1、牛津英语单元词汇详解必修 第三册Unit 1 Nature in the balance1 harm /hm/ n. & vt. 伤害，损害 (1)2 soil /sl/ n. 土壤；国土，领土，土地 (1)【原句背诵】The human race has done much harm.We have polluted our soils and seas,And cut down too many trees.Now is the time to sound the alarm.【联想拓展】do harm to损害；伤害；对有害harmful adj. 有害的；造成损害的be harmful
2、 to对有害harmless adj. 无害的；无恶意的【经典例句】He may look fierce, but he means no harm. 他可能看上去很凶，但并无恶意。The accident could have been much worse; luckily no harm was done. 这次事故本来可能糟糕得多；所幸没有造成伤害。The treatment they gave him did him more harm than good. 他们的治疗对他弊多于利。The company prints a warning on the label that the
3、product may harm the environment. 这家公司在标签上印上警告，说这种产品可能危害环境。 The court case will do serious harm to my business. 这起诉讼案件将严重损害我的生意。【链接高考】（2020浙江卷）The chemical washes off roads and goes into the ground. There it can pollute drinking water, harm plants, and eat away soil. 化学物质冲洗道路并渗入地下。它会污染饮用水，危害植物，并侵蚀土壤
4、。 （2020浙江卷）Many people suspect that all the rock salt used every winter is harming the environment. 许多人怀疑，每年冬天使用的岩盐正在破坏环境。 （2020天津卷）Transport has a lot to answer for when it comes to harming the planet.谈及危害地球，交通负有极大的责任。（2021新高考I卷）Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahea
5、d of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. 尽管关于情商的流行观点远远超出了研究能够合理支持的范围，但总体而言，公众的影响是利大于弊的。 3 *ecosystem /iksstm/ n. 生态系统 (2)【原句背诵】As the largest rainforest in the world, it plays a significant role in maintaining the fine ba
6、lance of the Earths ecosystem.On its journey from the mountains to the ocean, the river supports many different ecosystems.【经典例句】The question of ecosystem stability is complicated. 生态系统稳定性的问题是复杂的。They believed that the greater the diversity the more stable the ecosystem. 他们认为，生物多样性越丰富，生态系统就越稳定。【链接高考
7、】（2021全国乙卷）Youve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. 你听说塑料污染海洋每年有480万吨到1270万吨的塑料进入海洋生态系统。 （2019天津卷）Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable，where small changes of top predators can lead to big
8、effects throughout entire ecosystems. 数学模型也揭示了食物链可能是不稳定的，顶级捕食者的微小变化可能导致整个生态系统的重大变化。4 overseas /vsiz/ adj. 海外的，国外的adv. 在海外，向国外 (2)5 region /ridn/ n. 地区，区域；行政区 (2)6 continent /kntnnt/ n. 大陆，陆地，洲 (2)【原句背诵】The Amazon rainforest crosses into eight countries, including Brazil and Peru, and one overseas re
9、gion of France, all on the South American continent.【联想拓展】overseas development/markets/trade 海外发展市场贸易overseas students/visitors 外国留学生游客to live/work/go overseas 在国外生活工作；出国regional adj. 地区的；局部的continentaladj. 大陆的；大陆性的 n. 欧洲人【经典例句】He has returned to South Africa from his long overseas trip. 他结束了漫长的海外旅行
10、回到了南非。Every year nine million overseas visitors come to the city. 每年有900万的海外游客来到这座城市。If youre staying for more than three months or working overseas, a full 10-year passport is required. 如果你在海外居留超过3个月或工作，须持有效期整10年的护照。The product is sold both at home and overseas. 这个产品行销国内外。The region produces over 5
11、0% of the countrys wheat. 这个地区出产全国50%以上的小麦。【链接高考】（2012湖北卷）Having been an immigrant (移民) myself, I admire people who go overseas to find a job. 作为一名移民，我很钦佩那些到海外找工作的人。 （2021浙江卷）Today his hobby has evolved into the website P, a social network that has grown to 575,217 registered users in 214 countries
12、and regions since he launched it 10 years ago. 如今，他的这个爱好已经发展成了P 这个社交网站。自从10年前他创建这个网站以来，已经有来自214个国家和地区的575,217名注册用户。7 million /mljn/ num. 一百万；许多，大量(2)【原句背诵】With an area of around 6 million square kilometres, the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China. 【联想拓展】millionaire n. 百万富翁；大富豪【经典例句
13、】Up to five million people a year visit the county. 每年多达500万人到这个县游览。The program was viewed on television in millions of homes. 无数的家庭从电视上收看了这个节目。8 length /le/ n. 长，长度；时间的长短；篇幅，（电影）片长 (2)【原句背诵】The Amazon River, from which the rainforest gets its name, is close to 6,400 kilometres in lengthroughly 100
