1、Unit 1The mass mediaGrammar and usagePast perfect tenseExploring the rulesStep 1: go through the whole passage and complete the following timeline.Joseph Pulizer was born.He became a publisher. 3. . 4. .The Columbia School of Journalism was established. 6. .1. .1883 5. .189219172. .Pulitzer bought t
2、he New York World.He offered Columbia Univsity money to start a school of journalism.The first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded.April 10, 184718721912Step 2: find the sentences that use the past perfect tense and fill in the box below. The first one has done for you. by then he had learned very little E
3、nglish. . by the age of 25, he had become a publisher. well all be interacting with drones on a daily basis. We often use the past perfect tense to talk about something that happened (1) _ (before/after) a past action or state. The verb form of the past perfect tense is “(2)_ (have/had done)”. Worki
4、ng out the rulesbeforehad doneLearning about the rules一、过去完成时构成形式： had done被动语态 had been done否定式 had not done二、用法： Please go through “ Grammar notes” on page 98.用法1) 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作或存在的状态。即“过去的过去”。这一过去时间可用by，before 等构成的短语及when， before，after，by the time 等引导的状语从句表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作或上下文来表示。1.He had
5、tried his best although he failed.2. I had finished reading the novel by the end of last week.3. He had learnt English for ten years when he graduated from high school.2) 表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作，这个动作可能还要延续下去，常与for，since 构成的表示一段时间的短语或since 引导的表示一段时间的从句连用。1. The worker said he had worked for the emp
6、loyer since last year. 2. I met Wang Tao on a cable car yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing. 3)表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算或意图等。常用had hoped/ planned/meant/intended/thought/ wanted/expected 等，相当于上述动词过去式接不定式完成式，即“hoped/planned/. + to have done”。1. I had planned to come, but I was prevented
7、by the bad weather. 2. They had hoped to talk about cooperation, but they had a tight schedule. 3. I had wanted to help you, but I was too busy then.过去完成时常见的判断规则：1. 由由来判定：与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：来判定：与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：(1) by + 过去的时间点。如：过去的时间点。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. (2) by
8、the end of + 过去的时间点。如：过去的时间点。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. (3) before + 过去的时间点。如：过去的时间点。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesda 2.宾语从句中宾语从句中: 在在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后等动词后的宾语从句。的宾语从句。She said that she had seen the film befo
9、re. 3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与在。此时多与already, yet, still, just, before, never 等时间副词及等时间副词及 by, before, until 等引等引导的短语或从句连用导的短语或从句连用Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a school for about five years.过去完成时常见的判断规则：4. It/This/That was
10、the first/second.time that sb. had done sth. 这/ 那是某人第一次/ 第二次做某事。It was the third time that he had made the same mistake. 那是他第三次犯同样的错误了。5. 表示“一就”的hardly/scarcely.when.，no sooner.than.句式中，含hardly/scarcely，no sooner 的分句常用过去完成时，且当hardly，scarcely，no sooner 置于句首时，句子要用部分倒装。I had hardly/scarcely answered th
11、e teacher when he interrupted me. =Hardly/Scarcely had I answered the teacher when he interrupted me. 我还没来得及回答老师的问题，他就打断了我的话。 5. 虚拟语气中表示与过去事实相反的假设，if 从句和wish/would rather/only if后的从句中用过去完成时。I wish I had been at your party last Tuesday. 我希望上周二我参加了你的聚会。Circle the mistakes and correct them in the blank
12、s below.Applying the rules1 Pulitzer knew that he had learned very little English, so he had started to work hard at the language.2 Pulitzer was very hard-working. Quite often, when he arrived home at midnight, he was working for over 10 hours.3 For the time he was 25, Pulitzer had become a journali
13、st and publisher.4 Many of the best reporters have worked for his paper before its failure in 1931._ had worked_ _ had workedB2Below is a passage about the Pulitzer Prizes. Complete it with the correct forms of the verbs in the box below.The Pulitzer Prizes are a set of awards honoring excellence in
14、 journalism andthe arts. The prizes were established largely due to the efforts of Joseph Pulitzer, who (1) _ his reputation as a newspaper publisher. He left money in his 1904 will to fund the establishment of the prizes, stating that he wanted four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama,
15、one for education, and five traveling scholarships. Since the first prizes (2) _ in 1917, there have been many winners and some people have won more than once. Past winners include such famous names as Eugene ONeill. When ONeill received the Pulitzer Prize in Drama in 1957, it was the fourth time he
16、 (3) _ it.builtwere awardedhad won There have been a number of changes to the Pulitzer Prizes over time. Someof these resulted from advances in technology. For example, online contentfrom newspaper websites (4) _ in all of the journalism categories since 2006. The Pulitzer Prizes have also expanded
17、to include such categories as photography and music. Nevertheless, journalism is still what the Pulitzer Prizes are best known for. Today, winning the Pulitzer Prizes is considered by many to be the highest achievement possible in journalismjust as Pulitzer (5) _.has been allowedintendedMore Exercis
18、es:单句语法填空（1）By the end of last year, he （collect）more than 10 foreign records. （2）By the time, Tom _ (found) his own business. （3）It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they (do) for me.（4）Experiments of this kind (conduct) in both the US and Europe well before the Second
19、World War.（5）We found that the least well-liked teens (become) more aggressive over time towards their classmates.（6）It was the last time that he (meet) his father.（7）He said on the phone that he (arrive) in london. 翻译句子1. 在我们到达他们家之前，他们就已经出发去音乐会了。 。2.爱丽丝说她已经看过那本小说了。 。had collectedhad foundedhad donehad been conductedhad becomehad methad arrivedThey had left for the concert before we arrived at their home.Alice said she had already read that novel.Complete part C of the workbook on page 58.
