1、 语法系列专题语法系列专题 定语从句定语从句 一、基本概念:一、基本概念: 在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词名词或代词的从句叫定语从句定语从句。如: Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? That is the house where he lived ten years ago. 注意: (1)定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词; (2)定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导,关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连 接作用,并代替先行词,同时又作从句中的一个成分。 (3)引导定语从句的关系代词有:that, which, who, w
2、hom, whose,as 关系副词有:when, where, why. 1在限制性定语从句中,在限制性定语从句中,当先行词指物时,关系词可用当先行词指物时,关系词可用 whichwhich 或或 thatthat,二者常可以互换;,二者常可以互换; 但在下列情况中,但在下列情况中,只能用只能用 thatthat,不用,不用 whichwhich: (1) 当先行词是 all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing 等 (2) 当先行词被 all, any no, much,
3、little, few, every 等限定词所修饰时。 (3) 当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。 (4) 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰,以及先行词被序数词和形容 词最 高级同时修饰时 (5) 当先行词被 the very, the only, the next, the last 等所修饰时。 (6) 当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。 (7) 当主句是以 which 或 who 开头的特殊疑问句时。 (8)There be 句型中先行词指物时。 2. 在限制性定在限制性定语从句中,当先行词指人时,关系语从句中,当先行词指人时,关系代代词可用词可用 who(m)或
4、或 that,二者常可互换。,二者常可互换。 但在下列情况中,用但在下列情况中,用 who(m),而不用,而不用 that: (1) 当先行词是 one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody 等词. (2) 当先行词是 he, those, people, person 等词时。 He who laughs last laughs best. Those who help themselves helped by the God. (3) There be 句型中先行词指人时。 3.关系
5、代词关系代词 which 专用情况专用情况: (1) 在限制性定语从句中,当先行词指物时,或是两个定语从句一个用 that 另一个只可用 which 来引导。 (2)当先行词指物时且关系代词前有介词时,构成介词+which 来引导定语从句 4作定语用作定语用 whose =the+ n+ of which/whom 5、 as 在定语从句中的用法在定语从句中的用法: as 可以引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 (1)as 引导非限制性定语从句,有“正如,就像”之意。它在从句中可充当主语、宾语或表 语。 例 as is well known / as we all know 众所周知; as
6、 is said above 正如上面所说; as might be imagined 正像所想象的那样;as is reported 如报道所说; as has been pointed 如所指出的那样; as is expected 正如所料。 (2)as 引导限制性定语从句多与 such、so 或 the same 连用,它可以代替先行词是人或物 的名词。 Such people as were mentioned by him were honest. 注意注意:the samethat 与与 the sameas 在意思上是不同的在意思上是不同的。例如: This is the sa
7、me bag as I lost yesterday. 这个书包和我昨天丢的相似。(相似物) This is the same bag that I lost yesterday. 这正是我昨天丢的那个书包。(同一物) (二)关系副词的用法:(二)关系副词的用法: 1when 指时间,在从句中作时间状语,它的先行词通常有:time, day, week, year 等。 2where 指地点,在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有:place, spot, room,等, 3. why 指原因或理由,它的先行词只有 reason。 使用关系副词应注意下列几点:使用关系副词应注意下列几点: 1.这
8、三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which 结构: when = on (in, at, during) + which; where = in (at, on) + which; why = for which. 2 当先行词是表时间的当先行词是表时间的 time, day 等和表地点的等和表地点的 place, house 等时, 一定要注意分析从句的结等时, 一定要注意分析从句的结 构,如果缺少主语或宾语时,关系词应该用构,如果缺少主语或宾语时,关系词应该用 which 或或 that, 缺少时间或地点状语时,才能用缺少时间或地点状语时,才能用 when 或或 where 比较比
9、较 3 when 和 where 可引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句, 而 why 只能引导限制性定 语从句。 三三关系词的选择关系词的选择方法方法 (1)一看先行词的意义一看先行词的意义 即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因,从而确定使用关系代词或关系副词。 (2)二看关系词的句法功能二看关系词的句法功能 即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分,是作主语还是宾语是作定语还是状语等,即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分,是作主语还是宾语是作定语还是状语等, 如作定语通常用 whose,有时也用 which;作状语要用 when, where, why。 注意,不要一看到先行词为表时间、地点、原因
10、的名词,就认为一定要用注意,不要一看到先行词为表时间、地点、原因的名词,就认为一定要用 when, where, why 来引导定语从句,要注意分清它们在定语从句充当什么成分。来引导定语从句,要注意分清它们在定语从句充当什么成分。 (3) 三看定语从句的种类三看定语从句的种类 即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句,如 that 和 why 通常不引导非 限制性定从。 四四定语从句注意问题:定语从句注意问题: 1.关系代词做定语从句的主语时,从句谓语动词的形式与先行词一致。 He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man 2.the
11、 only one of + n + 定语从句(用单数谓语动词) one of +n+定语从句(用复数动词) 3.such as 引导定语从句 与 such that 引导结果状语从句 This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand. This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it . 4.当 situation, condition, stage, point,scenes 做先行词时,用 where
12、 引导定从. 5.the way 做先行词时,关系词的选择应根据 the way 在定语从句中所做的成分来决定 I dont like the way_in which/that/ 不填_he is treated The way_ which/that/ 不填_you thought of to solve the problem is very useful Please find a way _that_is the key to solving the problem 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句区别: 限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分, 去
