨学法点拨】（1）not only.but also. 连接并列主语时，谓语动词的数遵循“就近”原则。Not only you but also Jim
41、is to blame for the failure of the experiment.实验的失败不仅要怪你，也要怪吉姆。（2）如果这一结构连接两个并列分句，且 not only 位于句首，则前一分句用部分倒装，但 but also 后的分句不倒装。Not only does she speak Spanish，but shes also good with computers.她不仅会说西班牙语，还精通计算机。【误区警示误区警示】（1）not only A but also B 强调 B，谓语动词的单复数与 B 保持一致；（2）A as well as B 强调 A，谓语动词的单复数与
42、A 保持一致。Not only I but also he looks down upon those who always rely on others. 不仅我而且他也瞧不起那些总是依赖别人的人。The architect as well as some experts is to attend the conference tomorrow. 建筑师和一些专家将出席明天的会议。单句语法填空单句语法填空(1)Not only I but also he _ （attach）importance to recycling garbage.(2)He not only exercises ou
43、tdoors _ reads books indoors every weekend.(3)Not only had she _ （provide） the old man with accommodations，but she hadalso bought a single for him.完成句子完成句子(4) _ （不只学生而且老师） has got stuck in the traffic jam.(5) He played _（不只是保龄球，还有垒球） during his school time.(6) Not only _（他们被困在森林里），but they are also
44、short of water and food.attachesbutprovidedNot only the students but also the teacher not only bowling but also softballdo they get stuck in the forest教材原句p.5This was when you should have calmed down and got down to doing some solid work. 这个时候你应该冷静下来，开始做一些实质性的工作。3get down to着手做，认真做The chief editor g
45、ot down to his work. 主编开始着手工作。Im going to get down to studying architecture this term.这学期我打算认真学习建筑学。【学法点拨学法点拨】get down to 短语中 to 是介词，其后应接名词或动名词作宾语。 【归纳拓展归纳拓展】get across 把表达清楚；使理解；横过，渡过 get along（with）（与人）相处；（事情）进展get away 逃离；摆脱get in 插话；收获get round/around 传播，流传get on 进行get over 恢复过来get through 完成I d
46、ont think that your lecture got across to the audience，for they appeared quite puzzled.我认为你的演讲没有被听众理解，因为他们似乎很困惑。She talks so much that you cant get a word in.她讲话时滔滔不绝，你一句话也插不进去。The story has got roundeveryone knows about it.这事已传开所有人都知道了。单句语法填空单句语法填空(1) They have just come here to get down to _ （repa
47、ir）the damaged statues.(2)With the election out of the way，the government can get down _ business.(3)How can you get your meaning _ ? It is apparently beyond the childrens comprehension.(4) It took him a long time to get _ his cold.用用 get 短语填空短语填空(5) He cant _his colleagues，so he feels lonely.(6) Little Tom was too excited to _his homework.(7)Lets start. Theres a lot of work to _.(8) The farmers are busy _the crops.(9) How can the people in the underdeveloped countries _from poverty?repairing toacrossoverget along withget down toget throughgetting inget awayTHE END
