1、中山纪念中学高一化学备课组中山纪念中学高一化学备课组且它们的氧化物对应的水化物都是可溶于水且它们的氧化物对应的水化物都是可溶于水的强碱，统称的强碱，统称碱金属碱金属。钠钠 NaNa钾钾 K K 锂锂 LiLi铷铷 RbRb 铯铯 CsCs钫钫 FrFr 最外层只有最外层只有一个一个电子电子, ,化学反应中易失去，化学反应中易失去，金属钠：色金属钠：色 态态 硬度硬度 密度密度 熔沸点熔沸点 导电、传热性导电、传热性一、钠的物理性质一、钠的物理性质演示实验（演示实验（1 1）：从煤油中取出金属钠，小刀从煤油中取出金属钠，小刀 切开，观察其断口处颜色变化；切割绿豆切开，观察其断口处颜色变化；切割绿
2、豆 大小钠放入水中，观察现象。大小钠放入水中，观察现象。银白色银白色软软固体固体小小低低良好良好金属钠断面颜色变暗，为什么？金属钠断面颜色变暗，为什么？还原性还原性(结构结构)(性质性质) 决定决定二、钠的化学性质二、钠的化学性质NaNa（一）与非金属反应（一）与非金属反应1 1、钠与氧气反应：、钠与氧气反应：(1)(1)在空气中缓慢氧化在空气中缓慢氧化 4Na + O2 2Na2O (白色白色)失失4e-得得22e-（非常活泼的金属）（非常活泼的金属）(2)(2)：钠在空气中燃烧钠在空气中燃烧演示实验演示实验失去失去2 2e e- - 2Na + O2 Na2O2(淡黄色淡黄色) 点燃点燃得
3、到得到2 2e e- -2 2、钠与氯气反应：、钠与氯气反应：2Na+Cl2Na+Cl2 2 2NaCl 2NaCl现象：钠现象：钠在氯气中在氯气中剧烈剧烈燃烧燃烧，产生白色的烟产生白色的烟 点燃点燃2Na + S Na2Na + S Na2 2S S现象：现象：（火星四射、发生爆炸）（火星四射、发生爆炸） 研磨研磨.钠与硫反应：（钠和硫粉混合研磨）钠与硫反应：（钠和硫粉混合研磨）（二）与水的反应（二）与水的反应产物呈碱性产物呈碱性反应剧烈、有气体生成反应剧烈、有气体生成气体推动小球迅速移动气体推动小球迅速移动反应放热、钠的熔点低反应放热、钠的熔点低密度密度( (钠钠) ) 密度（水）密度（水
4、）现象现象解释解释浮浮熔熔游游响响红红演示实验（演示实验（3 3）：切割绿豆大小钠放入滴切割绿豆大小钠放入滴 有酚酞的水中，观察现象。有酚酞的水中，观察现象。缩缩钠与水不断反应钠与水不断反应2Na + 2H2Na + 2H2 2O = 2NaOH + HO = 2NaOH + H2 2化学方程式：化学方程式：演示实验（演示实验（4 4）：切割绿豆大小钠，用锡纸包切割绿豆大小钠，用锡纸包住，刺几个小孔，用排水法收集气体，并检验住，刺几个小孔，用排水法收集气体，并检验。 2Na + 2H2Na + 2H2 2O = 2NaO = 2Na+ + + 2OH + 2OH- - + H + H2 2 离
5、子方程式：离子方程式：动画实验小结：小结：金属钠具有金属钠具有 性，是一种剂性，是一种剂 强还原强还原强还原强还原钠的保存：钠的保存：隔绝空气和水。少量的钠应保存在煤隔绝空气和水。少量的钠应保存在煤油中，并密封油中，并密封。（三）与其它盐或酸溶液反应（三）与其它盐或酸溶液反应(1)与盐酸反应：与盐酸反应：(2)与硫酸铜溶液反应与硫酸铜溶液反应（演示）（演示）2a+2HCl=2NaCl+H22Na + 2H2O = 2NaOH + H2 2NaOH + CuSO4 = Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4 一般规律：钠与酸溶液反应时，钠直接与溶液中一般规律：钠与酸溶液反应时，钠直接与溶液中的液质酸反
6、应，但当钠与其它溶液反应时，一般的液质酸反应，但当钠与其它溶液反应时，一般是钠先与水反应生成氢氧化钠和氢气，然后再看是钠先与水反应生成氢氧化钠和氢气，然后再看生成的氢氧化钠是否与原溶液中的溶质反应！生成的氢氧化钠是否与原溶液中的溶质反应！三、钠的存在和主要用途三、钠的存在和主要用途1 1，元素存在形态元素存在形态游离态游离态( (以单质形态存在以单质形态存在) )化合态化合态( (以化合物形态存在以化合物形态存在) )2 2，钠的存在：，钠的存在：钠在自然界里没有游离态，只能钠在自然界里没有游离态，只能以化合态存在。如：食盐（以化合态存在。如：食盐（NaClNaCl） 纯碱（纯碱（NaNa2
7、2COCO3 3 10H10H2 2O O） 芒硝（芒硝（Na2SO4 4 10H2 2O）等）等3 3，钠的主要用途，钠的主要用途（1 1）、制）、制NaNa2 2O O2 2（2 2）、制）、制Na-KNa-K合金，做原子反应堆导热剂合金，做原子反应堆导热剂（3 3）、高压钠灯）、高压钠灯（4 4）、还原贵重金属）、还原贵重金属（和氧气反应和氧气反应）（钠的导热性钠的导热性）（导电性强，放电发光导电性强，放电发光）（钠具有还原性钠具有还原性）。）。性质性质用途用途性质性质用途用途 决定决定练习练习1 1、金属钠在空气中的如何变化？、金属钠在空气中的如何变化？银白色银白色变暗变暗变白色固体变
8、白色固体结块结块粉末粉末（NaNa）（NaNa2 2COCO3 3）（NaNa2 2COCO3 3 10H10H2 2O O）（NaOHNaOH）(Na(Na2 2O)O)与与O O2 2与与H H2 2O O与与COCO2 2风化风化成液成液（NaOHNaOH潮解）潮解）练习练习2。实验室有金属钠着火后，应选用来灭火。实验室有金属钠着火后，应选用来灭火的是（的是（ ）A：水：水 B：煤油：煤油 C：泡沫灭火器：泡沫灭火器 D：砂子：砂子D3.(97全国全国)下列反应的离子方程式正确的是下列反应的离子方程式正确的是 ( ) A.氨气通入醋酸溶液氨气通入醋酸溶液 CH3COOH+NH3 = CH
9、3COONH4B.澄清的石灰水跟盐酸反应澄清的石灰水跟盐酸反应 H+OH- = H2OC.碳酸钡溶于醋酸碳酸钡溶于醋酸 BaCO3+2H+ =Ba2+H2O+CO2 D.金属钠跟水反应金属钠跟水反应 2Na+2H2O =2Na+2OH-+H2 BD4.(94全国全国)下列离子方程式中不正确的是下列离子方程式中不正确的是( )(A)碳酸氢钙溶液跟盐酸反应碳酸氢钙溶液跟盐酸反应: Ca(HCO3)2+2H=Ca2+2H2O+2CO2 (B)碘化钾溶液跟适量溴水反应碘化钾溶液跟适量溴水反应: 2I+Br2=I2+2Br (C)将金属钠加入水中将金属钠加入水中: Na+2H2O=Na+2OH+H2 (
10、D)将氯气通入氯化亚铁溶液中将氯气通入氯化亚铁溶液中 2Fe2+Cl2=2Fe3+2ClAD练习练习4。有人说。有人说“钠是一种还原性很强的金属，钠是一种还原性很强的金属，能把铁从三氯化铁溶液中置换出来能把铁从三氯化铁溶液中置换出来”。这种说。这种说法是否正确？为什么？法是否正确？为什么？答：答：不正确不正确.因为：因为：2Na+2H2Na+2H2 2O=2NaOH+HO=2NaOH+H2 23NaOH + FeCl3NaOH + FeCl3 3 = Fe(OH)= Fe(OH)3 3 + 3NaCl+ 3NaCl 练习练习5.钠与水作用生成钠与水作用生成aOH溶液。问溶液。问19.8克水克水