14、kilometres longer than the Yangtze River.【联想拓展】in length 长度at length 最后，终于；详细地at arms length 疏远；在手臂伸得到的地方lengthen vt. 使延长；加长 vi. 延长；变长【经典例句】This room is twice the length of the kitchen. 这个房间的长度是厨房的两倍。The snake usually reaches a length of 100 cm. 蛇一般长达100厘米。We discussed shortening the length of the c
15、ourse. 我们就缩短这门课程的时限进行了讨论。We have already discussed this matter at great length. 我们已经十分详尽地讨论了这个问题。【链接高考】（2020浙江卷）The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally dont flash the same length of green twice in a row, especially at rush hour. 华盛顿贝尔维尤的工坊大道上的交通信号灯通常不会连续两次发出相同
16、长度的绿灯，尤其是在交通高峰期。（2012全国卷II）One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试) increase the length of time we will remember it. 一种解释是过度学习定律，它可以表述如下：一旦我们学习了一些东西，额外的学习尝试会增加我们记忆它的时间长度。 9 biodiversity /badavsti/ n. 生物
17、多样性 (2)10 species /spiiz/ n. (pl. species) 种，物种 (2)【原句背诵】They give this area the richest biodiversity on the Earth: one in ten known species in the world can be found here.【拓展】bio-distribution n. 生物分布biodiverse 生物多类状态的; 生物多样的biodiversity conservation 生物多样性保护species extinction 物种灭绝species diversity 生
18、物 物种多样性；歧异度a conservation area for endangered species 濒危物种保护区【误区】species单数和复数形式一样，在使用时要注意。【经典例句】Biodiversity ensures a resource for new food crops and medicines. 生物多样性确保了新的粮食作物和药物的来源。When a species goes extinct, it dramatically changes the landscape of biodiversity. 当一个物种灭绝时，它会极大地改变生物多样性的状况。There is
19、 growing concern about the health consequences of biodiversity loss and change.生物多样损失和变化产生的健康后果日益受到关注。There are many species of dog(s). 狗有许多种。Many species have diverged from a single ancestor. 许多物种都是同宗演变而来的。Pandas are an endangered species. 大熊猫是一种濒危物种。【链接高考】（2021全国乙卷）Komodo National Park, officially
20、 recognized in 1980, is popular for ecotourism because of its unique biodiversity. 科莫多国家公园于1980年被正式认可，因其独特的生物多样性而深受生态旅游的欢迎。（2020全国卷II）The ecosystem down there cant handle this non-native species(物种). Its destroying the environment. 那里的生态系统无法应对这种非本地物种。它正在破坏环境。（2018天津卷）Lohmanns work has led others to
21、protect the habitat of this endangered species. 罗曼的工作已经引导其他人保护这种濒危物种的栖息地。 11 nut /nt/ n. 坚果 (3)12 brazil nut 巴西坚果 (3)13 *lily /lli/ n. 百合（花） (3)water lily 睡莲 (3)【原句背诵】This tall and ancient brazil nut tree produces nuts that we can eat; these water lilies are big enough to lie down on.【联想拓展】a hard/to
22、ugh nut 难对付的人；难说服的人a hard/tough nut to crack 棘手的问题；不好对付的情形【经典例句】The problem of hunger worldwide is a hard nut to crack. Im afraid that scientists need to put in more efforts. 全球性的饥饿问题是个棘手的问题，恐怕科学家们需要付出更多的努力。14 variety /vrati/ n. 不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体 (3)15 wildlife /waldlaf/ n. 野生动植物，野生生物(3)【原句背诵】The fo
23、rests different levels support an unbelievable variety of wildlife.【联想拓展】various=varied adj.各种各样的,不同的a variety of=varieties of各种各样的vary vi. 变化；变异；违反 vt. 改变；使多样化；变奏variation n. 变化；生物 变异，变种【经典例句】There is a wide variety of patterns to choose from. 有种类繁多的图案可供选择。He resigned for a variety of reasons. 他由于种
24、种原因辞职了。Susans idea of freedom was to have variety in her life style. 苏珊对自由的理解就是拥有生活方式的多样化。The island offers such a wide variety of scenery and wildlife. 这座岛屿有如此丰富多样的景色和野生动植物。There is, however, abundant evidence that climate change is increasing the threats of a variety of extreme events. 然而,有大量证据表明,
25、气候变化正在增加各种极端(天气)事件的威胁。【链接高考】（2021新高考I卷）When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. 当探险家们第一次踏上北美大陆时，天空和陆地上生活着种类繁多的野生动物。 （2020浙江卷）However, a variety of types is represented here. These include comedy, sa
