1、一 Reading and Thinking单词短语1. techniquen. 技能；技术；技艺have a technique for 有的技术technique in 方面的技术例句They learn basictechniquesin selfdefence.他们学习基本的自卫技巧。Dick Fosburyhad a new technique fordoing the high jump.迪克福斯贝里有一项跳高的新技术。2. sense of touch触觉sense of responsibility/duty 责任感，责任心sense of humor 幽默感，幽默sense
2、of belonging 归宿感，归属感sense of smell 嗅觉sense of beauty 美感；审美感sense of direction 方向感例句Good chef must have a goodsense of smell.好厨师必须有好嗅觉。He had a poorsense of directionand soon got lost.他方向感很差，一会儿就迷路了。He is distinguished for hissense of humor他以其幽默感著称。3. minoradj. 较小的；次要的；轻微的(1)a minor matter 小事a minor
3、party 少数党(2)minority n. U，C少数民族；少数a/the minority of 少数的be in the/a minority 占少数例句This isa minor matter, but I actually think it is my life biggest pain.这是一件小事，但我却认为这是我一生最大的痛苦。It is reported that womenare in the minorityat the meeting.据报道，妇女在会议中占少数。Its clear that onlya minority ofpeople support these
4、 new laws.很明显，只有少数人支持这些新法律。4. looseadj. 松的；未系紧的；宽松的at a loose end 无所事事；无事可做break loose from 摆脱，挣脱have (got) a loose tongue 说话没遮拦on the loose 在逃；不受约束例句Imat a bit of a loose endthis afternoon. Do you fancy a game of tennis?今天下午我有点闲，你喜欢打网球吗？Be careful what you tell Samshesgot a very loose tongue, you k
5、now.你跟萨姆说话要小心你知道，她的嘴很松的。There are ten prisonerson the loose.有十名囚犯在逃。5. urgentadj. 紧急的；急迫的；急切的(1)an urgent problem 急迫的问题be urgent for sb. to do sth. 急切地催促某人做某事It is most urgent that. 很紧急(2)urgently adv. 紧急地，急迫地例句Do you see it? he demandedurgently.“你看见了吗？”他急切地问道。It is most urgent thatthe patient shoul
6、d get to hospital.病人必须立即送往医院。Shewas urgent for the doctor tocome.她急着要医生来。6. easevt. 减轻；缓解 vi.& vt. 使容易；使顺利 n. 容易；舒适；自在(1)take ones ease 使某人放松一下at ease 舒适；快活；自由自在put sb. at ease 使某人感到轻松自在； 使某人安心feel/look at ease 感到/看上去心情放松with ease 容易地；毫不费劲地(2)ease sb. of sth. 减轻某人的(痛苦、负担等)例句He handed her a cup of co
7、ffee toput her at ease.他递给她一杯咖啡让她放松。I dontfeel at easein the strange place.在这个陌生的地方，我觉得很不自在。This medicine willease you ofyour pain.这种药会缓解你的痛苦。Now he can set his mindat easebecause he has passed the examination with ease.现在他可以放心了，因为他已经轻松地通过了考试。重点句式1.As you can imagine, getting burnt can lead to very
8、serious injuries.正如你想象的那样，烧伤会导致非常严重的伤害。句中As you can imagine 是关系代词as引导的非限制性定语从句，as指代整个主句的内容，作imagine的宾语。(1)as引导非限制性定语从句时，指代整个主句的内容，置于主句的前、中、后均可，意为“正如”。(2)as在非限制性定语从句中作主语时，通常可用it作形式主语，后接that引导的主语从句或用what引导的主语从句来转换。(3)引导限制性定语从句。这时，其先行词的前面通常有such，the same 修饰，构成the same.as，such.as结构。例句This man,as you kno
9、w, is good for nothing.你也知道，这个人一无是处。He borrowed the same bookas the one I am reading.他借的书和我正在读的那本一样。Einstein,as is well known, is a famous scientist.It is well known thatEinstein is a famous scientist.What is well known is thatEinstein is a famous scientist.众所周知，爱因斯坦是位著名的科学家。2. Remove any clothes us
10、ing scissorsif necessary, unless you see the fabric sticking to the burnt skin.如果有必要的话，用剪刀剪掉衣服，除非你看到布料粘在烧焦的皮肤上。句中if necessary为if it is necessary的省略结构。if possible 如果可能的话if so 假如这样的话if not 假如不是这样的话；不然的话；否则if ever 即使有例句I might see you tomorrow.If not, then itll be Saturday.我可能明天去看你。如果不是明天，那就是周六。If poss
11、ible, I wish to go there next summer.如果可能，我希望明年夏天去那里。They think she may try to phone.If so, someone must stay here.他们认为她可能来电话。要是这样的话，就得有人守在这儿。He seldom,if ever, goes to the movies by himself.他不会，即使有也很少，单独去看电影的。二 Using language单词短语1. panicvi.& vt. (使)惊慌 n. 惊恐；恐慌(1)panic over/at 因而恐慌；对感到惊慌失措panic sb.
