1、中英亲属称谓语对比及翻译亲属称谓亲属称谓社交称谓社交称谓根据根据现代汉现代汉语词典语词典的解的解释释,“称谓称谓”是是指指“人们由于人们由于亲属和别的亲属和别的方面的相互方面的相互关系关系,以及由以及由于身份、职于身份、职业等而得来业等而得来的名称。的名称。”一一般说来般说来,称谓可称谓可分为分为 称谓语的功能等值称谓语的功能等值 包惠兰认为称谓语的功能等值体现在四个方面： （1）表达称谓者的感情 （2）传达称谓者的语气 （3）体现交际者的身份 （4）反映交际场合的特点 在在现代汉语现代汉语中中,亲属称谓大都能把其身亲属称谓大都能把其身份表明一览无余份表明一览无余如辈份如辈份(父辈父辈:伯、舅
2、伯、舅;同辈同辈:哥、妹、堂弟哥、妹、堂弟),父系或母父系或母系系(姑、姨姑、姨),直系或傍系直系或傍系(孙、侄孙孙、侄孙),年龄的大小年龄的大小(叔、叔、伯、哥、弟伯、哥、弟)及血亲或姻亲及血亲或姻亲(哥、嫂子、姐、姐夫哥、嫂子、姐、姐夫)。 在在英语英语中，此类称谓则比较笼统、模糊中，此类称谓则比较笼统、模糊,一词多义一词多义,覆盖面广。除了辈份清楚外覆盖面广。除了辈份清楚外,其他其他关系只能从上下文中仔细推敲或当面询问。关系只能从上下文中仔细推敲或当面询问。如如sister姐妹同为一词姐妹同为一词,年龄大小不分年龄大小不分;grandmother既指奶奶也指外婆既指奶奶也指外婆,父系、母
3、系不分父系、母系不分;uncle可指叔、伯、舅、姑父可指叔、伯、舅、姑父,年龄、父系、母系不分。年龄、父系、母系不分。英语中的英语中的cousin一词更是无所不能一词更是无所不能,它不但年龄、父它不但年龄、父系、母系不分系、母系不分,连性别也不分连性别也不分,囊括了堂兄、堂弟、堂囊括了堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹等一系列汉语称姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹等一系列汉语称谓。谓。要准确地翻译这个词要准确地翻译这个词,必须置之于语境中考察。必须置之于语境中考察。 总之总之，汉语亲属称谓系统繁复多样，汉语亲属称谓系统繁复多样,且直系与且直系与旁系、血亲与姻亲、长辈与晚辈、年长与年
4、旁系、血亲与姻亲、长辈与晚辈、年长与年幼、男性与女性、近亲与远亲等都严加规范幼、男性与女性、近亲与远亲等都严加规范,一一区分一一区分,其语义功能之细密、描述之精确其语义功能之细密、描述之精确,令令人叹为观止。相比之下人叹为观止。相比之下,英语亲属称谓则相对英语亲属称谓则相对贫乏贫乏,而且指称宽泛、语义模糊而且指称宽泛、语义模糊,除区分辈分外除区分辈分外,亲疏、内外、长幼都可忽略不计。亲疏、内外、长幼都可忽略不计。例如：家庭成员之间例如：家庭成员之间,中国风俗兄弟姐妹一般中国风俗兄弟姐妹一般按长幼称呼按长幼称呼,如大哥、三弟、四妹等。如大哥、三弟、四妹等。而说英语的国家则习惯于互叫名字。许多人而
5、说英语的国家则习惯于互叫名字。许多人甚至直接用名来称呼父母的兄弟姐妹。甚至直接用名来称呼父母的兄弟姐妹。汉语称谓语介绍汉语称谓语介绍 汉语父系汉语父系/母系称谓语归类表母系称谓语归类表父方 母方 姑 姨 叔（伯） 舅 姑父 姨丈 婶 舅妈 侄 甥英语中称谓语介绍 (great) Grandfather (great) grandmother father uncle aunt mothercousins sister brother： Son（-in-low）/daughter （-in-low） niece /nephew Grandson/ granddaughter Grandfathe
6、r：祖父，外祖父 GrandmotlIer：祖母，外祖母 Father：父亲 father-in-law：公公；岳父 Mother：母亲 Mother-inlaw：婆婆；岳母 Sister：姬姐，妹妹Sister-inlaw；嫂子弟妹，小姑子。小姨手 Brother：哥哥，弟弟 Niece：侄女外甥女 Brother-in-law：姐夫，妹夫，小叔予，小舅子 Uncle：伯父，叔父，舅父，姑父，姨父 Nephew：侄子，外甥 Aunt：伯母，婶母，姑妈，姨妈，舅妈 Cousin：堂哥，堂弟。表哥，表弟堂姐，堂妹，表姐表妹汉英对比点 主要在三个方面进行对比：（1）长幼辈分上的差别：英语不分长幼
7、（2）血亲和姻亲 （3）泛化差别 排行+亲属词 译为序数词+亲属词这样翻译，虽然词汇上对应，但语义上并非完全对等，汉语排行称谓所反映的民族风情，译语读者仍是很难感受。由于两个民族的社会和民族心理不同，汉语中习惯用排行称谓，英语习惯用姓名称谓，翻译时可以把排行称谓直接译为姓名称谓，那么这种翻译方法就是归化法，也可以采用异化的翻译方法，即序数词+亲属词 1）一天，邻居王二婶王二婶不小心把钥匙锁在家里，很多热心人都前来帮忙，但都无济于事。 One day, through carelessness, Wang Ers wife, one of the elderly neighbors, locke
