1、Useful words and expressions(A short history of Western painting)Unit 1 Art1. a short history of western painting 西方绘画西方绘画(艺术艺术)简史简史p painting 1)【U】绘画绘画(艺术艺术)，作画，作画 （抽象）（抽象） Her hobbies include music and painting.2) 【C】绘画，油画绘画，油画 (作品作品)（具体）（具体） Western-style / modern abstract paintings 西方风格的西方风格的/ /
2、现代抽象派绘画作品现代抽象派绘画作品 a collection of paintings by American artists2 It is hard to give a precise definition. 很难下精确很难下精确/准确的定义。准确的定义。 =It is hard to define (it) precisely.pby definition 根据定义，必然根据定义，必然pdefine.as.把定义、解释为把定义、解释为pdefinite(ly) adj./adv 肯定的肯定的/地，明确的地，明确的/地地, 清楚的清楚的/地（不会改变的）地（不会改变的）(certain,
3、certainly, clear, clearly)Compare:pprecise(ly) adj./adv. 精确的精确的/地，准确的地，准确的/地，确切的地，确切的/地地(exact and correct, exactly and correctly)Can you give me a _ answer by tomorrow?definite3. As there have/has been sb/sth 因为因为一直以来有一直以来有/存存在在.4. so many different styles of Western art/painting .的的很多不同的风格很多不同的风格西
4、方艺术、绘画西方艺术、绘画 =so many different Western art/painting styles5. The best way to do sth is to do sth 做某事的最好方式就是做某事做某事的最好方式就是做某事6. The purpose/aim/goal/objective of sth is to do sth 某事的目的、目标就是做某事某事的目的、目标就是做某事7. painting realistic scenes描绘现实场景描绘现实场景 realistic adj. 现实（主义）的，逼真的现实（主义）的，逼真的 realism U 务实作风，实
5、事求是务实作风，实事求是; 逼真，现实性逼真，现实性 realist C现实主义者，务实的人现实主义者，务实的人 realize vt. 实现实现 reality【U】【】【C】现实现实(的事物的事物) real adj. 真的真的 really adv. 实际上，确实实际上，确实 8. primitive adj. 原始的，原始的， 远古的；远古的； 老式的，简陋的老式的，简陋的（发展水平低的）（发展水平低的）(not advanced or modern) C原始派或文艺复兴前的艺术家原始派或文艺复兴前的艺术家(或作品）或作品）a primitive tribe/man/society 原
6、始部落、人、社会原始部落、人、社会 primitive facilities/conditions/buildings 简陋的设施、条件、建筑简陋的设施、条件、建筑primitively adv. 最初地最初地;自学而成地自学而成地 9. two-dimensional adj. 二维的，二维的， 平面的；平面的；没有深度没有深度感觉的感觉的be primitive and two-dimensional 是原始粗糙和二是原始粗糙和二维化的维化的primary adj. 主要的，最重要的，基本的；主要的，最重要的，基本的； 小学、初等的小学、初等的a two-dimensional drawi
7、ng/model 平面图、模型平面图、模型10. dimension C维维, 维度维度（构成空间的因素）；（构成空间的因素）； 尺寸尺寸;规模；范围规模；范围; 程度；程度；方面方面(aspect); measure the dimensions of the kitchen 衡量厨房的大小衡量厨房的大小Her job adds a new/an extra dimension to he life. 她的工作为她的生活增添了新的内容。她的工作为她的生活增添了新的内容。11. set sb/sth apart from.使使.不同于、优于、突出于不同于、优于、突出于Its mans abil
8、ity _ (think) _ sets him apart from other animals. Her elegant style sets her apart from other journalists.to thinkwhich/thatMan is set apart from other animals by his ability to think.pset about doing sth 开始、着手做（费时费力的事）开始、着手做（费时费力的事）pset sth aside 把（物品）放到一边；暂不考虑（问把（物品）放到一边；暂不考虑（问题）；留出，拨出（时间、资金）题）；留
9、出，拨出（时间、资金）pset sth down 记下，写下记下，写下(write down, put down)pset off/out (for/on) 动身、启程（前往某地、进行旅行）动身、启程（前往某地、进行旅行）pset off (a bomb, an alarm) 引爆（炸弹）；触响（警引爆（炸弹）；触响（警报）报）pset out to do sth （怀着目标）（怀着目标）开始、着手做某事开始、着手做某事pset up 建立，创建（组织）；搭建，竖起（建立，创建（组织）；搭建，竖起（a tent/shelter); 安装，调试（设备）安装，调试（设备）dopt a more h
10、umanistic attitude to life 采用一种更人性化的生活态度采用一种更人性化的生活态度12. (make/achieve) an important/major/breakthrough (in sth) （在（在.方面）（取得）方面）（取得） 重大进展；突破重大进展；突破13. the use of perspective by Masaccio Masaccio 对对透视法的运用透视法的运用14. influential adj. 有影响力有影响力/支配力的支配力的 C有影响力的人物有影响力的人物uinfluentially adv.有影响力地有影响力地uinfluen
11、ce U & C vt. 影响影响; 支配支配; 控制控制pinfluence sb to do sth 影响某人做某事影响某人做某事phave an./no influence on/upon 对对有有/无影响无影响punder the influence of=under sbs influence 在在的影响下的影响下16. Influential painters such as (Leonardo da Vinci ) 颇具影响力的画家颇具影响力的画家如如. While painters as early as Da Vinci had used oil 虽然虽然早如达芬奇这样的早如
12、达芬奇这样的画家已经使用颜料画画画家已经使用颜料画画 pas early as (tomorrow/1997) 早在（明天、早在（明天、1997年）年）17. build upon/be built on. (to do sth) 以以.为基础；为基础； 在在.的基础上发展的基础上发展 （做某事）（做某事） The new plan will build on the success of the previous programme. Our friendship is built on trust.(=is based on)18. reach its height/peak with s