12、into doing sth. 使某人惊慌地做某事(2)get into a panic 陷入恐慌(动作)be in a panic 陷入恐慌(状态)例句Hepanicked over/atthis accident.他对这次事故惊慌失措。Many landowners werepanicked intoleaving the country at that time.当时许多地主都惊慌失措地离开了这个国家。Shegot into a panicwhen she couldnt find the tickets.她找不到票，惊慌失措。The girlis in a panic. Try to
13、help her calm down.这个女孩惊慌失措，设法帮助她冷静下来。2. interruptvi.& vt. 打断；打扰 vt. 使暂停；使中断(1)interrupt sb./sth. (with sth.) (因某事)打断某人/某事be interrupted by 被打断(2)interruption n. 打扰；插嘴；打岔；阻断物without interruption 连续地；不断地例句It is bad manners tointerrupta speakerwithfrequent questions.用频繁的问题打断演讲者是不礼貌的。Lets go somewhere
14、where we can talkwithout interruption.我们找个不受打扰的地方谈谈吧。Theywere interrupted bya sudden and urgent knock at the door.他们被一阵突然而紧急的敲门声打断了。3. screamvi.& vt. (因愤怒或恐惧)高声喊；大声叫 n. 尖叫；尖锐刺耳的声音scream at 朝尖叫scream for 为而喊叫scream out 尖声喊出；尖叫着例句The trapped passengersscreamed forhelp.被困的乘客大声呼救。Shescreamed atme to get
15、 out of the way.她冲我尖叫，让我走开。Shescreamed outthat she had lost her passport.她尖声嚷着她把护照弄丢了。4. desperateadj. 绝望的；孤注一掷的；非常需要的(1)be desperate about 对绝望be desperate for 极想要be desperate to do. 渴望做某事(2)desperately adv. 绝望地；不顾一切地；拼命地例句The man in the riverdesperatelytried to reach the side.河里的那个人拼命地想游到岸边。Hewas d
16、esperate forwork to provide food for his children.为了孩子们供吃，他拼命地找工作。Heis desperate topursue his vocation as an artist.他不顾一切地追求艺术家的职业。5. justifyvt. 证明有道理；为辩护；是的正当理由justify (doing) sth. 证明正当justify.to 向证明合理justify oneself in doing. 在做某事证明自己例句How will youjustifythis pay cut to your employees?你将如何向员工证明这次减
17、薪是合理的？The decision isjustifiedon the grounds that there is no realistic alternative.这一决定是合理的，因为没有切实可行的替代办法。He is fullyjustifiedin doing so.他这样做是完全正当的。重点句式Chen Wei, a high school student in Beijing, had his dinner interrupted when he heard someone screaming from another table.陈伟是北京的一名高中生，当他听到另一张桌子上有人
18、在尖叫时，他的晚餐被打断了。句中had his dinner interrupted是“have宾语宾语补足语”结构，his dinner与动词interrupt之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作宾补。(1)have/get sth. done可以表示：使某事被做(主语有意识的行为，可能是主语自己做，也可能是让别人做)；遭遇/经历(此事违背主语的意愿)。若宾语和宾补之间是主动关系则用：(2)have sb. do sth. (do强调做某事这一事实)(3)have sb./sth. doing (doing强调持续进行某一动作)例句Theres something wrong with my co
19、mputer, so I have tohave/get it repaired我的电脑出了问题，所以我得让人修理一下。He was very funny andhad us laughingall the way.他非常滑稽，一路上逗得我们笑个不停。The boss oftenhas them workfor 14 hours a day老板经常要他们一天工作14 个小时。注意have sth. done相当于make/get sth. done；不管“have sth. done”结构表示何种意义，sth.与done之间都存在着逻辑上的动宾关系。三 Grammar复习动词ing形式一、关于