13、掉它主句意思往往不明确; 非限制性定语从句 是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开. This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。 (限制性) The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。 注意:注意:1) 当先行词是专有名词当先行词是专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词或物主代词和指示代词所或物主代词和指示代词所 修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的修饰时
14、,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。 Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理 史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。 Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱, 希望她出国学习。 This novel, which I have read three t
15、imes, is very touching. 这本小说很动人, 我已经读了三遍。 2) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用这时从句谓语动词要用 第三人称单数,第三人称单数, He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。 3
16、)限定性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词,而非限定性定语从句的先行词则可以是名限定性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词,而非限定性定语从句的先行词则可以是名 词或代词,也可以是短语或句子词或代词,也可以是短语或句子。 Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快,这是很危险的。(which 指 drive too fast) He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意,这使我很生气。(which 指整个主句) 4)关系词关系词 that 和和 why 可用于限制性定语从句中,通常
17、不用于非限制性定语从句;另外,可用于限制性定语从句中,通常不用于非限制性定语从句;另外, 在限制性定语从句中,关系在限制性定语从句中,关系代代词词作宾语作宾语可以省略,而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不可以省略,而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不 省略。省略。 一一.as 和和 which 引导定语从句的区别引导定语从句的区别 有时,非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词,而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分,这 时一般采用 which 或 as 来引导。如: He passed the exam, which/as he hoped he would. (1)as 引导的从句可以放在主句之前,而
18、which 引导的从句只能放在主句之后。 They are hollow, which makes them very light. As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China. (2)从意义上讲,which 指前面主句的内容;而 as 指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的 东西,因此常译成“就象 那样”。 (3)as 引导的非限制性定语从句表示积极的意义,与主句是顺理成章的关系,绝不能与之 矛盾。若非限制性定语从句表示消极的意义,则只用 which。如: He has succeeded in his career, as / which we
19、all hope. 他在事业中成功了,这正是我们大家所希 Her grandma died last week, which made her very sad. 她的奶奶逝世了,这使得她很悲伤。 (4) 当非限制性定语从句的引导词前面有介词时,只能用 which, 而不可用 as。如: He has a new computer, for which he paid nearly ten thousand Yuan. (5)关系代词仅代表主句中单个的名词时,一般只用 which, 而不用 as。如: He sent me a beautiful present, which I valued
20、 very much. (6) as 在非限制性定语从句中常用于一些固定结构中。如: as is well known / as we all know 众所周知;众所周知; as is said above 正如上面所说;正如上面所说;as often happens 正如经常发生的正如经常发生的 as might/may be imagined 正像所想象的那样;正像所想象的那样; as is/was reported 如报道所说;如报道所说;as is/was expected 正如所料正如所料 as has been pointed 如所指出的那样;如所指出的那样; as has be
21、en said before 如前所述如前所述 注意注意:as 在限制性定语从句中,常跟在限制性定语从句中,常跟 such/ so/as/ the same 连用。如:连用。如: He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand. At this time of the day, all buses have to carry as many passengers as they can. It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read. 注意注意:the samethat
22、与与 the sameas 在意思上是不同的在意思上是不同的。例如: This is the same bag as I lost yesterday. 这个书包和我昨天丢的相似。(相似物) This is the same bag that I lost yesterday. 这正是我昨天丢的那个书包。(同一物) 二二.介词介词+关系代词关系代词 引导的定语从句引导的定语从句 当关系代词作介词宾语, 且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时, 介词可以提 前,这样就出现“介词+关系代词”。先行词指物,用“介词+which/whose”,指人则用“介词 +whom/whose”, 且两个关系
23、代词均不能省略。 介词的确定要遵从“一先,二动,三意义“的原则。 ”一先“根据先行词的某种习惯搭介词的确定要遵从“一先,二动,三意义“的原则。 ”一先“根据先行词的某种习惯搭 配确定介词; ”二动“根据定语从句中动词所修要的某种习惯搭配确定介词; ”三意义“根配确定介词; ”二动“根据定语从句中动词所修要的某种习惯搭配确定介词; ”三意义“根 据从句的意义来确定介词据从句的意义来确定介词. _which I spent 5 yuan. _which I paid 5 yuan. 1.This is the book _which I learnt a lot. _which Tom often
24、 talks. the day _which I joined the Party. 2.I remember the days_which I lived here. the month_which I stayed there. 3.The glasses_ he is like a blind man cant do anything. A. with which B. in which C. on which D. without which (注意:有些动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:注意:有些动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:look for, look after, take care o