8、d herself out. 2）王二婶王二婶感激万分，特意买来一盒过滤嘴香烟，非要塞给他。 To express her gratitude, Mrs. Wang bought a pack of filter cigarettes and insisted that he accept it. 3) 前不久，王嫂王嫂又给他介绍一位叫蓉蓉的姑娘。 Not long ago, Mrs. Wang introduced him to another girl, called Rongrong. 5) 第一要算我们老栓叔老栓叔运气；第二是夏三爷夏三爷赏了25两雪白的银子，独自落腰包，一文不花。 O
9、ur Old Shuan was luckiest, and after him Third Uncle Xia. He pocketed the whole reward-twenty-five taels of bright silver-and didnt have to spend a cent. 6）村人看见赵七爷赵七爷到村，都赶紧吃完饭，聚在七斤家饭桌的周围。 Seventh Master Zhaos arrival in the village made all the villagers finish their supper quickly and gather round
10、Sevenpounders table. 7) 我孩子时候，在斜对门的豆腐店里确乎终日坐着一个杨二嫂杨二嫂，人都叫伊“豆腐西豆腐西施施”。 When I was a child there was a Mrs. Yang who used to sit nearly all day long in the beancurd shop across the road, and everybody used to call her Beancurd Beauty. 8) 他的态度终于恭敬起来了，分明的叫道：“老爷老爷！” Finally, assuming a respectful attitud
11、e, he said clearly: “Master! ” 9) 虽说故乡，然而已没有家，所以只得暂寓在鲁四老爷鲁四老爷的宅子里。他是我的本家，比我长一辈，应该称之曰“四叔四叔”。 I call it my hometown, but I put up at the house of a Fourth Uncle since he belongs to the generation before mine in my clan. 10）四妹四妹，时间不早了，要逛动物园就得赶快走。 Huifang! Its getting late. Well have to get a move on if
12、 you want to see the zoo. 讲礼貌、尚谦让是中华民族的传统美德，人们在说话时总是尽量谦卑，于人唯恐礼数不周，于是在社交称谓中产生了谦称和敬称。比如先生-晚生， 贤弟-愚弟， 夫人-贱内，令郎-犬子，大人-下官 汉语中的自称称谓语有很多， 朕、孤、 微臣、下官、 奴才、小的、 弟子、 妾、 奴家、 贫道、 贫僧、 鄙人。 英语里面自称称谓语一般只有第一人称代词 ，所以在汉译英中一般把那些自称称谓词译为英语的第一人称代词 11) 雨村起身也让道：“老先生老先生请便。晚生晚生乃常造之客，稍候何妨。” “Dont stand on ceremony, sir” said Yu-
13、tsun, rising. “I am a regular guest here, I dont mind waiting.” 称呼别人用尊称是汉语的习惯，老太太 、老太爷 、世翁、 恩师 、令郎 、千金。 英语中的对称语只有第二人称代词 陛下。 Your/his/her Majesty your/ his/her/ honor your/his/her lordship 汉语中的尊称可以译为对应的英语的尊称 或在指称名词前加上honorable respected worthy 等词，以使称谓语的语义相当。 12) 小人小人告了一年的状，竟无人作主；求大大老爷老爷拘拿凶犯，以扶善良，存殁存殁
14、感激不尽。 I lodged a charge a year ago, but nothing came of it. I beg Your Honor to arrest the criminals, punish the evil-doers and help the widow and the orphan. Then both the living and the dead will be ever-lastingly grateful. 13)“这就是尊夫人尊夫人了？” 张医生问道。 “Is this your worthy wife?” asked Dr. Chang. 凤姐儿想一
15、想，笑道：凤姐儿想一想，笑道：“一家子也是过正月一家子也是过正月节，合家赏灯吃酒，真真的热闹非凡。节，合家赏灯吃酒，真真的热闹非凡。祖婆婆，祖婆婆，太婆婆，媳妇，孙子媳妇，重孙媳妇，亲孙子媳太婆婆，媳妇，孙子媳妇，重孙媳妇，亲孙子媳妇，侄孙子，重孙子，灰孙子，滴滴答答的孙子，妇，侄孙子，重孙子，灰孙子，滴滴答答的孙子，孙女儿，外孙女儿，姨表孙女儿，姑表孙女孙女儿，外孙女儿，姨表孙女儿，姑表孙女哎哎呦呦！真好热闹！呦呦！真好热闹！ （54） Xifeng drained her cup and thought for a second. “In the middle of the first m