20、动词ing形式的基本情况1. 动词ing形式是动词的一种非谓语形式，包括现在分词和动名词两种。动词ing形式在句中的语法作用：动名词在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，现在分词在句中作状语、宾语补足语和定语。2. 动词ing形式的时态和语态主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式havinghaving been doneReading aloud is a good way to learn a language.大声朗读是学习语言的一种好方法。Having studied his lessons very hard, he passed the exam.努力学习了功课, 他
21、通过了考试。The building being built now will be finished next month.正在建设的建筑物下个月将完工。Having been laughed at for his lameness, the boy became shy and inhibited.那男孩因跛脚被人讥笑, 变得羞怯。二、动词ing形式作主语1. 动词ing形式作主语动词ing形式作主语，往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作，通常置于句首。Saying is one thing, and doing is another.说是一回事，而做是另一回事。Having a walk eve
22、ry day helps to make one keep healthy.每天散步有助于一个人保持健康。注意动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Climbing mountains is really difficult for the old.对于老人来说爬山确实困难。2. 形式主语it代替动词ing形式作主语此类句式常见的有：Its a waste of time doing sth.做某事是浪费时间Its useless/worthwhile doing sth.做某事没用/是值得的Its no good/use/fun doing sth.做某事没好处/没用/没意思It is a was
23、te of time persuading such a person to join us.劝说这种人加入我们是浪费时间。It is no good/use regretting for the past.悔恨过去是没用的。Its useless arguing with them.跟他们争论是徒劳无益的。3. 动词ing形式和to do作主语时的区别动词ing形式和to do都可以作主语。动词ing形式作主语表示比较抽象的一般行为，to do作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。Playing with fire is dangerous.玩火危险。(泛指)Singing is my hob
24、by, and to sing at my friends birthday party is my dream.唱歌是我的爱好，在朋友的生日宴会上唱歌是我的梦想。三、动词ing形式作宾语1. 作动词的宾语接动词ing形式作宾语的常用动词(短语)有：avoid，miss，delay/put off 避免错过少延期advise，finish，practise 建议完成多练习enjoy，imagine，cant help 喜欢想象禁不住admit，deny，envy 承认否定与嫉妒escape，risk，excuse 逃避冒险莫原谅stand，keep，mind 忍受保持不介意He admitte
25、d referring to his notes in the exam.他承认在考试中查阅了笔记。She cant stand being looked down upon in public.她忍受不了在公众场合被人看不起的感觉。Would you mind opening the window?你介意打开窗子吗？He tried to avoid answering my questions.他试图对我的问题避而不答。2. 作介词的宾语在下面的短语中，常用动词ing形式作介词的宾语： be good at，dream of，care about，be concerned about，be
26、 interested in，feel like，insist on，think of，aim at，set about，be used to习惯于；get down to开始做；lead to导致；devote oneself to献身于；look forward to期待；stick to坚持；pay attention to注意。I dream of sailing around the world and leading a happy life.我梦想着环游世界，过上幸福的生活。He insisted on doing it in his own way.他坚持要按照自己的方法做。I
27、m looking forward to your coming next time.我期待着你下一次的到来。Because of the bad weather，they have to give up going out for a picnic tomorrow.因为天气不好，他们不得不放弃明天的外出野餐。3. 在以下结构中，动词ing形式作介词的宾语，介词常省略。spend.(in) doing 花费做某事have difficulty/trouble (in) doing. 做有困难/麻烦stop/prevent.(from) doing 阻止做某事waste time (in) d
