1、 1 一、一、外刊阅读外刊阅读做七选五做七选五 What to Consider When Choosing Your Disinfectant(消毒剂) 1._ Answering these questions will give you a framework for helping determine the best product(s) to use in your organization. 2._ Does a disinfectant kill the microbes and pathogens that are of top concern in your facilit
2、y effectively? For example, you may be highly concerned about Staphylococcus aureus Methicillin Resistant (MRSA). Nyco Uno is one such disinfectant. Keep in mind that pathogens can have multiple strains, and disinfectants are certified for specific strains. Uno is also effective against Staphylococc
3、us aureus (CA-MRSA) Community Associated Methicillin Resistant. Depending on your industry and facility type healthcare, education, long-term care, hospitality you will have varying needs and requirements. Kill Time 3._ Does the product keep surfaces visibly wet in order to comply with these kill ti
4、mes? Again, disinfectant formulas are registered to kill specific pathogens in a specific amount of time, and they need to be wet on a surface the entire time to be actively working. Thirty seconds to five minutes might be a typical kill time. If a disinfectant needs 10 minutes though, be sure it wi
5、ll actually stay wet that long. Alcohol-based disinfectants may vey well evaporate before their required contact time. Read and follow all directions for use and rewetting if necessary. Safety 2 Is the product safe to use for people and safe for the surfaces it is being applied to? 4._ Check toxicit
6、y and flammability ratings on products, as well as any personal protective equipment (PPE) recommendations for disinfectants you apply. Be sure a disinfectant will not damage any surface it is intended for. Ease of Use 5._ Some applications require multiple steps that may not always be feasible. Wat
7、er hardness is one factor that can impact the effectiveness of some disinfectant formulas. Sani-Spritz Spray cleans and disinfects in just one step, making it a top choice for an easy, ready-to-use use disinfectant that addresses a broad spectrum of bacteria, viruses, fungi and mildew in hospitals,
8、institutions, and industry. A.Ready-to-use B.Effectiveness C.There are four primary considerations you should evaluate when choosing a disinfectant to best meet the needs of your facility. D. As you learned earlier in this article, some categories of disinfectants are toxic （有毒的）, some stain, others
9、 are corrosive（腐蚀性的）, yet others have an undesirable odor. E. How quickly does a disinfectant product kill a specific pathogen? F.Are the steps required to use a given disinfectant practical for your facility? G. Some disinfectants are EPA approved as effective against this bacteria. 二、二、参考答案参考答案：CB
10、EDF 三、重点讲解：三、重点讲解： maintain 3 menten v. 维持;维修;坚持(意见) Our teaching system is easy to operate and maintain. 我们的教育系统很容易操作和维修。 The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day. 种植园维持了独立性， 因为它们位于
11、可通航的河流上， 每个种植园都有一个码头， 可供当天的小型航运使用。（2016 闵行二模） They maintain that globalization may eventually threaten emerging businesses. 他们认为，全球化可能最终威胁到新兴企业。（2013 上海秋季高考） 2.进义辨析进义辨析 maintain / conserve / preserve (维护，保护) (1) maintain v. 维护，保养 指经常维修机器、建筑物等，使其保持良好状态。 Which company is responsible for maintaining th
12、is equipment? 哪家公司负责维护这台设备？ (2) conserve v. 保护，保存 较正式用词，通常指保护自然资源使其不发生改变或破坏。 We must conserve our land/natural resources for future generations. 我们必须为后代子孙保护土地/自然资源。 (3) preserve v. 保护，保存 指将某物完好地保存，通常用被动语态。 This bowl has been preserved intact. 4 这个碗保存得完好无损。 3.词根词缀词根词缀 tain= to hold 拿住 (1) attain v. 获
13、得，达到 at 加强 + tain 拿住 稳稳拿住 获得 (2) contain v. 包含，容纳 con 加强 + tain 拿住 统统拿住 包含 (3) detain v. 阻拦；拘留 de 加强 + tain 拿住 拘留 (4) entertain v. 招待；娱乐 enter 进入 + tain 拿住 在工作中间抓住时间休息 娱乐 (5) maintain v. 维持；坚持 main 逗留 + tain 拿住 留住 维持 (6) obtain v. 获得 ob 加强 + tain 拿住 拿到 获得 (7) sustain v. 支持；赡养 sus 下 + tain 拿住 拿住下面使稳固