16、onth,” she began, “during the Lantern Festival a family was having a fine lively time, enjoying lanterns and drinking together. There were the great grandmother, grandmother, grandmothers-in-law, daughter-in-law, grand-nephews and a pack of grea-great-grandsons, as well as grand-daughters and grand-
17、nieces on the paternal and maternal sides, and grand-nieces on the brothers and sisters sidesAiya, it was really lively” 宝玉笑道：宝玉笑道：“你倒比先越发出息了，倒像你倒比先越发出息了，倒像我的儿子。我的儿子。”贾琏笑道：贾琏笑道：“好不害臊！人家比好不害臊！人家比你大四五岁呢，就替你做儿子了？你大四五岁呢，就替你做儿子了？”宝玉笑道：宝玉笑道：“你今年十几岁了？你今年十几岁了？”贾芸道：贾芸道：“十八岁。十八岁。” 原来这贾芸最凌厉乖觉，听宝玉这样说，原来这贾芸最凌厉乖觉
18、，听宝玉这样说，便笑道：便笑道：“俗话说的，俗话说的，摇车里的摇车里的爷爷爷爷，拄拐，拄拐的的孙子孙子。虽然岁数大，山高高不过太阳。自。虽然岁数大，山高高不过太阳。自从父亲没了，这几年也无人照管教导。如若宝从父亲没了，这几年也无人照管教导。如若宝书不嫌书不嫌侄儿侄儿蠢笨，认作儿子，就是我的造化蠢笨，认作儿子，就是我的造化了。了。”（24） Jia Yun had all his wits about him. He seized this chance to add: “As the proverb says，A grandfather in the cradle may have a gra
19、ndson who leans on a stick.（ Being a sharp-witted young man who knew how to make the most of an opportunity - David Hawkes ） I may be older than you but The highest mountain cant shut out the sun. These last few years since my father died Ive had no one to instruct me properly. If you dont think me
20、too stupid to be your adopted son, Uncle Bao, that would be my great good fortune.” 宝玉退出，来至后面，进入上房。宝玉退出，来至后面，进入上房。邢夫人邢夫人见了他来，先倒站了起来，请过见了他来，先倒站了起来，请过贾母贾母的安，宝的安，宝玉方请安。（玉方请安。（24） Bayou went to the back, to Lady Xings apartment, and when she had risen to convey her respects to his grandmother he bowed o
21、n his own account. 况且这通身的气派竟不像况且这通身的气派竟不像老祖宗老祖宗的外孙女儿，的外孙女儿，竟是嫡亲的孙女似的。竟是嫡亲的孙女似的。 Her whole air is so distinguished. She doesnt take after her father, son-in-law of our old Ancestress, but looks more like a Jia. 宝玉听了，忙上来悄悄地说道：宝玉听了，忙上来悄悄地说道：“你这么你这么个明白人，难道连个明白人，难道连亲不见疏，先不僭后亲不见疏，先不僭后也也不知道不知道?我虽糊涂，却明白这两句话
22、。头一件，我虽糊涂，却明白这两句话。头一件，咱们是咱们是姑舅姊妹姑舅姊妹，宝姐姐是两，宝姐姐是两姨姊妹姨姊妹，论亲戚，论亲戚，他比你疏。第二件，你先来，咱们两个一桌吃，他比你疏。第二件，你先来，咱们两个一桌吃，一床睡，长得这么大了，他是才来的，岂有个一床睡，长得这么大了，他是才来的，岂有个为他疏你的？为他疏你的？”（20） Bayou stepped to her side and said softly, “Someone of your intelligence should know that distant relatives cant come between close ones,
23、 and new friends cant take the place of old. Dense as I am, I know that. Look, youre the daughter of my fathers sister, while Baochais a cousin on my mothers side-youre more closely related to me than she is. Besides, you came here first, weve eaten at the same table, slept in the same bed and grown
