1、非谓语动词非谓语动词作主语1.动名词作主语(1)动名词作主语时常表示一般性的、习惯性的动作或者状态，动名词有时态和语态的变化，且谓语动词通常用单数形式。Sayingiseasierthandoing.说比做容易。Havingseenalotoftheworldinonesyouthisagoodthing.年轻时多见见世面是件好事。Beinglaughedatinpubliciswhatyouwillneverwanttohappentoyou.被当众嘲笑是你永远不想发生在自己身上的事儿。(2)动名词作主语时，可位于句首和句末，位于句末时，通常用it作形式主语。常见句型：Itisworthwh
2、ile/useless.+动名词.Itisnogood/nouse/awasteoftime/.+动名词.Itsnogoodhelpinghim.Hedoesnthelphimself.帮他没用，他自己都不帮自己。Itisnousewastingtoomuchtimeonsuchthings.为这些事情浪费太多时间是没用的。(3)动名词作主语时的逻辑主语动名词作主语时，如果要突出动名词动作的执行者，要在动名词前加上其逻辑主语，这个逻辑主语要用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词，不能用名词的普通格或人称代词宾格。Roses coming wont be of much help.罗丝的到来不会起到很大
3、作用。(不能用Rose)His missing the train caused him to stay in the city for another day.他误了火车，导致了他得在那座城市再待一天2.不定式作主语含义：既可表示一般性的动作或概念，也可表示一次性的具体动作形式：作主语的不定式有时态和语态的变化，也就是说作主语的不定式可以是主动形式也可 以是被动形式，可以是一般式也可以是完成式谓语动词的数：谓语动词通常用单数形式位置：句首和句末，位于句末时用it作形式主语To hesitate means failure.犹豫不决意味着失败。To know everything is to
4、know nothing.样样皆通，样样稀松。It takes two to make a quarrel.一个巴掌拍不响。It is against my principles to do such a thing.做这种事有悖我的原则。特别提醒不定式作主语且表示一般性的动作时，多数情况下可以用动名词替换，但在以下三种情况下不能用动名词替换：(1)在一些固定说法中；(2)在表示强烈的对比时；(3)表示某一具体的动作或具体情况时。To err is human. 人非圣贤，孰能无过。To respect others is to be respected. 尊重他人就等于尊重你自己。To fi
5、nish this job in one day is impossible. 一天内完成这项工作是不可能的。非谓语动词作定语1.现在分词作定语时态/语态特点：doing表示主动、动作正在进行或现在(当时)的状态；being done表示被动、动作正在进行；一般不用having done形式作定语。意义：表示动作正在进行、状态正在持续或表示被修饰事物/人长久的特征位置：单个的现在分词作定语时通常前置(也有后置的情况)，现在分词短语作定语时通常后置注意事项：作前置定语的现在分词多数已经形容词化作后置定语的现在分词短语相当于一个定语从句A barking dog seldom bites.吠犬不咬
6、人。Will the people sitting at the back (= Will the people who/that are sitting at the back) keep quiet, please?坐在后面的人请保持安静，好吗？The building being built(= The building which is being built) now will be our dining hall.在建的那栋建筑将会是我们的食堂。2.过去分词作定语过去分词作定语的特征:(1)前置与后置的特征：单个的过去分词作定语时一般要前置，有时也可以后置(如left剩余的)；过去
7、分词短语作定语时通常后置。We need a lot of qualified teachers.我们需要许多有资质的教师。There is little time left. Lets hurry up.剩余时间不多了，我们快点吧。The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many teenagers.鲁迅写的书为很多青少年所喜欢。(2)语态：对及物动词而言，作定语的过去分词多表示被动和动作已经完成；对不及物动词而言，作定语的过去分词仅仅表示动作已经完成，并不表示被动关系。The government decided to rebuild
8、the damaged bridge.政府决定重建那座被破坏的桥。(表示被动和完成)She is sweeping the fallen leaves in the yard.她正在清扫院中的落叶。(只表示完成)(3)扩展成句的特征：过去分词短语作后置定语时，通常可扩展为一个定语从句。Is this the book recommended by the teacher? (=Is this the book which was recommended by the teacher?)这是老师推荐的那本书吗？3.不定式作定语(1)不定式作定语时的具体功能：表示将要发生的动作、表示一种同位关系(
9、用于ability, wish,intention,decision等词后)、表示一种纯粹的修饰关系(用于time,reason等词后)。Your ability to analyse problems really surprised us.你分析问题的能力真令我们吃惊。It is time to start.该出发了。(2)形式：一般主动式、一般被动式。I put down the phrases to be memorized.我写下了需要记的短语。He said he had an important meeting to attend.他说他有一个重要的会议要参加。(3)不定式作定语
