1、English Writing IIEnglish Writing IIWarm-up ActivitiesWarm-up Activities Introduce your Introduce your university/dormitory/classroom.university/dormitory/classroom. Whats your overall impression of the university? Which building or location catches your attention first? Which place do you want to d
2、escribe next? And then? What do you want to describe last? What order does your description follow? Why do you choose this order? Reference Reference : In a paragraph describing your university, you might develop the paragraph by space in several different ways: 1) You might use some important impor
3、tant landmarklandmark, for example, the library, and describe other locations in relation to relation to it. it. The order in which you discuss each location is not as important as their relationships with the landmark. 2) You might use an importantimportant landmark as the starting point and move f
4、rom it to the next location, on to another, and so on, perhaps ending back back at the original landmarkat the original landmark. 3) Another type of development by space might stress the boundaries the boundaries of an area. The order in which these are listed is not necessarily important so long as
5、 there is a logical progression logical progression from location to location. 4) Still another spatial development might stress the inter-relationshipsinter-relationships between locations. Unit 3 PlacesUnit 3 Places In this unit emphasis will be laid on the organizational features of description b
6、y spacespace or spatialspatial order.Part II Development by SpacePart II Development by Space Development by space order: left to right, right to left, near to far, far to near, low to high, high to low, etc. Pages 26-27 Read sample 2 and sample 3and finish the following tasks. 1. Analyze their para
7、graph structuresparagraph structures. 2. Underline the transitional signalstransitional signals. 3. Summarize the orderorder of the details in each sample. 4. What are different writing techniques/ features in supporting descriptive writing? And their different effectseffects? Sample 2 Questions: 1.
8、 Which is the topic sentence? The first sentence is the topic sentence. 2. Whats the method used to develop the paragraph? The paragraph is developed in space order. 3. Please finish the following partial outline according to how the details are arranged. The central focus is a deplorable barn. The
9、general arrangement of details is from the outside of the barn to the inside. There are two other patterns: details concerning the outside are arranged from top to bottom; those concerning the inside are arranged from left to right, to the rear, and finally to the overhead Summarize the pattern of t
10、he paragraph:Summarize the pattern of the paragraph: This paragraph is a description of “my grandfathers barn.” In order to create a “deplorable” impression“deplorable” impression, the writer selects very specific words and arranges these descriptive details in a natural order of their physical layo
11、utphysical layout: from the exterior to the interior from the exterior to the interior of the barn. The details concerning the outside of the barn are arranged from the top of the barn to the bottom; those about the inside are arranged from left to right, to the rear, and finally to the overhead. Th
12、rough this orderly sequence, the reader can visualize the scene very vividly and grasp the relationships of the objects. Sample 3 Questions: 1. What is described in the paragraph? An athletes room is described in the paragraph. 3. First match the objects described with the corresponding phrases of l
13、ocation. Then put them in the right order according to the sequence in which they appear in the description. 1) closet to my right 2) cap on the shelf 3) bed the far wall 4) lamp on the top of the nightstand to the left of the bed 5) schedule on the wall above the nightstand 6) desk the left wall 7)
14、 medals on the shelves 8) window next to the desk 9) dresser between the window and the left corner 2. What does the writer describe first? And last? What order does he/she follow? What do you think he/she has followed that particular order? The first thing the writer describes is the closet, and th
15、e last is a dresser. The description is organized according to the spatial order. The writer presents an orderly description just as his eyes might move from right to left around the room.from right to left around the room. Summarize the pattern of the sample Summarize the pattern of the sample para
16、graphparagraph This sample paragraph displays an artistic grouping of details in space. Things are related to each other by the by the order in which they are placed in order in which they are placed in spacespace. With the use of specific space specific space signals,signals, we are led by the writ
17、er to experience the room vividly from right from right to left, from larger items to smaller to left, from larger items to smaller ones as if we were actually “seeing” ones as if we were actually “seeing” it.it.Organizational StructureOrganizational Structure Sample 1 (Page 25)Sample 1 (Page 25) Re
18、ad these two paragraphs, identify the different writing techniques, and summarize the different effect of them. Paragraph AParagraph A is developed according to time sequence, which shows the chronological order through the use of such time signals as 30,000,000 years ago, 2400 BC, 600 BC, AD 200, A
19、D 100. Paragraph BParagraph B is arranged according to space, which describes the cultivation of the grape from its original place. Here are the places mentioned in Paragraph B. Grape Cultivation Starting from the Caspian Sea To Asia Minor Greece Sicily France Germany England India America Can you i
20、dentify the order in which the places are introduced? (para. B) The places are introduced in an order of “west to east, near to far” The different effect of these two paragraphs: A: the history of the grape B: the grape cultivation in different areasLinking DevicesLinking Devices Page 28, sample Thi
21、s is a rather complex paragraph of description introducing a place. What features and techniques could you summarize and learn from it? Linking DevicesLinking Devices Questions 1.This sample paragraph is developed according to spatial order. Can you identify those words or phrases that show spatial
22、order? What is their effect? Words and phrases that indicate location: inside, in the right-hand side, in the opposite end, down the center, at the end of, the left-hand. These spatial connectors suggest that the writer organizes the paragraph in a particular order, i.e. from one side from one side
23、of the pet shop to the to the centercenter, and then to the other sideto the other side, thus making the description clear and orderly. As a result, readers will not get lost while the description proceeds. 2. What is the general impression created in the paragraph? Make a list of all the details yo
24、u can find that support the general impression. The general impression of the place described is “depressingdepressing.” The specific details: puppies behind glass; unpleasant smell; chained birds; rows of cages; dirty tub of turtles; stuffy atmosphere; kittens in the window; sounds of caged animals
25、; dropping and urine on newspapers. 4. Has the writer focused on one or more of the senses of sight, sound, taste, smell, etc.? Is it effective? In addition to sight, the writer has also appealed to the other senses such as touch, hearing, and smell. Through the rich perceptions the reader will gain
26、 a fuller and more vivid picture of the scene. 5. Complete the following blanks: Examples of description concerning sightsight: black-and-white kittens piled together; a line of large wooden perches; parrots flutter their clipped wings; stagnant-looking water; motionless turtles; Examples of descrip
27、tion concerning soundsound: clawing, shuffling sound; Examples of description concerning smellsmell: unpleasant mixture of strong chemical deodorizers; urine-soaked newspapers; musty sawdust; Examples of description concerning taste or touch:taste or touch: lick the human hands.Unit summaryUnit summ
28、ary In this unit we have discussed how paragraphs can be constructed by spatial order. In spatial order, there are a number of possible ways of arranging your material. Among them the most frequently used are: vertical order vertical order (bottom to top, top to bottom; head to toe, toe to head) hor
29、izontal order horizontal order (left to right, right to left) depth order depth order (inside to outside, outside to inside) circular order circular order (clockwise, counterclockwise; east to west, west to east) center-to-circumference order center-to-circumference order (near to far) Think about: Space order could be used in what types of writing?uIntroducing a placeuAnalyzing a problem (the development of)uDescribing a personuNarrating a storyu