24、 up together, while she has only recently arrived. How could I be less closer to you because of her? (Yang) 贾环道：贾环道：“我拿什么比宝玉呢。你们怕他，我拿什么比宝玉呢。你们怕他， 都和他好，都欺负我不是太太养的。都和他好，都欺负我不是太太养的。” 说罢，说罢，便哭了。宝钗忙劝导：便哭了。宝钗忙劝导：“好兄弟好兄弟，快别说这话，快别说这话，人家笑话你。人家笑话你。”（20） “How can I compare with Baoyu?” whined Jia Huan. “You ke
25、ep in with him because youre afraid of him, but you bully me because Im a concubines son.” He started to snivel.” “Dont talk like that, dear cousin, or people will laugh at you.” Baochai advised him. 她从贫苦的她从贫苦的姑家姑家，又转到更贫苦的，又转到更贫苦的姨家姨家。（萧红（萧红王阿嫂的死王阿嫂的死） She had lived for a while with some impoverishe
26、d paternal relatives, then had been bundled off to some maternal relatives who were, if anything, even worse off. 子曰：君子之教以孝也，非家至而日见之也；教以子曰：君子之教以孝也，非家至而日见之也；教以孝，所以敬天下之为人父者也。教以悌，所以敬天下之孝，所以敬天下之为人父者也。教以悌，所以敬天下之为人兄者也。教以臣，所以敬天下之为人君者也。为人兄者也。教以臣，所以敬天下之为人君者也。 孝经孝经 The reason why the gentleman teaches filial
27、piety is not because it is to be seen in the home and everyday life. He teaches filial piety in order that man may respect all those who are father in the world. He teaches brotherliness in the young brother, in order that man may respect all those who are elder brothers in the world. He teaches the
28、 duty of the subject, in order that man may respect all who are rulers in the world.” 爱亲者，不敢恶于人；敬亲者，不敢慢于人。爱亲者，不敢恶于人；敬亲者，不敢慢于人。 Those who love their parents dare not show hatred to others. Those who respect their parents dare not show rudeness to others. 贾政见他母亲来了，又急又痛，连忙迎接出贾政见他母亲来了，又急又痛，连忙迎接出来，只见贾母扶着
29、丫头，喘吁吁的走来，贾政上来，只见贾母扶着丫头，喘吁吁的走来，贾政上前躬身陪笑道：前躬身陪笑道：“大暑热天，母亲有何生气亲自大暑热天，母亲有何生气亲自走来？有话只该叫了儿子进去吩咐。走来？有话只该叫了儿子进去吩咐。”贾母听说，贾母听说，便止住步喘息一回，厉声说道：便止住步喘息一回，厉声说道：“你原来是和我你原来是和我说话！我倒有话吩咐，只是可怜我一生没养个好说话！我倒有话吩咐，只是可怜我一生没养个好儿子，却叫我和谁说去！儿子，却叫我和谁说去！”贾政听这话不象，忙贾政听这话不象，忙跪下含泪说道：跪下含泪说道：“为儿的教训儿子，也为的是光为儿的教训儿子，也为的是光宗耀祖。母亲这话，我做儿的如何禁得
30、起？宗耀祖。母亲这话，我做儿的如何禁得起？” 雨村拍案笑道：雨村拍案笑道：“怪到这女学生读至凡书怪到这女学生读至凡书中有中有敏敏字，皆念作字，皆念作密密字，每每如是；写字，每每如是；写字遇着字遇着敏敏字，又减一二笔，我心中就有些疑字，又减一二笔，我心中就有些疑惑。今听你说的，是为此无疑矣。惑。今听你说的，是为此无疑矣。”（2） Yucun pounded the table with a laugh. No wonder my pupil always pronounces min as mi and writes it with one or two strokes missing. Tha