10、的常见情况：当被修饰的词是抽象名词time,way,reason, chance,ability,courage,opportunity,wish等时，常用不定式作后置定语。I have no courage to try again after failure.失败后我没有勇气再去尝试一次。I have no time to go shopping.我没有时间去购物。当被修饰的词为something,nothing,anything 等不定代词时，常用不定式作后置定语。Do you have anything to say?你有什么要说的吗？I want to get something t
11、o drink.我想喝点东西。当被修饰的词为序数词、形容词最高级或被修饰的词前面有序数词、形容词最高级或the only,the very, the next等时，常用不定式作后置定语。He was the first to think of the idea.他是第一个想到这个主意的。I dont think he is the best one to do the work.我认为他不是做这项工作的最佳人选。You are the only person to be late.你是唯一一个迟到的人。当修饰名词的非谓语动词表示将来的动作时，应用不定式作后置定语。如果不定式与所修饰的名词之间是
12、逻辑上的主谓关系，不定式应用主动形式；如果不定式与所修饰的名词之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式应用被动形式。The medical team to be sent to the flood-stricken areas will start off next month.派往洪灾地区的医疗队下个月将出发。there be句型中，作主语的名词后常接不定式作后置定语。There is nothing to worry about.没什么可担心的。辨析比较：过分、现分以及不定式作定语的区别语法形式语态及时间意义过去分词(短语)作定语done表示被动、动作已完成The problem discussed
13、 yesterday at the meeting was very important. 昨天会上讨论的问题非常重要。现在分词(短语)作定语doing表示主动、动作正在进行或现在(当时)的状态They lived in a room facing south. 他们住在一个朝南的房间里。being done表示被动、动作正在进行The problem being discussed at the meeting is very important. 会上正在讨论的问题非常重要。不定式(短语)作定语to do表示主动、动作将要发生The man to help us is John. 要来帮助
14、我么的人是约翰。to be done表示被动、动作将要发生The problem to be discussed at the meeting is very important. 会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。4. 动名词作定语动名词作定语时通常表示被修饰词的属性、用途等，且动名词常作前置定语。a swimming pool = a pool for swimming 游泳池the waiting room = the room for waiting 等候室No one is allowed to speak loudly in the reading room. 阅览室里任何人不得大声说话
15、。There is a swimming pool in our school. 我们学校有一个游泳池。The father is busy in making a walking stick for his son whose leg has been broken. 那位父亲正在忙着为断了腿的儿子做拐杖。特别提醒:现在分词作定语表示所修饰的名词的动作正在进行，二者是逻辑上的主谓关系，其位置可以在名词前也可以在名词后。动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途，二者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系，其位置只能放在被修饰词的前面。There is a sleeping baby. = There is a
16、 baby who/that is sleeping. 有一个婴儿正在睡觉。(现在分词作定语)I have a sleeping bag. = I have a bag for sleeping. 我有一个睡袋。(动名词作定语)非谓语动词作补语1.分词作补语分词分为现在分词和过去分词，可以作主补和宾补。作补语的现在分词通常用一般式，表示动作正在进行或状态在持续，过去分词可表示被动及动作已完成。分词作补语的常见情况：(1)位于感官动词后作补语。常见的感官动词有see, hear, observe, watch, feel, notice等。Listen! Do you hear someone
17、calling for help? 听！你听见有人在呼救吗？(宾补)He heard his name called.他听见有人叫他的名字。(宾补)The song is often heard sung everywhere in China. 这首歌在中国的大街小巷都能够听到有人唱。(主补)(2)在have, get, leave等使役动词后作补语。Dont leave the work half done.不要半途而废。(宾补)They had the light burning all night.他们整夜亮着灯。(主补)You should understand the traffi
18、c rule by now. You have had it explained many times.你现在应该了解交通规则了，你已经让别人解释过好多次了。(宾补)特别提醒:make作使役动词时，后面的宾语补足语只能用过去分词，不能用现在分词。Can you make yourself understood in English?你能用英语把意思表达清楚吗？(3)在with复合结构中作宾补。With so many people looking at her, she felt nervous.这么多人看着她，她觉得紧张。With his homework finished, he star