14、 支持 四四、原文翻译、原文翻译 What to Consider When Choosing Your Disinfectant 5 当当选择消毒剂时要考虑什么选择消毒剂时要考虑什么 There are four primary considerations you should evaluate when choosing a disinfectant to best meet the needs of your facility. Answering these questions will give you a framework for helping determine the b
15、est product(s) to use in your organization. 当选择一种消毒剂以最好地满足您的设施需要时，您应该考虑四个主要因素。 回答这些问题将为您提供一个帮助确定组织中使用的最佳产品的框架。 1. Effectiveness 1.有效性有效性 Does a disinfectant kill the microbes and pathogens that are of top concern in your facility? For example, you may be highly concerned about Staphylococcus aureus
16、Methicillin Resistant (MRSA). Some disinfectants are EPA approved as effective against this bacteria. Nyco Uno is one such disinfectant. Keep in mind that pathogens can have multiple strains, and disinfectants are certified for specific strains. Uno is also effective against Staphylococcus aureus (C
17、A-MRSA) Community Associated Methicillin Resistant. Depending on your industry and facility type healthcare, education, long-term care, hospitality you will have varying needs and requirements. 消毒剂是否能杀死你设施中最受关注的微生物和病原体？例如，你可能高度关 注耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）。一些消毒剂经美国环保署批准可有 效对抗这种细菌。NycoUno 就是这样一种消毒剂。请记住，病原体可能
18、有多 个菌株，消毒剂经过特定菌株的认证。Uno 对金黄色葡萄球菌（CA-MRSA）社 区相关的甲氧西林耐药也有效。根据您所在的行业和设施类型（医疗、教育、 长期护理、酒店服务），您将有不同的需求和要求。 2. Kill Time 2. 杀死时间杀死时间 How quickly does a disinfectant product kill a specific pathogen? Does the product keep surfaces visibly wet in order to comply with these kill times? Again, disinfectant fo
19、rmulas are registered to kill specific pathogens in a specific amount of time, and they need to be wet on a surface the entire time to be actively working. Thirty seconds to five minutes might be a typical kill time. If a disinfectant needs 10 minutes though, be sure it will actually stay wet that l
20、ong. Alcohol-based disinfectants may vey well evaporate before their required contact time. Read and follow all directions for use and rewetting if necessary. 消毒剂产品杀死特定病原体的速度有多快？该产品是否能保持表面明显湿润， 以满足这些杀戮时间的要求？同样，消毒剂配方是注册的，可以在特定的时间 内杀死特定的病原体，而且它们需要在整个时间内湿润在表面才能积极工作。 30 秒到 5 分钟可能是典型的消磨时间。不过，如果消毒剂需要 10 分
21、钟，一定 6 要让它保持湿润那么长时间。酒精消毒剂很可能在它们所需的接触时间之前蒸 发掉。阅读并遵循所有使用说明，如有必要，请重写。 3.Safety 3. 安全安全 Is the product safe to use for people and safe for the surfaces it is being applied to? As you learned earlier in this article, some categories of disinfectants are toxic, some stain, others are corrosive, yet others
22、 have an undesirable odor. Check toxicity and flammability ratings on products, as well as any personal protective equipment (PPE) recommendations for disinfectants you apply. Be sure a disinfectant will not damage any surface it is intended for. 产品对人和表面的使用是否安全？正如你在这篇文章中所学到的，一些消毒剂 是有毒的，有些污渍，有些是腐蚀性的，
23、还有一些是不好的气味。检查产品的 毒性和可燃性等级，以及任何个人防护设备（PPE）推荐的消毒剂。确保消毒 剂不会损坏它的任何表面。 4. Ease of Use 4.易用性易用性 Are the steps required to use a given disinfectant practical for your facility? Some applications require multiple steps that may not always be feasible. Water hardness is one factor that can impact the effecti
24、veness of some disinfectant formulas. Sani-Spritz Spray cleans and disinfects in just one step, making it a top choice for an easy, ready-to-use use disinfectant that addresses a broad spectrum of bacteria, viruses, fungi and mildew in hospitals, institutions, and industry. 使用指定消毒剂所需的步骤对您的设施是否实用？有些应
25、用程序需要多个步骤， 这些步骤可能并不总是可行的。 水的硬度是影响某些消毒剂配方有效性的一个因 素。Sani Spritz 喷雾只需一步就可以清洗和消毒，使其成为医院、机构和工业中 处理各种细菌、病毒、真菌和霉菌的易用消毒剂的首选。 Sorting through information about the various types of disinfectants takes time, but its a critical step to ensure you are making the best maintenance decision for your facility. Havi