31、t puzzled me, but now youve explained the reason.” *One or two strokes missing: a parents name was taboo and had to be used in an altered form. (Yang) 那宝玉甚至连晨昏定省都愈发随他的变了。那宝玉甚至连晨昏定省都愈发随他的变了。礼礼：凡为人之子，冬温而夏凊，昏定而晨省。：凡为人之子，冬温而夏凊，昏定而晨省。 Baoyu even grew lax about asking after the health of his seniors each
32、morning and evening. 一早出门，也不来请个安，目无尊长，成一早出门，也不来请个安，目无尊长，成什么规矩！（什么规矩！（围城围城） He leaves early in the morning without so much as a word of greeting. No respect for his elders. What kind of behavior do you call that? 子兴道：子兴道：“不然。只因现今大小姐是正月初不然。只因现今大小姐是正月初一所生，故名元春，余者方从了一所生，故名元春，余者方从了春春字，上一字，上一辈的，却也是从弟兄而来。现
33、有对证：你贵东家辈的，却也是从弟兄而来。现有对证：你贵东家林公之夫人，即荣府中赦政二公之胞妹，在家时林公之夫人，即荣府中赦政二公之胞妹，在家时名唤贾敏。（名唤贾敏。（2） Y: “You dont understand,” said Zixing. “They named the eldest girl Yuanchun because she was born on New Years Day, and so the others have “chun” in their names too. But all the girls of the last generation had name
34、s like those of boys. For proof, look at the wife of your respected employer Mr.Lin, the sister of Jia She and Jia Zheng in the Rong Mansion. Her name, before she married, was Jia Min. If you dont believe me, check up when you go back.” *Yuanchun: Cardinal Spring *Min has the same radical as She and
35、 Zheng. 雨村起身也让道：雨村起身也让道：“老先生请便。晚生乃常老先生请便。晚生乃常造之客，稍候何妨。造之客，稍候何妨。”（1） “Dont stand on ceremony, sir” said Yu-tsun, rising. “I am a regular guest here. I dont mind waiting.” 刘东方的妹妹是汪处厚的百门学生，也不时刘东方的妹妹是汪处厚的百门学生，也不时到师母家来谈谈。（围城）到师母家来谈谈。（围城） Liu Dongfangs sister, a former student of Wang Chuhou, also dropped
36、 in sometimes to see her, calling her “Teachers Wife.” 在特定的社交语境中，各种称谓语除了表示在特定的社交语境中，各种称谓语除了表示对交际对象的直接称呼或他称称谓外，还往往隐对交际对象的直接称呼或他称称谓外，还往往隐含亲昵，威胁，警告，戏弄，讽刺等言外之意，含亲昵，威胁，警告，戏弄，讽刺等言外之意，或表示尊敬，提出请求，传达喜恶等话中之情。或表示尊敬，提出请求，传达喜恶等话中之情。 如海道：如海道：“天缘凑巧，因贱荆去世，都中家天缘凑巧，因贱荆去世，都中家岳母念及小女无人依傍教育，前已遣了男女船只岳母念及小女无人依傍教育，前已遣了男女船只来
37、接，因小女未曾大痊，故未及此行。来接，因小女未曾大痊，故未及此行。”（3） “What a lucky coincidence!” exclaimed Ruhai. “Since my wifes death, my mother-in-law in the capital has been worried because my daughter has no one to bring her up. She has sent two boats with male and femanl attendants to fetch the child, but I delayed her depa
38、rture while she was unwell.”(Y) 贾珍感谢不尽，只说：贾珍感谢不尽，只说：“待服满后，亲带小待服满后，亲带小犬到府叩谢犬到府叩谢”。于是作别。（。于是作别。（13） Jia Zhen thanked him warmly and promised, “When the mourning is over I shall bring my worthless son to kowtow his thanks.” And so they parted. (Y) 怨不得他们嗜钱如命。多少仕宦大家出身的，若怨不得他们嗜钱如命。多少仕宦大家出身的，若提起提起“钱势钱势”二字，