11、中要投入多少克钠才能使反应后所得的溶液中每中要投入多少克钠才能使反应后所得的溶液中每10个水分子含有一个个水分子含有一个a+离子。离子。解：设需投入x 克钠，则：23克 198克 X 克19.8克x=2.3克因为:Na + H2O = Na + OH +1/2 H2 所以所以:Na +11H2O = Na + OH+1/2 H2+10H2 O03.10.28 好像是在一次电话采访中，一个记者曾经问过我一个很好玩的问题：李连杰，你这些年都是一帆风顺，你是怎么变得这么强大的呢？ 这位记者，采访我之前肯定没做过认真的准备。首先，我从来不是一帆风顺，我在朋友中有个外号，叫”死过一百次的生还者“。从小我
12、父亲就过世了，家境实在太差，只好加入武术队，靠每个月微薄的补贴养活全家；11岁开始我连续5次拿到全国武术比赛冠军，18岁拍了少林寺一夜成名，但立马，第二年我就摔断了腿，差点成为废人；好不容易等到黄飞鸿系列电影大卖，我的经纪人又遭黑道枪杀，事业再次陷入低谷.这些都不说，2004年印尼海啸时，我差点妻离子散命丧异地，当洪水就在你眼前肆虐时，那种内心的惊恐与不舍，又有多少人面对过呢？ 也可以理解，问这个问题的人估计从来都只是在电影中了解我，觉得我就是电影中那些硬汉，身怀绝技，从精神到肉体都是天生的强大事实上，我只是一个血肉做成的普通人，甚至，我比很多人还脆弱，有一段时间，我天天想着出家当和尚。 但是
13、，少林寺的一位高僧却不同意我这样做，因为出家并不能从根本上解决问题佛家还讲究入世修行呢！后来，我去好莱坞发展时，他要我记住一句话：一切困难都是为了帮自已变得更强大！ 这话听起来实在不像是什么祝福。果然，到了好莱坞，事情并不顺利，虽然台湾老板杨登魁花了上亿元帮我打造形象，创造机会，但傲慢的好莱坞并不肯接纳我这个身高才170CM的华人。我忍着，直到一次在片场，导演把剧本摔到我脸上，冷冷地问我：你是不是不懂英文，所以剧本没看懂？ 那个晚上，我打电话给那位高僧。他淡淡地说：这些年你吃了不少苦头，但回过头来想一想，是现在的你强大，还是过去的你强大？我一愣，想着自已这半生的经历，的确，那些困难现在看起来都
14、不值一提了，可当时，又何尝不是逼得自已无路可逃？可见，困难的确在让我变得强大，至少，让我的承受能力越来越强！ 从那以后，我不再惧怕任何困境，对困境内外甚至抱着一种“欢迎”的态度。朋友都说我疯魔了，但我心里知道，这不过是在困难中修炼自已。 拍摄英雄的那段时间，章子怡很是受非议，甚至在剧组中也被某些人孤立。在她身上我看到了刚出道的自已：冲动、爱憎分明，心里有什么脸上从来藏不住.于是，我把自的体验告诉她，慢慢地，她也从流言中脱胎换骨，开始表现出一个坚强的章小妹。 这两年，我对武术之道越来越有想法，很想和观众分享这种想法，于是，我请人编写了宣扬和平的电影西藏武僧在纽约。很多片商对名字很感兴趣，但一看剧
15、本就都不肯投资，因为里面的武打场面太少了，不够商业化。到哪里去找投资商？每晚这个问题都折磨得我无法入睡，实在没办法了，我找到法国的著名导演吕克贝松，想自掏腰包自已拍。拍完后，我看电影前90分钟十分精彩脱俗，但后30分钟就落入了武打片的俗套，就要求改结尾，别人都觉得我疯了，改结尾是自杀行为，会让票房一落千丈。吕克贝松也十分惊奇地问我：“你真想得罪你所有的观众吗？”我笑着说：“那就试一次吧。” 事实是，电影还没有公开放映，就受到了不少电影专家和媒体的关注，慢慢地，随着霍元甲的再度追击，大家也开始知道：哦，原来李连杰并不是一个武打机器，他也是有自已的想法的；中华武术除了实用外，里面还有博大精深的东西
16、啊！ 这就是我的目的。既要表达内心、又要保证票房，的确是一件太困难的事，但我知道，困境总会过去，而经历困境的人，却在这个过程中变得更乐观、更有力量。 s, some say she quoted every book of the bible by memory and iBoth sisters had had their love experience by the time the war came, and they were hurried home. Neither was ever in love with a young man unless he and she were v
17、erbally very near: that is unless they were profoundly interested, TALKING to one another. The amazing, the profound, the unbelievable thrill there was in passionately talking to some really clever young man by the hour, resuming day after day for months.this they had never realized till it happened
18、! The paradisal promise: Thou shalt have men to talk to!-had never been uttered. It was fulfilled before they knew what a promise it was.And if after the roused intimacy39 of these vivid and soul-enlightened discussions the sex thing became more or less inevitable40, then let it. It marked the end o
19、f a chapter. It had a thrill of its own too: a queer vibrating thrill inside the body, a final spasm41 of self-assertion, like the last word, exciting, and very like the row of asterisks42 that can be put to show the end of a paragraph, and a break in the theme.When the girls came home for the summe
20、r holidays of 1913, when Hilda was twenty and Connie eighteen, their father could see plainly that they had had the love experience.Lamour avait poss par8 l, as somebody puts it. But he was a man of experience himself, and let life take its course. As for the mot a nervous invalid43 in the last few
