1、2015 年武汉大学考博英语考试真题一、阅读理解Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selectionof an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regardedas one form.of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishmentequal to the crime. Recorded
2、in the Old Testament is the expression an eye for aneye, and a tooth for a tooth. That is, the individual who has done wrong has committedan offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. Thiscan be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributiv
3、ejustice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of moderntimes. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who hascommitted murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealistHegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal
4、 to give a punishment equalto the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his trueself and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restorethe self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his ownwill pay his debt. The d
5、emand of the death penalty is a right the state owes thecriminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion ofcorrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equalitybut to find a more adequate way to express
6、 it. It tries to preserve the idea of equalopportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminalis regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him tobecome a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the causeof his anti
7、social behavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisionsmust be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should bepermanently separated front the rest of the society. This does not mean thatcriminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up career
8、s of crime.It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him.If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it shouldbe administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assumea normal place in society. His conviction o
9、f crime must not deprive him of theopportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1. Thebesttitleforthisselectionis（）A. FittingPunishmenttotheCrimeB. ApproachestoJustPunishmentC. ImprovementinLegalJusticeD. AttainingJusticeintheCourts2.Thepassageimpliesthatthebasicdifferencebetween
10、retributivejusticeandcorrectivejusticeisthe（ ）.A.typeofcrimethatwasprovenB.severityforthepunishmentC.reasonforthesentenceD.outcomeofthetrial3.Thepunishmentthatwouldbemostinconsistentwiththeviewsofcorrectivejusticewouldbe（）.A.forcedbrainsurgeryB.whippingC.solitaryconfinementD.theelectricchair4.TheBib
11、licalexpressionaneyeforaneye,andatoothforatooth”waspresentedinorderto（）.A.prove，thatequalitydemandsjustpunishmentB.justifytheneedforpunishmentasapartoflawC.givemoralbackingtoretributivejusticeD.provethatmanhaslongbeeninterestedinjusticeIneveryknownhumansocietythemalesneedsforachievementcanberecogniz
12、ed.Inagreatnumberofhumansocietiesmenssurenessoftheirsexroleistiedupwiththeirright,orability,topracticesomeactivitythatwomenarenotallowedtopractice.Theirmalenessinfacthastobeunderwrittenbypreventingwomenfromenteringsomefieldorperformingsome feat.ThisistheconclusionoftheanthropologistMargaretMeadabout
13、thewayinwhichtherolesofmenandwomeninsocietyshouldbedistinguished.Iftalkandprintareconsidereditwouldseemthattheformalemancipationofwomenisfarfromcomplete.Thereisaflowofpublicationsaboutthecontinuingdomesticbondageofwomenandaboutthecomplicatedsystemofdefenceswhichmenhavethrownuparoundtheirhithertoacce
14、ptedadvantages,takingsometimestheobviousformofexclusionfromtypesof各类考试资料 vx：344647 公众号：顺通考试资料occupationandsociablegroupings,andsometimesthemoresubtleformofautomaticdoubtoftheseriousnessofwomenspretensionstothelevelofintellectandresolutionthatmen,itissupposed,bringtothebusinessofrunningtheworld.There
15、areagoodmanyobjectivepiecesofevidencefortheerosionofmensstatus.Inthefirstplace,thereisthewidespreadpostwarphenomenonofthewomanPrimeMinister,in India,SriLankaandIsrael.Secondly,thereistheverylargeincreaseinthenumberofwomenwhowork,especiallymarriedwomenandmothersofchildren.Morediffuselytherearetheincr
16、easinglynumerousconvergencesbetweenmaleandfemalebehaviour:theapproximationtoidenticalstylesindressandcoiffure,thesharingofdomestictasks,andtheadmissionofwomentoallsortsofhithertoexclusivelymaleleisure-timeactivities.Everyonecarriesroundwithhimafairlydefiniteideaoftheprimitiveornaturalconditionsofhum
17、anlife.Itisacquiredmorebythestudyofhumorouscartoonsthanofarchaeology,butthatdoesnotmattersinceitisnotsignificantastheorybutonlyasanexpressionofinwardlyfeltexpectationsofpeoplessenseofwhatisfundamentallyproperinthedifferentiationbetweentherolesofthetwosexes.Inthisrudimentarynaturalsocietymengoouttohu
18、ntandfishandtofightoffthetribenextdoorwhilewomenkeepthefiregoing.Amorousinitiativeisfirmlyreservedtotheman,whosetsaboutcourtshipwithaclub.5.Thephrasemenssurenessoftheirsexroleinthefirstparagraphsuggeststhatthey （ ）A.areconfidentintheirabilitytocharmwomen.B.taketheinitiativeincourtship.C.haveaclearid
19、eaofwhatisconsideredmanly.D.tendtobemoreimmoralthanwomenare.6.Thethirdparagraph （）A.generallyagreeswiththefirstparagraphB.hasnoconnectionwiththefirstparagraphC.repeatstheargumentofthesecondparagraphD.contradictsthelastparagraph7.Theusualideaofthecavemaninthelastparagraph（）A.isbasedonthestudyofarchae
20、ologyB.illustrateshowpeopleexpectmentobehaveC.isdismissedbytheauthorasanirrelevantjokeD.provesthattheman,notwoman,shouldbethewooer8.TheopeningquotationfromMargaretMeadsumsuparelationshipbetweenmanandwomanwhichtheauthor（）A.approvesofB.arguesisnaturalC.completelyrejectsD.expectstogoonchangingFarmers i
21、n the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard toplan ahead. But most of them have little choice: they sell at the price the marketsets. Farmers in Europe, the U.S. and Japan are luckier: they receive massivegovernment subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts.