13、b 随着某人达到顶峰随着某人达到顶峰p be at its height/peack / at the height/peack of (ones career/powers/success/fame) 处于的巅峰、顶峰处于的巅峰、顶峰 His career/The crisis is at its height/peak. p(be) 20 meters in height 20米高米高p(fly) at the height of (10000 metres)pbe of average/medium height 中等身材中等身材p(jump/drop sth) from a heigh
14、t 从高处（跳下、扔从高处（跳下、扔下下.）19. gain/earn/acquire/establish/build/have a reputation as a master of shadow and light as a hard worker/an artist for being hard work/for honesty and diligence) 赢得赢得/获得获得/确立确立/树立树立/有光影大师、勤奋、艺术家、勤有光影大师、勤奋、艺术家、勤奋、诚实、勤奋的声誉奋、诚实、勤奋的声誉20. in subject matter 在主题上在主题上;在题材上在题材上21. (the
15、emphasis/focus/attention/attitude/ opinion.) shift (away) (from.) (to/ towards/onto .) （重点、注意力等）（重点、注意力等）（从（从）转移（到）转移（到）(=switch from.to)p shift the/ones emphasis/fcus/attention/attitude/ opinion.(away) (from.) (to/ towards/onto .) 把（重点、把（重点、注意力等）（注意力等）（从从）转移（到）转移（到）(=switch.from.to) Our focus is sh
16、ifting away from the Middle East back toward Asia. 我们的重点正从中东地区重新转移到亚洲地区。我们的重点正从中东地区重新转移到亚洲地区。 The White House hopes to shift the medias attention away from foreign policy issues. 白宫希白宫希望望把媒体的注意力从把媒体的注意力从外交政策问题转移。外交政策问题转移。 There has been a shift of/in emphasis from manufacturing (制造业制造业) to service i
17、ndustries. Qian changed his major because of a shift/swicth in personal interest. As an alternative, some farmers have switched (from chemical farming) to organic farming.22. rank C （社会）（社会）地位，地位，级别，级别， 阶层；阶层； （质量）等级，（质量）等级， 级别；级别； 军衔，警衔军衔，警衔 行，列，行，列， 排排 (row, line) vt. & vi. （使（使.）名列）名列.等级、地位等级、地位p
18、eople of high/low rank 上流、底层社会人士上流、底层社会人士officers of senior/junior rank 高级、低级军、警官高级、低级军、警官rise/be promoted to/attain the rank of (captain/ major/general) 晋升晋升/被提拔到被提拔到/达到达到 (上尉上尉/少校少校/将军将军)军衔军衔p a painter/painting of the first rank 一流画家、画作一流画家、画作join the ranks of the employed 加入失业者行列加入失业者行列p rank/be
19、 ranked among/as 名列其中之一、名列名列其中之一、名列 The restaurant ranks/is ranked among the finest (ones) in town / as one of the finest (ones) in town.p rank/be ranked first/second/third/number one(in.) 名列第一名列第一/二二/三三At the height of her career she (was) ranked second in the world.prank high/low 具有重要、不重要的地位具有重要、不
20、重要的地位prank with/alongside sb/sth 与与.同样重要、品质相当同样重要、品质相当23. purchase vt. 购买；采购购买；采购 (=buy) U & C 购买；购买的东西购买；购买的东西ppurchase (a car) from. p=make a purchase of (a car) (from.) = buy sth from.从从购买购买ppurchase . with.用用购买购买pmake two purchases from.从购买两样东西从购买两样东西ppurchaser C 购买者购买者 ppurchasable adj.可购买的可购买的
21、The statement listed all the purchases _ (make) with your card.made24. paintings showing important historical events 展示重要历史事件的画作展示重要历史事件的画作ppaintings showing stories from mythology 展示神话故事的画作展示神话故事的画作ppaintings (that were) beautiful and interesting to look at 看起来美丽有趣的看起来美丽有趣的25. The development of We
22、stern art slowed (down/up) until the invention pf photography in the mid-19th century.=Western art developed slowly until photography was invented in the mid 1800s. =(The development of) Western art made slow progress. 西方艺术发展缓慢直到西方艺术发展缓慢直到.26. .paintings were no longer needed to preserve what people
23、 and the world looked like.=.paintings were no longer needed for the preservation of what.=paintings were no longer necessary for preservation of what./ for preserving what. 绘画不再需要保留人与世界的模样。绘画不再需要保留人与世界的模样。27. hence adv. 因此，所以因此，所以 (therefore, thus, for this reason) 23. _ this, Impressionism emerged
24、 in France.pemerge vi. (from, into, as) （从暗处从暗处/隐蔽处）出现，浮现隐蔽处）出现，浮现(appear, come out); （事实（事实/真相真相/现象等）出现，暴露，显露现象等）出现，暴露，显露(come out, become known)； （人（人/机构机构/行业行业/组织等）初露头角组织等）初露头角, 形成形成, 兴起兴起; （从困境中）摆脱出来，出头（从困境中）摆脱出来，出头pemergence U 出现，显露；形成，兴起出现，显露；形成，兴起(of, from as)p emerging adj. 新兴的新兴的pIt emerged
25、 that.(主从主从) .真相大白真相大白; 事实已清楚事实已清楚, . =It came out/became out that.(主从主从) From The sun/moon emerged _ behind the clouds. She emgerged _ the shadows _ strong sunlight. China has once again emerged _ the war _a world power. She emerged _ the divorce (_) a strong person _ her reputation undamaged. It e