21、months of her life, she wanted her girls to be free, and to fulfil themselves. She herself had never been able to be altogether herself: it had been denied her. Heaven knows why, for she was a woman who had her own income and her own way. She blamed her husband. But as a matter of fact, it was some
22、old impression of authority on her own mind or soul that she could not get rid of. It had nothing to do with Sir Malcolm, who left his nervously44 hostile, high-spirited wife to rule her own roost, while he went his own way.So the girls were free, and went back to Dresden, and their music, and the u
23、niversity and the young men. They loved their respective young men, and their respective young men loved them with all the passion of mental attraction. All the wonderful things the young men thought and expressed and wrote, they thought and expressed and wrote for the young women. Connies young man
24、 was musical, Hildas was technical. But they simply lived for their young women. In their minds and their mental excitements, that is. Somewhere else they were a little rebuffed, though they did not know it.It was obvious in them too that love had gone through them: that is, the physical experience.
25、 It is curious what a subtle but unmistakable transmutation it makes, both in the body of men and women: the woman more blooming, more subtly rounded, her young angularities softened45, and her expression either anxious or triumphant46: the man much quieter, more inward, the very shapes of his shoul
26、ders and his buttocks less assertive47, more hesitant.In the actual sex-thrill within the body, the sisters nearly succumbed48 to the strange male power. But quickly they recovered themselves, took the sex-thrill as a sensation, and remained free. Whereas the men, in gratitude49 to the woman for the
27、 sex experience, let their souls go out to her. And afterwards looked rather as if they had lost a shilling and found sixpence. Connies man could be a bit sulky, and Hildas a bit jeering50. But that is how men are! Ungrateful and never satisfied. When you dont have them they hate you because you won
28、t; and when you do have them they hate you again, for some other reason. Or for no reason at all, except that they are discontented children, and cant be satisfied whatever they get, let a woman do what she may.However, came the war, Hilda and Connie were rushed home again after having been home alr
29、eady in May, to their mothers funeral. Before Christmas of 1914 both their German young men were dead: whereupon the sisters wept, and loved the young men passionately, but underneath51 forgot them. They didnt exist any more.Both sisters lived in their fathers, really their mothers, Kensington house
30、mixed with the young Cambridge group, the group that stood for freedom and flannel52 trousers, and flannel shirts open at the neck, and a well-bred sort of emotional anarchy53, and a whispering, murmuring sort of voice, and an ultra-sensitive sort of manner. Hilda, however, suddenly married a man te