26、tire, poignant drama, historical and regional drama. 但是，这里展示了各种类型。其中包括喜剧、讽刺剧、辛酸剧、历史剧和地方剧。（2016全国卷III）Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples. 参加苹果活动是一个很好的机会，可以看到和品尝各种各样的苹果。16 beneath /bni/ prep. 在下面，在下方；配不上 (3)【原句背诵】At the bottom, there is a system
27、of roots beneath the ground.【反义词】above prep. 超过；胜过；在上面【经典例句】Somewhere deep beneath the surface lies a caring character. 在其外表下心灵深处的某个地方保留着一种关爱别人的品格。Tom considers such jobs beneath him. 汤姆觉得这种工作有失他的身份。17 mass /ms/ n. 大量；团，块，堆；一大群 adj. 大批的，广泛的 (3)【原句背诵】Above that is the mass of leaf litter on the dark
28、forest floor.【联想拓展】masses of sth大量的东西the masses群众；平民百姓the mass of sth 大多数；多数mass production 大量生产massive adj. 大量的；巨大的，厚重的；魁伟的【经典例句】On his desk is a mass of books and papers. 在他书桌上有大堆的书和文件。The hill appeared as a black mass in the distance. 远远地看去，那座山是黑魆魆一片。 The sky was full of dark masses of clouds. 天空
29、中乌云密布。There were masses of people in the shops yesterday. 昨天商店里人如潮涌。Ive got masses of work to do. 我有一大堆的工作要做。The reforms are unpopular with the mass of teachers and parents. 大多数教师和家长并不赞成这些改革。18 towering /tar/ adj. 高大的，高耸的；出色的 (3)19 hardwood /hdwd/ n. 阔叶树；硬材（阔叶树的木材） (3)【原句背诵】Then there are the toweri
30、ng ancient hardwoods, and finally the tops of the tallest trees many metres above the ground. 【联想拓展】towering trees高耸的树木; 参天大树towering figure 杰出的人物tower vi. 高耸；超越【经典例句】Towering mountains separate her village from the world outside. 高耸的山脉将她的村庄与外界隔开。He remains a towering figure in rock and roll. 他仍是摇滚乐
31、界的一位杰出人物。He towered over his classmates. 他的个儿比班里其他同学高出一大截。She towers over other dancers of her generation. 她远远超过同时代的舞蹈演员。20 living /lv/ adj. 活着的，活的；在使用的n. 生计，谋生；生活方式 (3)【原句背诵】Each level of the forest forms its own little world, home to different kinds of living things.【拓展】living environment 生活环境livi
32、ng standard 生活水平，生活标准standard of living 生活水平；生活标准living creature/thing 生物；生命单位 make/earn a living 谋生，维持生活【经典例句】Olivia has always been a model of healthy living. 奥利维亚一直是健康生活的榜样。The spacious living quarters were on the second floor. 宽敞的起居间在二楼。The cost of living has risen sharply. 生活费用已急剧上涨。She earns h
33、er living as a freelance journalist. 她靠做自由撰稿记者来维持生计。21 *mammal /mml/ n. 哺乳动物 (3)22 *jaguar /dju(r)/ n. 美洲豹，美洲虎 (3)【原句背诵】More than 1,300 species of birds and over 400 species of mammals hide among the jungles plant life. This jaguar is one example. It has a yellowish-brown coat with black spots.23 su
34、rvive /svav/ vi. 生存，存活vt. 幸存，幸免于难 (3)【原句背诵】While a significant number of jaguars survive here, they are only one element of this forests food chain.【联想拓展】survive from/on/as sth 生存；存活；继续存在survival n. 幸存；残存；幸存者，残存物survival of the fittest适者生存【误区】survive作及物动词时，后面直接接宾语。The company managed to survive the
35、crisis. 公司设法渡过了危机。【经典例句】When the market economy is introduced, many factories will not survive. 一旦推行市场经济，很多工厂将无法存活下去。Some strange customs have survived from earlier times. 有些奇怪的风俗是从早年留存下来的。Those organisms that are most suited to the environment will be those that will survive. 那些最适应环境的生物将是那些存活下来的。Ma
36、ny birds didnt survive the severe winter. 很多鸟死于这次严冬。【链接高考】（2021全国甲卷）The Xian City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived Chinas long history. 西安城墙是中国历史上保存下来的最完整的城墙。（2019天津卷）If a predator can eat several species，it can survive the extinction（灭绝）of one of them. 如果一个掠食者能吃掉几个物种，那么即使其中一个物种
37、灭绝，它也能存活下来。 24 frog /fr/ n. 蛙，青蛙 (3)25 in turn 相应地，转而 (3)26 insect /nsekt/ n. 昆虫 (3)【原句背诵】They feed on at least 87 species, including frogs. These frogs, in turn, feed on insects which eat leaves and fruit.【经典例句】There were cheers for each of the women as they spoke in turn. 女士们依次发言时，每一位都得到了喝彩。Increa