25、f 等等) This is the watch which/that I am looking for . 注意注意:在下列情况下,一般只用在下列情况下,一般只用of whom和和of which。 (1) 定语从句的主语是few, little, some, most, many, much等时, 一般只用of whom和of which。 In the room are lots of people, many of whom I dont know. He has a lot of story-books, a few of which I have never read. (2) 定语
26、从句的主语是数词、形容词的最高级时,一般只用 of whom 和 of which。如: The old man has three children, two of whom are college students and one of whom is a manager. (2) 定语从句的主语是 all, none, both, neither, each 等不定代词时,一般只用 of whom 和 of which。 There are fifty students in our class, all of whom are working hard. He planted two
27、trees last year, both of which are growing well. (4) 在定语从句中作表语的定语时,一般只用 of whom 和 of which。如: He has three brothers, of whom Li Lei is the youngest one. There are many countries in Asia, of which China is the largest one. (5)在非限制性定语从句中,表示表示“部分与整体部分与整体”的关系时,用的关系时,用of which/whom 或者或者 of which/whom都可以。
28、都可以。表示部分的可以是具体数目或百分数,也可以表示部分的可以是具体数目或百分数,也可以是是 few, several, some, half, many, much, most, all, none, either, neither, a quarter, a number, the larger, the smallest, the majority 等等。 Our school has 80 teachers, 50 of whom (=of whom 50) are women. He has lots of books, most of which are English ones.
29、 注意注意这里的 of which 不能用 whose 代替,这与表示所属关系的 of which 不同: 三三. 定语从句与其它从句(句型)的区别定语从句与其它从句(句型)的区别 1. 定语从句与并列句定语从句与并列句 定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于:并列句有像 and,but,so 等并列连词或两个句子用分 号连接,这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了 Mr Li has three daughters,none of _ is an engineer Mr Li has three daughters,but none of _ is a dancer 2. 定语从句与状语从句定语从句与
30、状语从句 (1) 定语从句的前面有名词作先行词,而状语从句没有先行词。 This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 这是几年前我们居住的地方。 (定语从句,先行词为 the place) Lets go where we can find a better job. 我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。 (地点状语从句) (2)定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词,只能放在先行词的后面,而状语从句说明动作发生的 情况,并且可以放在主句的前面。 Do you know the time when the class is over? 你
31、知道下课的时间吗?(定语从句) It was already five oclock when the class was over. =When the class was over, it was already five oclock. 当下课时己经是 5 点了。 (时间状语从句) 注意注意:When, where 和和 why 在引导定语从句时可以用“介词在引导定语从句时可以用“介词which”的结构来替换,在”的结构来替换,在 引导状语从句时却不行。引导状语从句时却不行。 This is the factory in which (where) his father once wor
32、ked. 这就是他的父亲曾经工作过的那个工厂。 (定语从句) Put back the book where it was. 把书放回原处。 (状语从句) (3)限制性定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分,因此去掉它则从句成分不完整; 而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分,去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。 It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。 (as 用作动词 like 的宾语,它引导的是定语从句) It is such an interesting book that we all like
33、it. 它是一本如此有趣的书,我们大家都喜欢它。 that 不充当句子成分,故它引导的是结果状语从句) 3.定语从句与同位语从句定语从句与同位语从句 定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词,对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用,与先行词之间有 从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词,对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释,是前面名 词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。 The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy. 她考试及格的消息使她父母亲很高兴。 (同位语从句) The news that he told us inter
34、ested all of us. 他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。 (定语从句) 4.定语从句与强调句定语从句与强调句 强调句的结构为“It iswas被强调部分that/who从句” 。被强调部分可以是除谓语以 外的任何成分,当被强调部分是人时,还可用 who 代替 that。这一句型中,一定不能因为 被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用 when 或 where 代替 that。 It is on the morning of May 1st _ I met Liang Wei at the airport It is the factory _ Mr Wang works 此外还要注意下列几
35、点:此外还要注意下列几点: 定语从句与习惯句型 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子,使之完整与正确。 It is the first time _ she has been in Shanghai It was the time _ Chinese people had a hard life 定语从句与简单句 用一个恰当的词完成下列句子,使之完整与正确。 The mother told the lazy boy to work,_ didnt help The mother told the lazy boy to work_ didnt help 在定语从句加中插入语, 常见的有: I think ,I suppose ,I guess ,I imagine 等。 辨别的方法是: 去掉插入语后,原句句法结构仍然完整 He made another wonderful discovery ,_of importance to science . A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. which I think it D. I think is