19、ted to watch TV.作业完成后，他开始看电视了。2.不定式作补语(1)多数动词(allow, ask, invite, require, advise 等)后接不定式作补语时，不定式要带to。I asked him to buy a torch when he came here.我要他在来这儿时买一个手电筒。He reminded me not to forget the meeting tomorrow.他提醒我别忘了明天的会议。(2)在感官动词(短语)(see, hear, feel, listen to, notice, watch, observe等)和使役动词(let,
20、 have, make)后的宾语补足语中，动词不定式不带to，但在被动语态中(let一般不用于被动语态)，不定式必须带to。另外，动词help后的宾语补足语中不定式可以不带to，也可以带to。I saw him play in the park.我看见他在公园里玩。He was seen to play in the park (by me).他被(我)看见在公园里玩。He made his daughter play the piano for two hours every day. 他让他的女儿每天弹两个小时钢琴。His daughter was made to play the pia
21、no for two hours every day by him.他的女儿被(他)要求每天弹两个小时钢琴。She often helps her mother (to) clean the rooms.她经常帮助母亲打扫房间。(3)with复合结构中作宾补的不定式通常表示动作将要发生。当构成不定式的动词与with的宾语之间为逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义。With a lot of work to do, he has no time to hang out with friends.因为有很多工作要做，他没时间与朋友一起出去玩儿。不定式作状语不定式可用作多种状语，常见
22、的有目的状语、结果状语、原因状语等。1.不定式作目的状语不定式作目的状语时可位于句首和句尾，且不定式前可加in order/so as，但so as to不能位于句首。I came here to say goodbye to you.我来这儿是为了向你告别。The boy worked so hard in order to make up for the lost time.这个男孩工作非常努力，为的是弥补失去的时间。He ran fast so as to catch the first bus.他跑得很快以便赶上第一班公共汽车。In order to pass the exam, he
23、 worked hard even deep into the night.为了通过考试，他甚至学习到深夜。2.不定式作结果状语不定式做结果状语时表示谓语动词所表示的动作的结果。不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，所以不定式常用一般式。He tried his best to prepare for the contest, only to be told it was cancelled. 他全力以赴地为这次竞赛做准备，结果却被告知竞赛取消了。He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own foot.他搬起石头却砸了自己的脚。特别提醒：动
24、词不定式作结果状语时，有时在动词不定式前面加上only以强调结果的出乎意料。不定式与现在分词都可作结果状语，区别在于：不定式多表示出乎意料的结果，现在分词多表示自然而然的结果。I went to see him, only to learn that he had left the city yesterday.我去看他，结果听说他已经在昨天离开了这个城市。The old scientist died all of a sudden, leaving the project unfinished.那位老科学家突然去世了，留下了未完成的项目。3.不定式作原因状语不定式作原因状语的用法如下：(1)
25、位置：常位于表示情感、心理活动的形容词后，如glad, happy, foolish, sad, excited, lucky, pleased, surprised, disappointed, shocked, sorry等。(2)不定式的逻辑主语：一般为句子的主语，若与句子的主语不一致，则要在不定式前加上其逻辑主语，该逻辑主语一般由for引出。(3)不定式有时态和语态的变化：如果不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，不定式通常用完成式，否则常用一般式；如果主语与不定式结构中的动词构成逻辑上的主谓关系，不定式用主动式；如果主语与不定式结构中的动词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式用被
26、动式。You are so foolish to believe him.你太傻了，竟然相信他(的话)。Im very sorry to hear that your grandmother is ill.听说你奶奶病了，我十分难过。He was really sad to be cheated.他被骗了，他很伤心。He is very happy for his son to have made such great progress.他的儿子取得了如此大的进步，他很高兴。(不定式的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，且不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，故用不定式的完成式)现在分词作
