1、World Heritage list-ChinaLOGO2 20 02 21UNECSO1UNECSOImperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang北京、沈阳明清故宫Seat of supreme power for over five centuries (1416-1911), the Forbidden City in Beijing, with its landscaped gardens and many buildings (whose nearly 10,000 rooms cont
2、ain furniture and works of art), constitutes a priceless testimony to Chinese civilization during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Imperial Palace of the Qing Dynasty in Shenyang consists of 114 buildings constructed between 162526 and 1783. It contains an important library and testifies to the foun
3、dation of the last dynasty that ruled China, before it expanded its power to the centre of the country and moved the capital to Beijing. This palace then became auxiliary to the Imperial Palace in Beijing. This remarkable architectural edifice offers important historical testimony to the history of
4、the Qing Dynasty and to the cultural traditions of the Manchu and other tribes in the north of China.Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor秦始皇陵No doubt thousands of statues still remain to be unearthed at this archaeological site, which was not discovered until 1974. Qin (d. 210 B.C.), the first unifier
5、 of China, is buried, surrounded by the famous terracotta warriors, at the centre of a complex designed to mirror the urban plan of the capital, Xianyan. The small figures are all different; with their horses, chariots and weapons, they are masterpieces of realism and also of great historical intere
6、st.Mogao Caves莫高窟Situated at a strategic point along the Silk Route, at the crossroads of trade as well as religious, cultural and intellectual influences, the 492 cells and cave sanctuaries in Mogao are famous for their statues and wall paintings, spanning 1,000 years of Buddhist art.Mount Taishan泰
7、山The sacred Mount Tai (shan means mountain) was the object of an imperial cult for nearly 2,000 years, and the artistic masterpieces found there are in perfect harmony with the natural landscape. It has always been a source of inspiration for Chinese artists and scholars and symbolizes ancient Chine
8、se civilizations and beliefs.NoImageNoImagePeking Man Site at Zhoukoudian周口店北京人遗址Scientific work at the site, which lies 42 km south-west of Beijing, is still underway. So far, it has led to the discovery of the remains of Sinanthropus pekinensis, who lived in the Middle Pleistocene, along with vari
9、ous objects, and remains of Homo sapiens sapiens dating as far back as 18,00011,000 B.C. The site is not only an exceptional reminder of the prehistorical human societies of the Asian continent, but also illustrates the process of evolution.The Great Wall长城In c. 220 B.C., under Qin Shi Huang, sectio
10、ns of earlier fortifications were joined together to form a united defence system against invasions from the north. Construction continued up to the Ming dynasty (13681644), when the Great Wall became the worlds largest military structure. Its historic and strategic importance is matched only by its
11、 architectural significance.Mount Huangshan黄山Huangshan, known as the loveliest mountain of China, was acclaimed through art and literature during a good part of Chinese history (e.g. the Shanshui mountain and water style of the mid-16th century). Today it holds the same fascination for visitors, poe
12、ts, painters and photographers who come on pilgrimage to the site, which is renowned for its magnificent scenery made up of many granite peaks and rocks emerging out of a sea of clouds.Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area黄龙风景名胜区Situated in the north-west of Sichaun Province, the Huanglong val
13、ley is made up of snow-capped peaks and the easternmost of all the Chinese glaciers. In addition to its mountain landscape, diverse forest ecosystems can be found, as well as spectacular limestone formations, waterfalls and hot springs. The area also has a population of endangered animals, including
14、 the giant panda and the Sichuan golden snub-nosed monkey.Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area九寨沟风景名胜区Stretching over 72,000 ha in the northern part of Sichuan Province, the jagged Jiuzhaigou valley reaches a height of more than 4,800 m, thus comprising a series of diverse forest ecos
15、ystems. Its superb landscapes are particularly interesting for their series of narrow conic karst land forms and spectacular waterfalls. Some 140 bird species also inhabit the valley, as well as a number of endangered plant and animal species, including the giant panda and the Sichuan takin.Wulingyu
16、an Scenic and Historic Interest Area武陵源风景名胜区A spectacular area stretching over more than 26,000 ha in Chinas Hunan Province, the site is dominated by more than 3,000 narrow sandstone pillars and peaks, many over 200 m high. Between the peaks lie ravines and gorges with streams, pools and waterfalls,
17、 some 40 caves, and two large natural bridges. In addition to the striking beauty of the landscape, the region is also noted for the fact that it is home to a number of endangered plant and animal species.Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains武当山古建筑群The palaces and temples which form the n