26、merged _ she was lying about her age. The 1960s saw the _(emerge) of many new nations (from the war in ruins). Eventually the truth _(emerge/emigrate).fromfromintofromasfromaswiththatemergenceemergedPara 1 A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTNG What is Western art? It is hard to give a precise definitio
27、n. As there have been so many different styles of Western art, it is impossible to describe them all in a short text. Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.What is the main idea? What is the main idea? An Introduction to t
28、he History of Western Painting.An Introduction to the History of Western Painting. A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTNG What is Western art? It is hard to give a precise definition. As there have been so many different styles of Western art, it is impossible to describe them all in a short text. Perha
29、ps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.a short history of western painting 西方绘画艺术简史Western art 西方艺术give a precise definition 给出一个精确的定义there have/has been sth 一直有.so many different styles of . .的很多不同的风格describe them all in a shor
30、t text 在一篇短文里全面描述the best way to understand Western art 了解西方艺术的最好方法look at the development of Western painting 看看西方绘画的发展over the centuries 几个世纪以来a short history of western painting 西方绘画艺术简史Western art 西方艺术give a precise definition 给出一个精确的定义there have/has been sth 一直有.so many different styles of . .的
31、很多不同的风格describe them all in a short text 在一篇短文里全面描述the best way to understand Western art 了解西方艺术的最好方法look at the development of Western painting 看看西方绘画的发展over the centuries 几个世纪以来 _ SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTNG _ is Western art? It is hard to give a precise definition. As there _(be) so many dif
32、ferent styles of Western art, it is _(possible) to describe them all in a short text. Perhaps _ (了解西方艺术的最好方法) is _(看看几个世纪以来西方绘画的发展) .AWhathave been impossible the best way to understand/of understanding Western art to look at the development of Western painting over the centuriesPara 2 The Middle Ag
33、es (from the 5th to the 15th century) During the Middle Ages, the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity. Thus, artists were not interested in painting realistic scenes. Their works were often primitive and two-dimensional, and the main characters were often made much larger t
34、han everyone else to show their importance. This began to change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337). While his paintings still had religious themes, they showed real people in a real environment. In particular, his paintings are set apart from other paintings by their realistic h
35、uman faces and deep emotional impact.During the Middle AgesDuring the Middle Ages，artists were interested in painting artists were interested in painting realistic scenes.realistic scenes.A ARight. BRight. BWrong. CWrong. CNot mentioned.Not mentioned.B The Middle Ages (from the 5th to the 15th centu
36、ry) During the Middle Ages, the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity. Thus, artists were not interested in painting realistic scenes. Their works were often primitive and two-dimensional, and the main characters were often made much larger than everyone else to show their im
37、portance. This began to change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337). While his paintings still had religious themes, they showed real people in a real environment. In particular, his paintings are set apart from other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impa
38、ct.from the 5th to the 15th century 从5世纪到15世纪 During the Middle Ages 在中世纪时期the purpose of Western art 西方艺术的目的teach people about Christianity 向人们传授基督教paint realistic scenes 画现实的场景work n. 工作; 劳动; 作品; 工厂be primitive and two-dimensional 是原始粗糙和二维化的the main characters 主体人物们to show their importance 为了显示他们的