27、状语1.现在分词作状语时的形式现在分词作状语时有时太和语态的变化，现以do为例介绍一下其形式：主动形式被动形式时态意义语态意义一般式doingbeing done表示分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作(几乎)同时发生表示构成分词的动词与句子的主语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系完成式having donehaving been done表示分词所表示的动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作发生主动形式表示构成分词的动词与句子的主语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系；被动形式表示构成分词的动词与句子的主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系Hearing the good news, they burst into cheers. 听到
28、这个好消息，他们欢呼起来。Having told him the answer several times, I didnt know whether he could understand. 尽管已经告诉他这个答案几次了，但我不知道他是否能理解。Having been praised for his job, Tom worked harder. 由于汤姆在工作上得到了表扬，他工作得更努力了。2.现在分词作状语时的类型现在分词作状语时可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式和伴随状况，作方式状语和伴随状语时可以变为并列句，作其他状语时也可以变为相应的状语从句。状语类型例句原因Being t
29、ired, I stopped to have a rest. (=Because I was tired, I stopped to have a rest.)我累了，于是停下来休息。条件Turning to the left, you will find the school. (=If you turn to the left, you will find the school.)向左拐，你就会发现那所学校。让步Knowing where I live, he never comes to see me. (=Though he knows where I live, he never
30、comes to see me.)尽管他知道我住在哪儿，但他从不来看我。时间Hearing the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai. (=When they heard the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai.)听到这个消息，他们立即出发去了上海结果It rained heavily, causing severe floods in the area. (=It rained heavily so that it caused severe floods in the area.)
31、这个地方因为大雨而发生了严重的洪灾。方式The little boy came running into the classroom. (=The little boy came and ran into the classroom.)这个小男孩跑进教室来。伴随I stood there, waiting for her. (=I stood there and waited for her.)我站在那儿等她。3.现在分词作状语的注意事项(1)现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语是句子的主语。如果不是，通常要在现在分词前面加上其自身的逻辑主语，这种带逻辑主语的现在分词被称为独立主格结构。独立主格结构同
32、现在分词一样，在句中作状语。My wife had a long talk with Sally, explaining why she didnt want the children to play together.我妻子和萨莉谈了很长时间，解释她为什么不想让孩子们在一起玩。(My wife是现在分词短语explaining.的逻辑主语)The train having gone, we had to wait for another day.火车已经开走了，我们只得再等一天。(having gone的逻辑主语是The train，而不是句子的主语 we)(2)现在分词作状语时，为明确状语
33、的类型，有时可以在现在分词前加上相应的从属连词(when, while, though, unless, if等)。从属连词+现在分词结构可以被视为状语从句的省略。While (he was) waiting for the bus, he met Mary.等公共汽车时，他遇到了玛丽。(3)现在分词作状语时用一般式还是用完成式要看分词所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作有没有明显的先后顺序。当现在分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前时，现在分词通常用完成式，其他情况下，现在分词通常用一般式。Having written the letter, John went to the pos
34、t office.写完信后，约翰去了邮局。(分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前)Seeing the beautiful scene, the children felt very excited.看到这一美景，孩子们感到非常兴奋。(分词所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生)(4)现在分词的否定形式是not+现在分词”。Not knowing how to find the subway stop, I asked a policeman for help.我不知道怎样找到地铁站，就找警察帮忙了。过去分词作状语1.过去分词作状语的功能及位置(1)过去分词作状语，修饰谓语动