22、Last monthU.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billionover the next 10 years, or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get,and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said thestep was necessary to promote farmer independ
23、ence and preserve the farm way of lifefor generations. It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control ofthe Senate in Novembers mid term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP,compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poo
24、r countries grow justenough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West findtheir goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods.In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that foreach dollar developing countries
25、 receive in aid they lose up to $14 just becauseof trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. Its not asif the developing world wants any favours, says Gerald Ssendwula, Ugandas Ministerof Finance. What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete.Agriculture is one of
26、the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Landand labour are cheap, and as farming methods develop, new technologies should improveoutput. This is no pie in the sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenyas economyover the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegeta
27、bles toEurope. But that may all change in 2008, when Kenya will be slightly too rich toqualify for the least developed country status that allows African producers toavoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. Withtrade barriers in place, the horticulture industry in
28、 Kenya will shrivel as quicklyas a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poorcountries, reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works: Americas AfricanGrowth and Opportunity Act, which cuts duties on exports of everything fromhandicrafts to shoes, has proved a
29、 boon to Africas manufacturers. The lesson: theThird World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bushs decision to increase farm subsidies last month allthe more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urgestrade liberalization only so it can
30、wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicionscaused the Seattle trade talks to break down three years ago. But last Novembermembers of the World Trade Organization, meeting in Doha, Qatar, finally agreed toa new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles.Rich coun
31、tries assured poor countries, that their concerns were finally beingaddressed. Bushs handout last month makes a lie of Americas commitment to thosetalks and his personal devotion to free trade.9.Bycomparison,farmers （） receivemoregovernmentsubsidiesthanothers.?A.inthedevelopingworldB.inJapanC.inEuro
32、peD.inAmerica?10.Inadditiontotheeconomicconsiderations,thereisa （） motivebehindBushssigningofthenewfarmbill.?A.partisanB.socialC.financialD.cultural?11.Themessagethewriterattemptstoconveythroughoutthepassageisthat（）?A.poorcountriesshouldbegivenequalopportunitiesintrade?B.“theleast?developedcountry”s
33、tatusbenefitsagriculturalcountries?C.poorcountriesshouldremovetheirsuspicionsabouttradeliberalization?D.farmersinpoorcountriesshouldalsoreceivethebenefitofsubsidies12.ThewritersattitudetowardsnewfarmsubsidiesintheU.S.is（）?A.favourableB.ambiguousC.criticalD.reservedRoger Rosenblatts book Black Fictio
34、n, in attempting to apply literary ratherthan sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach takenby most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has oftenserved as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayles recent work,for example,
35、judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, ratingeach work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authorsreact to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about n
36、ovelsand stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictionalenterprise. Rosenblatts literary analysis discloses affinities and connectionsamong works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked orignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, ho
37、wever, presupposes givingsatisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficientreason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works byBlack authors? Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modernfiction with which it is lar
38、gely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Blackfiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherentliterary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years,he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. Thesestructures
39、are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central factthat the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture,whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatts thematicanalysis
40、permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is nothis intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seemsmisplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interestingresults. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally
41、diffuse. Is thisa defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kindof aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomers Cane,verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpointto the prevalent theme that portrays the
42、 fate against which Black heroes are pitted,a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makesfor an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,bringing to our attention i
43、n the process some fascinating and little-known workslike James Weldon Johnsons Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument istightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded andpenetrating criticism.13TheauthorobjectstocriticismofBlackfictionlikethatbyAddisonGaylebe
44、causeit（）.A.emphasizespurelyliteraryaspectsofsuchfictionB.misinterpretstheideologicalcontentofsuchfictionC.misunderstandsthenotionsofBlackidentitycontainedinsuchfictionD.substitutespoliticalforliterarycriteriainevaluatingsuchfiction14.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（）.A.evaluatingtheso
45、undnessofaworkofcriticismB.comparingvariouscriticalapproachestoasubjectC.discussingthelimitationsofaparticularkindofcriticismD.summarizingthemajorpointsmadeinaworkofcriticism15.TheauthorsdiscussionofBlackFictioncanbebestdescribedas（）.A.pedanticandcontentiousB.criticalbutadmiringC.ironicanddeprecatin
46、gD.argumentativebutunfocused16.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorwouldbeLEASTlikelytoapproveofwhichofthefollowing（）A.AnanalysisoftheinfluenceofpoliticaleventsonthepersonalideologyofBlackwritersB.AcriticalstudythatappliessociopoliticalcriteriatoautobiographiesbyBlackauthorsC.AliterarystudyofBlackpoetrythat
47、appraisesthemeritsofpoemsaccordingtothepoliticalacceptabilityoftheirthemesD.AnexaminationofthegrowthofadistinctBlackliterarytraditionwithinthecontextofBlackhistory二、汉译英得病以前， 我受父母宠爱 ，在家中横行霸道 。一旦隔离， 拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感到打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志 起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢 。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄地掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华。自己的哥姐、堂表兄弟，也穿插其间， 个个喜气洋洋 。一瞬间，一阵被人摈弃、为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头 ，禁不住痛哭起来。三、作文HowtoPreventPlagiarism