39、连骨肉都不认了。老贤甥，二字，连骨肉都不认了。老贤甥，昨日我和你那边的令伯母赌气，你可知道否？昨日我和你那边的令伯母赌气，你可知道否？（75） We cant blame these boys, my worthy nephew, for being so grasping. Why, where money and power are concerned, many people from big official family will forget even their own flesh and blood. Did you hear about the row I had yeste
40、rday with your respected aunt? (Y) 雨村起身也让道：雨村起身也让道：“老先生请便。晚生乃常老先生请便。晚生乃常造之客，稍候何妨。造之客，稍候何妨。”（1） “Dont stand on ceremony,sir” said Yu-tsun, rising. “I am a regular guest here, I dont mind waiting.” Liz.Elizabeth.Elizabeth.Elizabeth Anne Warner! 宝玉忙笑道（对袭人）：宝玉忙笑道（对袭人）：“好姐姐，好亲姐好姐姐，好亲姐姐，别说两三件，就是两三百件我也依的姐，
41、别说两三件，就是两三百件我也依的”。（19） Y: I agree to them all, dear sister, good kind sister. I agree to three hundred conditions, let alone three. H: He said impetuously, “I promise to obey you. Dearest Aroma! Sweetest Aroma! Never mind two and three.” 宝玉又不解，在窗外只是低声叫：宝玉又不解，在窗外只是低声叫：“好妹妹，好妹妹，好妹妹！好妹妹！”（22） Totally a
42、t a loss to understand her behavior, he called to her softly through the window: “Dai, dear! Dai”. 忽见素云进来说忽见素云进来说; “我们奶奶请二位姑娘商议我们奶奶请二位姑娘商议要紧的事呢。二姑娘，三姑娘，四姑娘，史姑娘，要紧的事呢。二姑娘，三姑娘，四姑娘，史姑娘，宝二爷，都等着呢。宝二爷，都等着呢。 Just then Su-yun came in to announce: “Our mistress wants you both to go and discuss important busi
43、ness. All the other young ladies are there with Master Bao.” 你再亲自到西府去请老太太，大太太，二太你再亲自到西府去请老太太，大太太，二太太和你琏二婶子来逛逛。（太和你琏二婶子来逛逛。（10） You can go to the West Mansion to deliver invitation in person to the old lady, Lady Xing, Lady Wang and Xiifeng. 黛玉虽不曾识面，听见他母亲说过黛玉虽不曾识面，听见他母亲说过: 大舅贾大舅贾赦之子贾琏，娶得就是二舅母王氏的内侄女赦之
44、子贾琏，娶得就是二舅母王氏的内侄女: 自自幼假充男儿教养，学名叫做王熙凤。黛玉忙陪笑幼假充男儿教养，学名叫做王熙凤。黛玉忙陪笑见礼，以见礼，以“嫂嫂”呼之。呼之。 Though Taiyu had never met her, she knew from her mother that Chia Lien, the son of her first uncle Chian Sheh, had married the niece of Lady Wang, her second uncles wife. She had been educated like a boy and given the
45、 school-room name His-feng. Tai-yu lost no time in greeting her with a smile as “cousin”. 六亲六亲(six kin folks/kindred)：父子，兄弟，夫：父子，兄弟，夫妇；妇； 九族九族(nine degrees of kinship)：父族四，母族：父族四，母族三，妻族二。三，妻族二。 三从三从(three obedience)：未嫁从父；即嫁从夫，：未嫁从父；即嫁从夫，夫死从子；夫死从子； 四德：妇德，妇言，妇容，妇功四德：妇德，妇言，妇容，妇功(four virtues: morality, proper speech, modest manner, diligent work)。 女子无才便是德：女子无才便是德： An unaccomplished woman is a virtuous woman.
