1、POPs污染现状与对策分析污染现状与对策分析The status quo and possible solution to the pollution of POPs杨新羽杨新羽 张嘉幼张嘉幼 曾晓文曾晓文The conception of POPsPOPs are a small group of persistent , bio-accumulative , long-range transported and toxic chemicals. They have high solubility in grease. Through the transportation of atmosp
2、here and water, the pollution of POPs can be global, so they are considered to be highly poisonous.In May 2001 , the Stockholm Convention , a legally binding treaty on POPs , was signed. It entered into force on May 27th, 2004. China signed the Convention on the first day opened for signature.1) DDT
3、、氯丹、氯丹(chlordane)、灭蚁灵、灭蚁灵(mirex)、艾氏剂、艾氏剂(Aldrin)、狄、狄氏剂氏剂(Dieldrin)、异狄氏剂、异狄氏剂( Endrin)、七氯、七氯(heptachlor)、毒杀酚、毒杀酚(toxaphene)；2) 六氯苯六氯苯(hexachlorobenzene)和和PCBs；3) including dioxins、呋喃、呋喃(furan)类类The structure of PAHs1,2,5,6-二苯并蒽(显著致癌性)芘芘(bi)3,4-苯并芘苯并芘 (高度致癌性高度致癌性)1256The structure of PAHs6-甲基甲基-5,10-亚
4、乙基亚乙基-1,2-苯并蒽苯并蒽10-甲基甲基-1,2-苯并蒽苯并蒽The structure of PAHs2-甲基甲基-3,4-苯并菲苯并菲1,2,3,4-二苯并菲二苯并菲The property of PAHs PAHs结构上最明显的特征是它们都是在一结构上最明显的特征是它们都是在一个平面上的稠环相结合。它的分子中，多个个平面上的稠环相结合。它的分子中，多个苯环的共轭苯环的共轭电子云，构成大电子云，构成大电子云体系，电子云体系，决定了其自身的光学性质，同时也使得决定了其自身的光学性质，同时也使得PAHs具有稳定的化学性质。自然界中除少数几个具有稳定的化学性质。自然界中除少数几个氢化衍生物
5、外，所有的氢化衍生物外，所有的PAHs在常温下大多是在常温下大多是固态，且挥发性甚小固态，且挥发性甚小(萘除外萘除外)。由于。由于PAHs的的分子量较大，而且没有极性取代基团，导致分子量较大，而且没有极性取代基团，导致其在水中的溶解度极小。其在水中的溶解度极小。 The transmission of POPsPersistent Organic Pollutants are transported across international boundaries far from their sources, even to regions where they have never been
6、 used or produced. The eco-systems and indigenous people of the Arctic are particularly at risk because of the long-range environmental transportation and bio-magnification of these substances. Consequently, persistent organic pollutants pose a threat to the environment and to human health all over
7、the globe.The status quo - which we must encounterThere are many significant events caused by POPS, for instance, the fatal damage in 1968( Aizhi county, Japan) caused by PCBs in edible oil, resulted in several death and agenesis of infants. Similar events happened in Taiwan, China. During the civil
8、 war in the United States, the wide spread of POPs caused countless health problems in the local people, the soldiers and their descendents. In 1999, Belgium, the pollution of PCDD and PCDF in chicken-feedstuff spread all over the world, causing disastrous damage to the stock raising industry, The l
9、iving proof How can POPs come into our surroundings?Firstly, by the combustion of rubbish and other solid wastes.Secondly, by the combustion at a high temperature of fossil fuel and the release of oils.Thirdly, the process of industry. (smelting, prefabricating, heating, paper making, printing and d
10、yeing) The distribution of PAHs along the kiaochow bay(胶州湾胶州湾)We can use specific methods to distill the PAHs from the soil along the Kiaochow bay, and then use HPLC to detect the concentration of PAHs.The areas in the circle are affected by PAHs severely. The ability of POPs to cause cancer How to
11、deal with the problem- the authorityUNEP( United Nations Environment Program) consolidate the common division on 23th, August.The key to the prevention and cure of POPs is the enactment of TDI( Tolerant Daily Intake).Make laws and regulation to control the emission of POPs.( effective way to control
12、 the source)How to deal with the problem- the environmentalist Four fields for research:1)The transportation, transformation and environmental trend of POPs.2)The degradation under natural and artificial circumstances. 3)The characteristic of the environmental behavior of POPs in typical climate and