31、n years older than herself, an elder member of the same Cambridge group, a man with a fair amount of money, and a comfortable family job in the government: he also wrote philosophical essays. She lived with him in a smallish house in Westminster, and moved in that good sort of society of people in t
32、he government who are not tip-toppers, but who are, or would be, the real intelligent power in the nation: people who know what theyre talking about, or talk as if they did.Connie did a mild form of war-work, and consorted54 with the flannel-trousers Cambridge intransigents, who gently mocked at eve
33、rything, so far. Her friend was a Clifford Chatterley, a young man of twenty-two, who had hurried home from Bonn, where he was studying the technicalities of coal-mining. He had previously55 spent two years at Cambridge. Now he had become a first lieutenant56 in a smart regiment57, so he could mock
34、at everything more becomingly in uniform.Clifford Chatterley was more upper-class than Connie. Connie was well-to-do intelligentsia, but he was aristocracy. Not the big sort, but still it. His father was a baronet, and his mother had been a viscounts daughter.But Clifford, while he was better bred t
35、han Connie, and more society, was in his own way more provincial and more timid. He was at his ease in the narrow great world, that is, landed aristocracy society, but he was shy and nervous of all that other big world which consists of the vast hordes58 of the middle and lower classes, and foreigne
36、rs. If the truth must be told, he was just a little bit frightened of middle-and lower-class humanity, and of foreigners not of his own class. He was, in some paralysing way, conscious of his own defencelessness, though he had all the defence of privilege. Which is curious, but a phenomenon of our d
37、ay.Therefore the peculiar59 soft assurance of a girl like Constance Reid fascinated him. She was so much more mistress of herself in that outer world of chaos60 than he was master of himself.Nevertheless he too was a rebel: rebelling even against his class. Or perhaps rebel is too strong a word; far
38、 too strong. He was only caught in the general, popular recoil61 of the young against convention and against any sort of real authority. Fathers were ridiculous: his own obstinate62 one supremely so. And governments were ridiculous: our own wait-and-see sort especially so. And armies were ridiculous
39、, and old buffers63 of generals altogether, the red-faced Kitchener supremely. Even the war was ridiculous, though it did kill rather a lot of people.In fact everything was a little ridiculous, or very ridiculous: certainly everything connected with authority, whether it were in the army or the gove
40、rnment or the universities, was ridiculous to a degree. And as far as the governing class made any pretensions64 to govern, they were ridiculous too. Sir Geoffrey, Cliffords father, was intensely ridiculous, chopping down his trees, and weeding men out of his colliery to shove them into the war; and