39、重要性change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone 在13世纪时因乔托迪邦多纳而改变from the 5th to the 15th century 从5世纪到15世纪 During the Middle Ages 在中世纪时期the purpose of Western art 西方艺术的目的teach people about Christianity 向人们传授基督教paint realistic scenes 画现实的场景work n. 工作; 劳动; 作品; 工厂to show their importance 为了显示他们的重要
40、性change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone 在13世纪时因乔托迪邦多纳而改变while conj.与同时; 然而; 尽管still have religious themes 仍带有宗教主题show real people in a real environment 展示的是真实的环境中的真实人物in particular = particularly 尤其，特别set sb/sth apart from.使.与众不同by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact通过他们
41、逼真的人物面貌和深刻的情感冲击while conj.与同时; 然而; 尽管still have religious themes 仍带有宗教主题show real people in a real environment 展示的是真实的环境中的真实人物in particular = particularly 尤其，特别set sb/sth apart from.使.与众不同by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact通过他们逼真的人物面貌和深刻的情感冲击 The Middle Ages (from the 5th to the
42、 15th century) During the Middle Ages, the purpose of Western art _ (teach) people about Christianity. Thus, artists were not interested in _(画现实的场景) . Their _(work) were often primitive and two-dimensional, and the main characters _(make) much larger than everyone else to show their _ (important) .
43、 This began to change in the 13th century _ Giotto di Bondone . _ his paintings still had _ (religion) themes, they showed real people in _real environment. In particular, his paintings _ (set)apart from other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep _(emotion) impact.was to teachpainting r
44、ealistic scenesworkswere madeimportancewithWhilereligiousa are set emotionalGiotto di Bondone乔托迪邦多纳犹大之吻Para 31. During the Renaissance，artists focused more on religious themes. ARight. BWrong. CNot mentioned.2Masaccio was a famous artist in the Middle Ages. ARight. BWrong. CNot mentioned.3Rembrandt
45、gained a reputation as a master of shadow and light. ARight. BWrong. CNot mentioned.BBA The Renaissance (from the 14th to the 17th century) New ideas and values gradually replaced old ones from the Middle Ages. As a result, painters concentrated less on religious themes. They began to adopt a more h
46、umanistic attitude to life. An important breakthrough during this period was the use of perspective by Masaccio(1401-1428) Influential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Michelangelo (1475-1564) and Raphael (1483-1520) built upon Giotto and Masaccios innovations to produce some of the g
47、reatest art that Europe had ever seen. Another innovation was the use of oil paints. With their deep colours and realism, some of the best oil paintings look like photographs. While painters as early as Da Vinci had used oil, this technique reached its height with Rembrandt (1606-1669), who gained a
48、 reputation as a master of shadow and light In subject matter, the emphasis increasingly shifted from religious themes to people and the world around us. Kings, nobles, and people of high rank wanted to purchase accurate pictures of themselves and the people they loved. Others wanted paintings showi
49、ng important historical events or stories from mythology. Finally, most clients wanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at.The Renaissance 文艺复兴时期replace A with B 用B 替换/取代A replace old ones from the Middle Ages 取代来自中世纪的旧思想和价值观as a result 所以；因此 concentrated on . 集中精力于.adopt vt. 领养
50、; 采用; 移居; a more humanistic attitude to life一种更人性化的生活态度an important breakthrough during this period 这时期的一个重要的突破the use of perspective 透视法的运用influential painters such as .颇具影响力的画家如.build upon . 以.为基础； 在.的基础上发展produce some of the greatest art 创造一些最伟大的艺术作品The Renaissance 文艺复兴时期replace A with B 用B 替换/取代