13、 geographic conditions.4)The inter-relationship between the structure and the environmental behavior. To control POPsThree methods:1)Find alternative to replace the source2)Reduce the emission of POPs through strict control of the manufacturing process3)To deal with existing POPsThe technics of cont
14、rolling POPsThe technics of controlling the source of POPs based on the principle of destroying the structure of POPs, and eliminating the damage.Combustion in high temperatureChemical treatmentLandfillLong-time store and recycle The interaction between PAHs and microorganisms PCBs样品操作流程图样品操作流程图样品称重
15、样品称重超声萃取超声萃取 离心分离离心分离浓硫酸净化浓硫酸净化 无水硫酸钠无水硫酸钠 丙酮丙酮/正己烷正己烷过无水硫酸钠过无水硫酸钠旋转蒸发旋转蒸发 交换溶剂交换溶剂 铜粉铜粉再次浓缩再次浓缩GC分析分析2% NaCl 过硅胶柱过硅胶柱 PCB209The Status quo of POPs Research in ChinanThe national environmental department has organized some international cooperation items about POPs, such as how to control organic ch
16、lorine and investigation about contamination of PCBs, pre-preparation item for obeying “Stockholm Convention” and so on.nWe will develop advanced sampling technics and devices to survey POPs and set a new detecting technics and quality-controling system which is as good as international technics to
17、detect tiny and persistent pollutants. Thus, the technics about detecting POPs in environment will be improved in China.nAnd the main research contents are including:POPs物质的分析方法物质的分析方法及快速检测技术及快速检测技术(analysis method of POPs and quick monitoring technics);典型典型POPs的多介质环境循环模型的多介质环境循环模型(multi-medium envi
18、ronmental cycling model of typical POPs );受受POPs污染水体污染水体,土壤土壤,底泥的修复原理底泥的修复原理(POPscontaminated aquatics, soil, sediment remediation principle). The Status quo of POPs Research in China And next stage, we will go further to perfect primary listing and strategy about pesticide persistent pollutants, in
19、vestigate POPs which are produced by medical treatment and combustion of dangerous wastes and so on. We will propose a plan and a strategy to reduce POPs and take actions in typical industry, such as organize a “feasible technics/best environment practice model” International POPs research Historic
20、period Organic chemistry commonly used (WW1960s)Organic chemistry pollution aggravate (1960s1990s) 1976年年7月在意大利发生的二恶英泄漏事件月在意大利发生的二恶英泄漏事件,1968年在日本以及年在日本以及1979年在台湾发生的因食年在台湾发生的因食用受多氯联苯污染的米糠油而导致上千人中毒的事件等用受多氯联苯污染的米糠油而导致上千人中毒的事件等POPs conception appears (19901995) 1995年年5月召开的联合国环境规划署月召开的联合国环境规划署(UNEP)理事会上提
21、出了首批理事会上提出了首批12种受控制种受控制POPs包括包括艾氏剂艾氏剂,氯丹氯丹,滴滴涕滴滴涕,异狄氏剂异狄氏剂,七氯七氯,灭蚁灵灭蚁灵,毒杀芬等毒杀芬等8种杀虫剂种杀虫剂,以及多氯联苯以及多氯联苯,六氯代苯六氯代苯,二恶英二恶英,呋喃呋喃.在这次会议之后在这次会议之后,POPs概念正式得到国际社会的认可概念正式得到国际社会的认可. Become heat discussion and international focus 2001年年5月月23日日,包括中国在内的包括中国在内的90个国家的环境部长或高级官员在瑞典斯德哥尔摩代表个国家的环境部长或高级官员在瑞典斯德哥尔摩代表各自政府签署了
22、各自政府签署了关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约,从而正式启动了人类向从而正式启动了人类向POPs宣战的进程宣战的进程.根据该公约根据该公约,各缔约国将通过法律各缔约国将通过法律,禁止或限制使用禁止或限制使用12种对人体健康和自种对人体健康和自然环境特别有害的然环境特别有害的POPs.POPs heat topicToxicity and ecology impactBasic parameter and configuration-activity quantitative researchTransfer and translate behaviorE
23、liminate and substitute research The distilling of PAHs准确称取准确称取10g 沉积物样品沉积物样品,置于索氏提取器中置于索氏提取器中,加入加入100 mL 甲醇甲醇-二氯甲烷二氯甲烷(体积比体积比1:2),在在65摄氏度水浴中提取摄氏度水浴中提取8h,提取液在旋转蒸发器上提取液在旋转蒸发器上减压浓缩至减压浓缩至5mL(水浴温度水浴温度30摄氏度摄氏度 ),并继续并继续在高纯在高纯N2下吹至约下吹至约0.5 mL.然后加入装有活然后加入装有活化硅胶的层析柱化硅胶的层析柱(填有无水填有无水Na2SO4)进一步纯进一步纯化化.先后用先后用25mL正己烷和正己烷和25 mL 二氯甲烷淋二氯甲烷淋洗洗,收集二氯甲烷洗脱液收集二氯甲烷洗脱液,再用旋转蒸发器浓缩再用旋转蒸发器浓缩至至5mL,然后在高纯然后在高纯N2 下吹至下吹至0.5 mL,避光于避光于冰箱中保存冰箱中保存.