41、 himself being so safe and patriotic65; but, also, spending more money on his country than hed got.When Miss Chatterley-Emma-came down to London from the Midlands to do some nursing work, she was very witty66 in a quiet way about Sir Geoffrey and his determined67 patriotism68. Herbert, the elder bro
42、ther and heir, laughed outright69, though it was his trees that were falling for trench70 props71. But Clifford only smiled a little uneasily. Everything was ridiculous, quite true. But when it came too close and oneself became ridiculous too.? At least people of a different class, like Connie, were
43、 earnest about something. They believed in something.They were rather earnest about the Tommies, and the threat of conscription, and the shortage of sugar and toffee for the children. In all these things, of course, the authorities were ridiculously at fault. But Clifford could not take it to heart.
44、 To him the authorities were ridiculous ab ovo, not because of toffee or Tommies.And the authorities felt ridiculous, and behaved in a rather ridiculous fashion, and it was all a mad hatters tea-party for a while. Till things developed over there, and Lloyd George came to save the situation over her
45、e. And this surpassed even ridicule72, the flippant young laughed no more.In 1916 Herbert Chatterley was killed, so Clifford became heir. He was terrified even of this. His importance as son of Sir Geoffrey, and child of Wragby, was so ingrained in him, he could never escape it. And yet he knew that
46、 this too, in the eyes of the vast seething73 world, was ridiculous. Now he was heir and responsible for Wragby. Was that not terrible? and also splendid and at the same time, perhaps, purely74 absurd?Sir Geoffrey would have none of the absurdity75. He was pale and tense, withdrawn76 into himself, a
47、nd obstinately77 determined to save his country and his own position, let it be Lloyd George or who it might. So cut off he was, so divorced from the England that was really England, so utterly78 incapable79, that he even thought well of Horatio Bottomley. Sir Geoffrey stood for England and Lloyd Ge
48、orge as his forebears had stood for England and St George: and he never knew there was a difference. So Sir Geoffrey felled timber and stood for Lloyd George and England, England and Lloyd George.And he wanted Clifford to marry and produce an heir. Clifford felt his father was a hopeless anachronism
49、. But wherein was he himself any further ahead, except in a wincing80 sense of the ridiculousness of everything, and the paramount81 ridiculousness of his own position? For willy-nilly he took his baronetcy and Wragby with the last seriousness.The gay excitement had gone out of the war.dead. Too muc
50、h death and horror. A man needed support arid comfort. A man needed to have an anchor in the safe world. A man needed a wife.The Chatterleys, two brothers and a sister, had lived curiously82 isolated83, shut in with one another at Wragby, in spite of all their connexions. A sense of isolation84 inte