18、ucleus of this group of secular and religious buildings exemplify the architectural and artistic achievements of Chinas Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Situated in the scenic valleys and on the slopes of the Wudang mountains in Hubei Province, the site, which was built as an organized complex during
19、the Ming dynasty (14th17th centuries), contains Taoist buildings from as early as the 7th century. It represents the highest standards of Chinese art and architecture over a period of nearly 1,000 years.Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace, Lhasa拉萨布达拉宫历史建筑群The Potala Palace, winter palace of the D
20、alai Lama since the 7th century, symbolizes Tibetan Buddhism and its central role in the traditional administration of Tibet. The complex, comprising the White and Red Palaces with their ancillary buildings, is built on Red Mountain in the centre of Lhasa Valley, at an altitude of 3,700m. Also found
21、ed in the 7th century, the Jokhang Temple Monastery is an exceptional Buddhist religious complex. Norbulingka, the Dalai Lamas former summer palace, constructed in the 18th century, is a masterpiece of Tibetan art. The beauty and originality of the architecture of these three sites, their rich ornam
22、entation and harmonious integration in a striking landscape, add to their historic and religious interest.Mountain Resort and its Outlying Temples, Chengde承德避暑山庄及其外围寺庙The Mountain Resort (the Qing dynastys summer palace), in Hebei Province, was built between 1703 and 1792. It is a vast complex of pa
23、laces and administrative and ceremonial buildings. Temples of various architectural styles and imperial gardens blend harmoniously into a landscape of lakes, pastureland and forests. In addition to its aesthetic interest, the Mountain Resort is a rare historic vestige of the final development of feu
24、dal society in China.Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu曲阜孔庙孔庙及孔府The temple, cemetery and family mansion of Confucius, the great philosopher, politician and educator of the 6th5th centuries B.C., are located at Qufu, in Shandong Province. Built to commemorate him in
25、478 B.C., the temple has been destroyed and reconstructed over the centuries; today it comprises more than 100 buildings. The cemetery contains Confucius tomb and the remains of more than 100,000 of his descendants. The small house of the Kong family developed into a gigantic aristocratic residence,
26、 of which 152 buildings remain. The Qufu complex of monuments has retained its outstanding artistic and historic character due to the devotion of successive Chinese emperors over more than 2,000 years.Lushan National Park庐山国家公园Mount Lushan, in Jiangxi, is one of the spiritual centres of Chinese civi
27、lization. Buddhist and Taoist temples, along with landmarks of Confucianism, where the most eminent masters taught, blend effortlessly into a strikingly beautiful landscape which has inspired countless artists who developed the aesthetic approach to nature found in Chinese culture.Mount Emei Scenic
28、Area, including Leshan Giant Buddha Scenic Area峨眉山景区，包括乐山大佛景区The first Buddhist temple in China was built here in Sichuan Province in the 1st century A.D. in the beautiful surroundings of the summit Mount Emei. The addition of other temples turned the site into one of Buddhisms holiest sites. Over t
29、he centuries, the cultural treasures grew in number. The most remarkable is the Giant Buddha of Leshan, carved out of a hillside in the 8th century and looking down on the confluence of three rivers. At 71 m high, it is the largest Buddha in the world. Mount Emei is also notable for its exceptionall
30、y diverse vegetation, ranging from subtropical to subalpine pine forests. Some of the trees there are more than 1,000 years old.Ancient City of Ping Yao平遥古城Ping Yao is an exceptionally well-preserved example of a traditional Han Chinese city, founded in the 14th century. Its urban fabric shows the e
31、volution of architectural styles and town planning in Imperial China over five centuries. Of special interest are the imposing buildings associated with banking, for which Ping Yao was the major centre for the whole of China in the 19th and early 20th centuries.Classical Gardens of Suzhou苏州古典园林Class
32、ical Chinese garden design, which seeks to recreate natural landscapes in miniature, is nowhere better illustrated than in the nine gardens in the historic city of Suzhou. They are generally acknowledged to be masterpieces of the genre. Dating from the 11th-19th century, the gardens reflect the prof
33、ound metaphysical importance of natural beauty in Chinese culture in their meticulous design.Old Town of Lijiang丽江古城 The Old Town of Lijiang, which is perfectly adapted to the uneven topography of this key commercial and strategic site, has retained a historic townscape of high quality and authentic