28、oing 浪费时间做某事be busy (in) doing 忙于做某事have a good/hard time (in) doing 高兴做某事/费了很大劲做某事There is no point (in) doing 做某事毫无意义He is always busy working every day，which has made him have little time to play with his child.他每天总是忙于工作，这使他很少有时间和孩子一起玩。There is no point giving him such a good chance.给他提供这样一个好机会没有
29、意义。4. 动词ing形式作宾语时的几个特殊情况(1)动词ing的复合结构。名词（宾格）/名词s所有格/代词（宾格）/形容词性物主代词动词ingWould you mind my/me closing the window?你介意我关上窗户吗？Would you mind Marys/Mary closing the window?你介意玛丽关上窗户吗？注意动词ing的复合结构的否定形式为：形容词性物主代词/代词(宾格)/名词(宾格)/名词s所有格not doing.。(2)某些动词及动词短语后面既可以用不定式也可以用动词ing作宾语。动词begin，start，continue等词后既可跟不
30、定式，又可跟动词ing作宾语，意义基本相同。They continued discussing/to discuss the plan after having a rest.休息了一会后，他们继续讨论这项计划。动词love，like，hate等后可跟动词ing和不定式作宾语，但接动词ing表示经常性的情况，接不定式表示具体的动作。I love walking with my friend on a sunny day.(习惯)我喜欢和朋友在一个阳光明媚的日子里散步。It is a pleasant day today，so I love to have a walk with my frie
31、nd.(具体)今天是个令人愉快的日子，所以我想和朋友一起散散步。一些动词后既可跟动词ing作宾语，又可跟不定式作宾语，但意义有很大差别。He forgot turning the light off.他忘记他已经关了灯。The light in the office is still on.He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还亮着。他忘记关了。注意对比记忆作宾语的动词含义go on doing sth. 继续做同一件事go on to do sth. 接着做另一件事forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事try
32、doing sth. 试着做某事try to do sth. 努力做某事remember doing sth. 记得做过某事remember to do sth. 记住要做某事regret doing sth. 后悔做了某事regret to do sth. 很遗憾要做某事mean doing . 意味着做mean to do . 打算/意欲做stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事情stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事cant help doing . 禁不住做cant help to do . 不能帮着去做They stopped to have a look at t
33、he fantastic scenery.他们停下来，看了看这美妙绝伦的风景。They stopped working and had a rest.他们停止工作，休息了一下。(3)用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是动词ing形式。其结构如下：主语think/consider/find/feel/believeituseless/no use/no gooddoing.I found it useless/no use arguing about it.我发现争论这件事没有用。Do you consider it any good trying again?你觉得再试会有用吗？(4)在动词need
34、，require，want，deserve后，用动词ing形式表示被动含义，即need/require/want/deserve doingneed/require/want/deserve to be done。These clothes need washing.These clothes need to be washed.这些衣服需要洗。The house requires repairing.The house requires to be repaired.这座房子需要修理。(5)在(be) worth后面只能用动词ing形式来表示被动含义。The film is worth se
35、eing a second time.这部电影值得再看一次。四、动词ing形式作表语作表语的动词ing形式包括现在分词和动名词。1. 动名词(短语)作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为，用来说明主语的内容，与主语通常是同一概念，表语和主语常可互换位置。One of his weaknesses is telling lies.Telling lies is one of his weaknesses.他的缺点之一就是说谎。His hobby is reading books in his spare time.Reading books in his spare time is his hobby.