26、ng the right products on hand along with a solid plan to prevent disease and infection will save effort and expense down the road, and give added peace of mind to you, your staff and any visitors that come through your doors. 整理有关各种消毒剂的信息需要时间， 但这是确保您为设施做出最佳维护决策的 关键步骤。手头有合适的产品，同时有一个预防疾病和感染的可靠计划，这将节 省
27、一路上的努力和费用，并给您、您的员工和任何来访者带来更多的安心。 五、五、拓展阅读拓展阅读 7 Chemical Disinfection of Hard Surfaces Household, Industrial and Institutional Settings Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Disinfectant products utilizing quaternary ammonium compounds as the active ingredient are among the most extensively used. Among the
28、advantages of quats are good stability and toxicology, surface activity and compatibility with cleaner formulation ingredients, and lack of odor. These properties make it well suited for consumer products that combine cleaning with disinfection. The antimicrobial properties of quaternary ammonium co
29、mpounds were discovered in the early part of the twentieth century. The enhanced efficacy of substituting long-chain alkyl moieties to quats was reported by Domagk in 1935 19. The recognition of the potential to alter antimicrobial and toxicological properties through chemical substitution has led t
30、o the development of a range of quat structures. The two types of quats that are most prevalent in disinfectants are alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (ADBAC) and dialkyldimethylammonium chloride. The efficacy of quats against specific bacteria vary with their hydrocarbon chain length 20. Maximum
31、 efficacy for ADBAC quats is obtained with chain lengths between C12 and C16, while for dialkyl quats, this occurs at C8 and C10chain lengths. Most of the commercially available quats fall within this range. Quaternary ammonium compounds are considered low-level disinfectants, as defined by the US C
32、enters for Disease Control and Prevention. They are effective against most vegetative bacteria and enveloped viruses, and some fungi. The conditions necessary to attain disinfection with quats depend on concentration and contact time. Typical end-use concentrations will have from 0.05 to 0.2% quat,
33、and require 10 min to achieve disinfection. The primary interaction between quaternary ammonium compounds and bacteria is electrostatic in nature. Cell membranes contain phospholipids which impart an anionic character to bacteria at pH above 34. Quaternary ammonium compounds, being cationic surfacta
34、nts, show affinity for bacteria and exhibit antibacterial efficacy under these conditions. It is believed that they interfere with the function of the cell membrane, resulting in leakage of cell components and eventually lysis, or destruction of the cell 21. Quaternary ammonium compounds can be read
35、ily formulated with nonionic surfactants, builders, dye, and fragrance into a product that cleans and deodorizes in addition to disinfecting. Anionic surfactantsand polymers are to be avoided as they will usually form insoluble precipitates with quaternary ammonium compounds. Builders are useful for
36、 maintaining disinfectant activity as well as cleaning, because hard water also impacts on the efficacy of quaternary ammonium compounds. In addition to cleaning performance, the choice and concentration of nonionic surfactant should be made with the goal of maintaining antimicrobial activity. As ca
37、tionic surfactants, quaternary ammonium compounds form micelles. Nonionic 8 surfactants typically form micelles at lower concentrations, and form mixed micelles with cationic surfactants. Under these circumstances, the activity of quaternary ammonium compounds in the formulation can be reduced. （470）