34、ity. Its architecture is noteworthy for the blending of elements from several cultures that have come together over many centuries. Lijiang also possesses an ancient water-supply system of great complexity and ingenuity that still functions effectively today.Summer Palace, an Imperial Garden in Beij
35、ing颐和园，北京的皇家园林The Summer Palace in Beijing first built in 1750, largely destroyed in the war of 1860 and restored on its original foundations in 1886 is a masterpiece of Chinese landscape garden design. The natural landscape of hills and open water is combined with artificial features such as pavili
36、ons, halls, palaces, temples and bridges to form a harmonious ensemble of outstanding aesthetic value.Temple of Heaven: an Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing天坛：北京皇家祭坛The Temple of Heaven, founded in the first half of the 15th century, is a dignified complex of fine cult buildings set in gardens a
37、nd surrounded by historic pine woods. In its overall layout and that of its individual buildings, it symbolizes the relationship between earth and heaven the human world and Gods world which stands at the heart of Chinese cosmogony, and also the special role played by the emperors within that relati
38、onship.Dazu Rock Carvings大足石刻The steep hillsides of the Dazu area contain an exceptional series of rock carvings dating from the 9th to the 13th century. They are remarkable for their aesthetic quality, their rich diversity of subject matter, both secular and religious, and the light that they shed
39、on everyday life in China during this period. They provide outstanding evidence of the harmonious synthesis of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism.Mount Wuyi武夷山Mount Wuyi is the most outstanding area for biodiversity conservation in south-east China and a refuge for a large number of ancient, relict s
40、pecies, many of them endemic to China. The serene beauty of the dramatic gorges of the Nine Bend River, with its numerous temples and monasteries, many now in ruins, provided the setting for the development and spread of neo-Confucianism, which has been influential in the cultures of East Asia since
41、 the 11th century. In the 1st century B.C. a large administrative capital was built at nearby Chengcun by the Han dynasty rulers. Its massive walls enclose an archaeological site of great significance.Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui Xidi and Hongcun皖南古村落西递、宏村The two traditional villages of Xidi a
42、nd Hongcun preserve to a remarkable extent the appearance of non-urban settlements of a type that largely disappeared or was transformed during the last century. Their street plan, their architecture and decoration, and the integration of houses with comprehensive water systems are unique surviving
43、examples.Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties明清皇陵It represents the addition of three Imperial Tombs of the Qing Dynasty in Liaoning to the Ming tombs inscribed in 2000 and 2003. The Three Imperial Tombs of the Qing Dynasty in Liaoning Province include the Yongling Tomb, the Fuling Tomb, and
44、 the Zhaoling Tomb, all built in the 17th century. Constructed for the founding emperors of the Qing Dynasty and their ancestors, the tombs follow the precepts of traditional Chinese geomancy and fengshui theory. They feature rich decoration of stone statues and carvings and tiles with dragon motifs
45、, illustrating the development of the funerary architecture of the Qing Dynasty. The three tomb complexes, and their numerous edifices, combine traditions inherited from previous dynasties and new features of Manchu civilization.Longmen Grottoes龙门石窟The grottoes and niches of Longmen contain the larg
46、est and most impressive collection of Chinese art of the late Northern Wei and Tang Dynasties (316-907). These works, entirely devoted to the Buddhist religion, represent the high point of Chinese stone carving.Mount Qingcheng and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System青城山与都江堰水利系统Construction of the Dujian
47、gyan irrigation system began in the 3rd century B.C. This system still controls the waters of the Minjiang River and distributes it to the fertile farmland of the Chengdu plains. Mount Qingcheng was the birthplace of Taoism, which is celebrated in a series of ancient temples.Ancient Villages in Sout
48、hern Anhui Xidi and Hongcun皖南古村落西递、宏村The Yungang Grottoes, in Datong city, Shanxi Province, with their 252 caves and 51,000 statues, represent the outstanding achievement of Buddhist cave art in China in the 5th and 6th centuries. The Five Caves created by Tan Yao, with their strict unity of layout
49、and design, constitute a classical masterpiece of the first peak of Chinese Buddhist art.Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas云南保护区三并河Consisting of eight geographical clusters of protected areas within the boundaries of the Three Parallel Rivers National Park, in the mountainous north-west
50、 of Yunnan Province, the 1.7 million hectare site features sections of the upper reaches of three of the great rivers of Asia: the Yangtze (Jinsha), Mekong and Salween run roughly parallel, north to south, through steep gorges which, in places, are 3,000 m deep and are bordered by glaciated peaks mo