36、他的爱好是在业余时间读书。2. 现在分词(短语)作表语，表示主语的某种性质和特征，这类分词通常可以看作形容词。Her performance is very entertaining, which brings us much pleasure.她的表演非常有趣， 给我们带来很多乐趣。The trip is very exciting, and we have decided to have a similar one.这次旅行很是激动人心， 我们已决定再进行一次类似的旅行。注意作表语的现在分词，许多是由能够表示人们某种感情或情绪的动词变化而来的。常见的有：moving，interesting
37、，encouraging，exciting，inspiring，boring，surprising，puzzling，amusing，astonishing.这类分词有“令人的”的含义，常修饰物。五、动词ing作定语1. 动名词(短语)作定语，表示名词的属性、作用或用途，作“供用”讲，常置于被修饰的名词前。There is a swimming pool in our school.我们学校有一个游泳池。Students are not permitted to speak aloud in the reading room.在阅览室里学生们不许大声喧哗。2. 现在分词(短语)作定语，表示所修
38、饰词的动作或状态，被修饰词与现在分词之间是主动关系，相当于一个定语从句。The boys gathering at the school gate are my classmates.The boys who are gathering at the school gate are my classmates.聚集在校门口的那些男孩是我的同学。The girl performing on the stage has a gift for dance. The girl who is performing on the stage has a gift for dance.那个在舞台上表演的女孩
39、有舞蹈天赋。注意单个的现在分词作定语时，放在被修饰词前；现在分词短语作定语时，则放在被修饰词后。六、动词ing形式作宾语补足语动词ing形式作宾语补足语时，表示正在进行的动作或经常存在的状态。动词ing形式常作以下动词的宾语补足语。1. 动词ing位于感官动词后：feel，smell，listen to，hear，watch，see，notice，observe 等。I felt someone patting me on the shoulder.我感觉有人在拍我的肩膀。When he passed the swimming pool, he saw someone swimming in
40、it.当他经过游泳池时， 他看见有人在游泳。注意动词ing与动词不定式在感官动词后的意义在see，hear，watch等感官动词后，用动词ing形式作宾语补足语表示动作正在进行；用省略to的不定式作宾语补足语表示动作从开始到结束的全过程。I heard Mary singing in the next room.(动作正在进行)我听到玛丽在隔壁唱歌。I heard Mary sing a song in the next room last night.(动作全过程)昨晚我听到玛丽在隔壁唱歌。2. 动词ing位于使役动词后：have，keep，get，leave，set，make，send等。
41、She couldnt have him getting away with telling lies.她不能容忍他撒了谎而不受惩罚。Please dont keep the little boy staying alone.不要让这个男孩独自待着。3. 用于with复合结构中I couldnt do my homework with the noise going on.由于噪音不断，我没法做家庭作业。With so many people looking at her，she feels nervous.这么多人看着她，她感到很紧张。七、动词ing形式作状语1. 作时间状语Hearing
42、the news, he couldnt help laughing.When he heard the news, he couldnt help laughing.一听到那个消息，他禁不住大笑起来。2. 作原因状语Not knowing her address, I had better telephone her to come over.As I dont know her address, I had better telephone her to come over.由于不知道她的地址，我还是打电话让她过来为好。3. 作条件状语Working hard, youll surely
43、succeed.If you work hard, youll surely succeed.如果努力工作，你就一定会成功。4. 作结果状语The child slipped and fell, hitting his head against the door.The child slipped and fell, and hit his head against the door.那个男孩滑了一跤，头撞到了门上。注意现在分词作结果状语，是随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果，而不定式作结果状语时常表示出乎意料的结果，有时前面可以加only。I hurried to school, only
44、to find it was Sunday.我匆忙赶到学校，结果发现是星期天。5. 作让步状语Having been told many times, he still didnt learn these rules by heart.Although he had been told many times, he still didnt learn these rules by heart.尽管被告知了很多次，他还是没把这些规定记住。6. 作伴随状语Morris lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.Morris lay on the grass and stared at the sky for a long time.莫里斯躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。The boy sat in front of the farmhouse, cutting t