38、sed production will, in turn, lead to increased profits. 增加生产会继而增加利润。These behavioral changes may in turn be harmful to the health. 这些行为的改变反过来可能对健康产生危害。【链接高考】（2013北京卷）Couples can find themselves taking leave in turn in order to care for children who are on holiday. 夫妻们可能会发现，为了照顾度假的孩子，他们会轮流休假。 （2010福
39、建卷）Businesses are witnessing a difficult time, which has in turn produced influence on consumers, desire to go green. 企业正经历一个艰难的时期，这反过来又对消费者产生了影响，促使他们渴望环保。27 microorganism /makrgnzm/ n. 微生物 (3)28 break down 使分解（为），使变化（成） (3)29 nutrient /njutrint/ n. 营养素，营养物 (3)【原句背诵】When a jaguar dies, a tiny army o
40、f microorganisms helps break down its body and return the nutrients to the earth. 【联想拓展】breakdown n. 故障；崩溃；分解break away (from) 脱离；放弃；逃跑break through 突破；突围；有重要创见break up 打碎，破碎；结束；解散；衰落break out v. 爆发；突发break in 打断；闯入；训练；使逐渐习惯break into 闯入；破门而入break of v. 放弃；改掉（习惯）break (up) with v. 结束；与绝交，和断绝关系；和决裂br
41、eak off 折断；突然停止，暂停break out of 摆脱（束缚等）；突破nutritious adj. 有营养的，营养丰富的 nutrition n. 营养，滋养学（物）【经典例句】Many people were expecting (that) the peace talks would break down. 许多人预料和平谈判会破裂。The machines can sometimes break down and you have to spend time mending them. 机器有时会发生故障，你得花时间来进行维修。The analysis shows that
42、 plastics, particularly those that break down fast, are contributing to the climate change. 分析表明，塑料正在导致气候变化，尤其是那些快速分解的塑料。Plants draw minerals and other nutrients from the soil. 植物从土壤中吸取矿物质和其他养分。We eat fish, meat and beans because the nutrient in them is good for our muscles. 我们吃鱼、肉和豆类，因为它们中的营养物质对我们的
43、肌肉有好处。【链接高考】（2019北京卷）At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton. 这种现象的核心是被称为浮游植物的海洋微生物。 （2018北京卷）Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. 西班牙和英
44、格兰的研究人员最近发现，大蜡蛾的蠕虫可以分解占塑料40%的聚乙烯。 （2018北京卷）Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms ability to break down their everyday food beeswax also allows them to break down plastic. 这项研究的合著者Federica Bertocchini说，蠕虫分解日常食物蜂蜡的能力也让它们能够分解塑料。 （2019北京卷）Warming changes key characteristics of the
45、 ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth，since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow，but also nutrients.气候变暖改变了海洋的关键特征，并可能影响浮游植物的生长，因为它们不仅需要阳光和二氧化碳来生长，还需要营养。 29 breathe life into 给带来起色，注入活力 (3)30 carbon /kbn/ n. 碳 (3)31 oxygen /ksdn/ n. 氧，氧气 (3)【原句背诵】The Amazon rainforest breathes
46、 life into the planet by fixing carbon and producing over 20 per cent of all the Earths oxygen. 【联想拓展】breathe in 吸入breathe out 呼出breathe into 注入【经典例句】 Media companies try to breathe new life into physical products. 传媒公司欲为其实体产品注入新鲜血液。Have a hobby and let your passion breathe energy into all areas of
47、your life. 有个爱好，让你的热情能把能量带进生活的方方面面。32 thus /s/ adv. 因此，从而；这样 (3)【原句背诵】Thus, it is often known as the “lungs of the planet.【经典例句】Jimmy is adopted and thus unrelated to Beth by blood. 吉米是收养的，因此和贝丝无血缘关系。Agriculture has developed rapidly, thus providing light industry with ample raw materials. 农业迅速发展，从而
48、为轻工业提供了充足的原料。We do not own the building. Thus, it would be impossible for us to make any major changes to it. 我们不是这栋楼的房主，因此不能对它进行大改动。【链接高考】（2020新课标卷I）Theres a welcome familiarity - but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship.有一种受欢迎的熟悉感但有时也会有点怀疑，时间改
49、变了你们俩，从而改变了你们的关系。 （2019全国卷I）These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine peoples identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer its connected toregardless of whether someone gets the password right.这些模式对每个人来说都是独一无二的。 因此，键盘可以确定用户的身份，进而决
50、定用户是否有权使用键盘所连接的电脑不管密码是否正确。 33 disappear /dsp(r)/ vi. 不复存在，灭绝，消亡；消失；失踪 (3)34 due /dju/ to 由于，因为 (3)35 agriculture /rklt(r)/ n. 农业，农学 (3)36 cattle /ktl/ n. 牛 (3)【原句背诵】Over the past 50 years, about 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human activities such as agriculture and cattle farm