35、词，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即谓语动词所表示的动作发生时的背景或状况。其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，即过去分词与主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。Built thirty years ago, the house looks very beautiful.尽管这座房子是30年前(被)建造的，但它看起来很漂亮。(2)过去分词作条件、原因及时间状语时，通常放在句首；作伴随状语时，通常放在句末；作方式状语时，一般放在句末，有时也放在句首；作让步状语时，一般放在句首，有时也放在句末。Given health, I can do it.如果身体好，我就能做这件事。He walked slowly in
36、 the forest,followed by a dog.他在森林里慢慢地走着，后面跟着一条狗。2.过去分词作状语的种类(1)作时间状语时，可转换为when, while或after等引导的状语从句。Asked about the matter, she kept silent. = When she was asked about the matter, she kept silent.当被问及那个问题时她默不作声。Discussed many times,the problems were solved at last. = After they were discussed many
37、times, the problems were solved at last.讨论多次之后这些问题终于解决了。(2)作条件状语时，可转换为if，once或unless等引导的状语从句。Given more time, we could do it much better. = If we were given more time, we could do it much better.多给我们点时间，我们会做得更好。(3)作原因状语时，可转换为as，since或because等引导的状语从句。Encouraged by the progress he has made, he works h
38、arder. =As he is encouraged by the progress he has made, he works harder.由于受到所取得的进步的鼓舞，他更努力工作了。Deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry. = Because they were deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry.由于被这个故事深深地感动，孩子们开始哭了起来。(4)作让步状语时，可转换为 although, though 或even if等引导的状语从句。Laughe
39、d at by many people, he continued his study. = Although he was laughed at by many people, he continued his study.尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。Defeated by his opponent, he never gave up any hope.=Although he was defeated by his opponent, he never gave up any hope.尽管他被对手击败了，但是他从没放弃过任何希望。(5)作方式状语时，如有连词as if，就可转换
40、为as if引导的方式状语从句；若无连词，则可转换为并列结构。The old man walked into the room, supported by his son. =The old man walked into the room and was supported by his son.这位老人在儿子的搀扶下走进了房间。He began to cry as if bitten by a snake. =He began to cry as if he was bitten by a snake.他开始大叫起来，好像被蛇咬了。(6)作伴随状语时，一般可转换为并列结构。Mrs Wu c
41、ame in, followed by her daughter. =Mrs Wu came in and she was followed by her daughter.吴太太走了进来，后面跟着她的女儿。3.过去分词作状语的注意事项(1)过去分词作状语时，有时为了强调，前面可带有连词，如：when, while, if, though, as if, unless, until等，以使句意表达得更清楚。Unless constantly repeated,t he English words are easily forgotten.这些英语单词很容易被忘记，除非不断重复。When ask
42、ed why she came here, the girl began to cry.当有人问她为何来这儿时，那个女孩开始哭了起来。(2)过去分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致(现在分词作状语同样如此)，否则需加上自己的主语，构成独立主格结构。Given a chance, we can surprise the world.若给我们一个机会，我们会让世人惊奇。He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the black board.他正在课堂上专心听讲，眼睛紧着黑板。(3)有些过去分词(短语)来源于系表结构，作状语时不强调被动而重在描述主语的状态。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：lost(迷失的)，seated(坐)，hidden(躲)，lost/ absorbed in(沉浸于)，dressed in(穿着)，tired of(厌烦)等。Lost in thought, he didnt hear the bell.由于陷入沉思之中，他没有听到铃声。
